Appendix:Proto-Central Oti-Volta reconstructions
The following list of Proto-Central Oti-Volta reconstructions is from Manessy (1979: 101-104).
Note: French glosses are directly from the original source. English glosses, not in the source, are translations in progress.
List edit
| French gloss | English gloss | Proto-Central Oti-Volta | Branch |
|---|---|---|---|
| camarade | comrade | *do, *don | |
| appeler | call | *yi | |
| arc | bow | *to, *ta, *tom, *tam | |
| atteindre | reach | *ta | |
| balayer | sweep | *ŋas | |
| baobab | baobab | *te, *to, *tu | |
| barbe, menton | beard, chin | *tam | |
| blanc | white | *po, *pon, *peɗ, *puɗ | |
| bœuf | beef | *na, *nag | |
| boire | drink | *ño | |
| bois | wood | *da | |
| bon | good | *ŋan | |
| bouche | mouth | *nan, *no | |
| chanter | sing | *ɗe | |
| chèvre | goat | *bu | |
| chien | dog | *ɓa | |
| corne | horn | *ŋiɗ | |
| couper | cut | *ko | |
| danser | dance | *so, *sa | |
| écorce | bark | *po, *pog | |
| demander | request | *bos | |
| dire | say | *bu | |
| donner | give | *pa, *pan | |
| dormir | sleep | *do, *de | |
| enfant | child | *bi | |
| entrer | enter | *ɗyi, *ɗyu | |
| excrément | excrement | *bɪn | |
| feuille | leaf | *va, *van, *vo, *von | |
| fleur | flower | *fi | |
| genou | knee | *dum, *dun | |
| hippopotame | hippopotamus | *ŋim | |
| insulter | insult | *tu | |
| kola | kola | *gu, *go | |
| se lever | stand up | *ŋi | |
| manger | eat | *di | |
| mordre | bite | *dum | |
| moudre | grind | *nam, *nem | |
| mouton | sheep | *pes, *pe | |
| mûrir | mature | *bɪ | |
| noir | black | *bid, *bin | |
| nouveau | new | *faɗ, *fɪɗ | |
| nuit | night | *ñen | |
| os | bone | *ʔob, *ʔo | |
| parler | say, speak | *wo, *woɗ | |
| père | father | *ca | |
| pleuvoir | rain (verb) | *ni | |
| quatre | four | *na | |
| queue | tail | *ɗyuɗ | |
| scorpion | scorpion | *nom, *nam | |
| sécher | to dry | *ko, *ku | |
| sein, lait | breast milk | *ŋɪɗ | |
| soif | thirst | *ñon | |
| souffler | blow | *fu | |
| suivre | follow | *dab | |
| talon | heel | *kud | |
| travail | job | *tum | |
| trou | hole | *bon | |
| tuer | kill | *ku | |
| venir | come | *ba | |
| viande | meat | *naɪn, *nem | |
| vieux | old | *kpem | |
| visage | face | *yi | |
| abeille | bee | *tu | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| attendre | expect | *da | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| beurre, graisse | butter, fat | *nu | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| bouc | goat | *tuɗ | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| caïlcédrat | Khaya senegalensis | *pi | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| cendre | ash | *tom | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| ciel | sky | *do | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| cinq | five | *nom | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| côte | side | *sa | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| cultiver | cultivate | *vad | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| dent | tooth | *ye | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| dix | ten | *fi | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| éléphant | elephant | *ti | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| essorer | to dry out | *ʔam | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| femme | women | *ʔan | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| flèche | arrow | *çam | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| homme, mâle | man, male | *bad | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| langue | tongue | *deɗm | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| laver | wash | *sam | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| maison | house | *dan | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| mourir | die | *sɪb | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| moustique | mosquito | *bon | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| oreille | ear | *dɪng | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| peau | skin | *ton | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| phacochère | warthog | *to | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| pintade | guinea fowl | *su | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| poisson | fish | *ñɪn | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| prendre | take | *ɟan | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| rire | laugh | *mo | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| rouge | red | *som | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| salive | saliva | *ta | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| semer | sow | *di | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| serpent | snake | *ɗum | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| soumbala | sumbala | *co | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| tête | head | *ñu | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| tisser | weave | *so, *son | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| tomber | fall | *cuɗ | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| un | one | *do, *du | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| voir | see | *na | Gurunsi, Kurumfe |
| se baigner | swim | *wu | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| battre, frapper | beat, hit | *po, *pom | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| briser | break | *wog | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| deux | two | *yi | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| étoile | star | *ŋmad | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| être fort | to be strong | *kpan | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| grenier | attic | *bo, *bon | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| mâcher | chew | *ŋmo | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| néré | African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) | *do | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| piler | pound | *to | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| sang | blood | *ñam, *ñim | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| singe | monkey | *wam, *wom | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| tortue | turtle, tortoise | *kud | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| trois | three | *ta, *tan | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| urine | urine | *ñem | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| vivre | live | *vi | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| sauter | jump | *yug | Oti-Volta, Kurumfe |
| aller | go | *to, *ta | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| âne | donkey | *bon | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| animal | animal | *dun | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| année | year | *bɪn | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| arbre | tree | *tɪ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| attacher | attach | *bo, *bob | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| aujourd'hui | today | *dyɪn | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| babouin, singe | baboon, monkey | *kpad | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| bras, épaule | arm, shoulder | *ɓa, *ɓan | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| brûler | burn | *so, *se; *ñog | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| cacher | hide | *so, *sog | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| calebasse, courge | calabash, squash | *yi | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| casser | break | *ko, *ka | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| chanter | sing | *yɪ, *yɪn | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| charbon | coal | *ca | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| chauve-souris, oiseau | bat, bird | *ɗyam, *ɗyɪm, *ɗyum | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| chemin | path | *ço | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| cheveu, poil | hair | *ʔyu | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| chose | thing | *bun; *won | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| cinq | five | *nu | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| co-épouse | co-wife | *yon | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| construire, modeler | build, model | *ma | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| corde | rope | *ŋme | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| coude | elbow | *to | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| coudre | sew | *ŋa | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| couper | cut | *se | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| courber | bend | *go, *goɗ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| couteau | knife | *sɪ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| cracher | spit | *tu | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| creux | hollow | *ɗu | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| crinière | mane | *gbe | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| crocodile | crocodile | *ña, *ñi, *ño | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| cultiver | cultivate | *ko | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| danser | dance | *wa | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| être debout | stand (intr.) | *jɪ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| déféquer | defecate | *ñɪ, *nɪ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| délier | untie | *booɗ; ñɪn, ñɪɗ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| descendre | go down | *cu (*çu ?) | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| deux | two | *ɗe | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| eau | water | *ni, *ne; *nã | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| éclair | lightning | *ñag, *ñig | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| écorce | bark | *po | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| emplir | fill | *su | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| enterrer | bury | *ŋu | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| esclave | slave | *yom | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| faire | make | *ŋa | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| frère cadet | youngest brother | *ña, *ñan | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| foie | liver | *co | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| froid | cold | *wa | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| fromager | cheesemaker | *gum, *gom | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| front | forehead | *ti, *tu | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| fumée | smoke | *ño, *ñi | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| gombo | okra | *man | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| gorge | throat | *ɗo | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| hache | chopped | *ɗad | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| huit | eight | *nan | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| interroger | to question | *bo, *bos | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| joue | play | *kpa | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| lance | spear | *kpan | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| langue | tongue | *dyuɗm | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| se laver | wash oneself | *so | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| lion, léopard | lion leopard | *gbɪn | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| maison | house | *dɪ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| malt | malt | *kpa | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| marché | market | *yab, *yag | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| mère | mother | *na; *ma | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| mil | mil | *ña | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| monter | ascend | *di, *de | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| morve | glanders | *me | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| mouche | fly (insect) | *ɟo | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| nez | nose | *me | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| nom | name | *yɪɗ, *yɪd | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| œuf | egg | *çe | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| parler | speak | *bu | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| peau | skin | *gbe, *gbo | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| personne | nobody | *nɪ, *nu, *non | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| pied, jambe | foot, leg | *na, *nan; *ta | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| pleurer | cry | *wi | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| pois | peas | *sim | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| poitrine | chest | *ben | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| porc-épic | porcupine | *sam | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| porter | carry | *jɪ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| possesseur | possessor | *tɪ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| poule | hen | *ko, *kol | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| poumon | lung | *fu | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| prendre, attraper | take, catch | *mo | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| quatre | four | *naasɪ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| rat | rat | *yu | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| refuser, interdire | refuse, forbid | *kis | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| remède | remedy | *tɪ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| riz | rice | *mu, *mid | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| rond | round | *giɗ, *gud; *kiɗ, *kuɗ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| rosée | dew | *meɗ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| savoir | know | *ɗyam | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| sel | salt | *ya, *yas | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| siffler | whistle | *fooɗ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| silure, poisson | catfish, fish | *ɟam | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| singe | monkey | *ŋmam | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| tas | pile, heap | *puɗ | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| terre | earth | *tan, *tɪn | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| tête | head | *ʔyu | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| tirer (à l'arc) | shoot (with a bow) | *to, *ta | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| tuer | kill | *kpu | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| vendre | sell | *ta | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
| vulve | vulva | *men (*man ?) | Oti-Volta, Gurunsi |
References edit
- Manessy, Gabriel. 1979. Contribution à la Classification Généalogique des Langues Voltaïques. (Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale, 37.) Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. 107pp.