Appendix:Proto-Nilo-Saharan reconstructions

Proto-Nilo-Saharan reconstructions from Ehret (2001) are given below.

Ehret (2001)

Gloss	Proto-Nilo-Saharan
part	*ɓà, *ɓàː
soak, to	*ɓā
become drenched	*ɓā
wide, broad	*ɓad
nag, to	*ɓàp, *ɓāp
fat, to be(come)	*ɓàpʰ
thick, to be(come)	*ɓàpʰ
burn (intr.), to	*ɓàwt̯, *ɓāwt̯
hill	*ɓé
bark	*ɓeɓ
hit (with implement), to	*ɓèl
shine brightly, to	*ɓéːl̪
dance, to	*ɓɛ
leave, to	*ɓɛ́ːh
many	*ɓı̄
much	*ɓı̄
mid-shoulder	*ɓiah
shoulder, mid-	*ɓiah
sore	*ɓı̀h, *ɓı̀ːh
ulcer	*ɓı̀h, *ɓı̀ːh
wound	*ɓı̀h, *ɓı̀ːh
break open, to	*ɓı́l
crack, to	*ɓı́l
slice thin, to	*ɓı̄ɵ
grow, to	*ɓı̄ṭʰ
much, to be	*ɓòɓ
bad happening	*ɓōh
misfortune	*ɓōh
conceal, to	*ɓoŋk
cover up, to	*ɓoŋk
hip	*ɓoŋkʰ, *ɓoŋk`
thigh, upper	*ɓoŋkʰ, *ɓoŋk`
good, to be	*ɓóːr, *ɓóːd
cattle pen, of thornbush	*ɓórēh, *ɓódēh
turn (tr.), to	*ɓɔ, *ɓɔh
upset by, to be	*ɓɔ̀kʰ
worried by, to be	*ɓɔ̀kʰ
soak (tr.), to	*ɓɔ̄kʰ
stay, to	*ɓúː
hole (in the ground)	*ɓùːr
pit	*ɓùːr
female	*ɓwāh
approach, to	*ɓwɔ
this one	*ba
add, to	*bà
go up, to	*bà
increase, to	*bà
put together, to	*bà
rise, to	*bà
knock down, to	*bàːɗ
encase, to	*bāːɠ
enclose, to	*bāːɠ
shine brightly, to	*bàːk`
front	*bap, *bab
torso	*bap, *bab
flow out, to	*bás, *báɵ
proceed, to	*bát̯, *bát̯ʰ
adze	*báw, *bāw
body	*bay
understand, to	*bè
stay, to	*bē
ears (pl., dual, or coll.?)	*beːh
leaves	*beːh
pole	*bèd, *bēd
rod	*bèd, *bēd
meat	*béṭ`
of	*bɛː
large	*bɛ́b, *bɛ́ːb
wide, large	*bɛ́b, *bɛ́ːb
spread, to	bɛ́ːr
which one?	*bı́, *bı̄
you (ph)	*bi
raise, to	*bı̀ːd̯
buffalo	*bı̄p, *bı̄pʰ
fast, to run	*bı́r
run fast, to	*bı́r
earth	*bı̄y, *bı̄ːy
ground	*bı̄y, *bı̄ːy
not go, to	*bò
face	*bō
gadfly	*bobo
body (of person)	*bòd, *bōd
white	*bòːd
scratch (skin, surface), to	*bóɗ̣, *bōɗ̣
big	*boh
hot, to be	*boŋ
shine, to	*boŋ
migrate, to	*bòːr
move, to	*bòːr
travel, to	*bòːr
dig up, to	*bɔ̀kʰ, *bɔ̀k`
fluid	*bɔ̄ŋk
liquid	*bɔ̄ŋk
tired, to be(come)	*bɔ́r, *bɔ́ːr
wear out, to	*bɔ́r, *bɔ́ːr
ground	*bu
go down, to	*bū
scrape, to	*būkʰ
skin, piece of	*bùnd
chest	*buːr
handle	*bùt̪`
cry out, to	*búwákʰ, *búhákʰ
arm, upper	*àbı̄
hippopotamus	*abɔŋ
light (in sky)	*mbàːd
two	*mbar
catch, to	*mbàr
emerge (from behind or out of), to	*mbèl̪
fiber	*mbéyr
strip, thin	*mbéyr
grasp and take, to	*mbɛ́r
take after grasping, to	*mbɛ́r
water	*mbih, *mbiːh
heart	*mbı́néh
fat, to be(come)	*mbo, *mboh
large, to be(come)	*mbo, *mboh
thick, to be(come)	*mbo, *mboh
by, with	*mboː
with	*mboː
chest	*mbōd
take, to	*mbōk`
take out, to	*mbōk`
short	*mbɔ̀
lap, to	*mbɔ̀
decay, to	*mbùɵ
wear out, to	*mbùɵ
bear (young, fruit, etc.), to	*mbwà
immersed, to be	*mbwá, *mbwáh
abdominal cavity	*mbwɛ̀
cavity, abdominal	*mbwɛ̀
loins	*mbwɛ̄ːm
waist	*mbwɛ̄ːm
for, pertaining to	??????????
produce water, to	*ma, *maː
interrogative stem	*ma, *mi
attention, to pay	*máː
lookout, be on the	*máː
pay attention, to	*máː
assemble, to	*máɗ
join together, to	*máɗ
where?	*mánē, *mánè
move back and forth, to	*máːŋ
move up and down, to	*máːŋ
oscillate, to	*máːŋ
wrong, to do	*máːŋk
gather, to	*máŋkʰ
put together, to	*máŋkʰ
wet, to	*mānt̯
liver	*máwɲ
ox	*màːwr
finger	*máːws
toe	*máːws
gently, to do	*máwɵ
chew up, to	*mày, *māy
bend (tr.), to	*mé, *méh
twist, to	*mé, *méh
body	*mēːɗ, mēːɗ̯
self	*mēːɗ, mēːɗ̯
palm (of hand)	*mèːnt`, *mēːnt`
paw	*mèːnt`, *mēːnt`
ram	*méŋk, *mēŋkʰ
do, to	*méːy
make, to	*méːy
cover up, to	*meːyt`
glare, to	*mɛ́l
shine, to	*mɛ́l
increase, to	*mɛ́l
lick, to	*mɛ́ːl̪
neck	*mɛn, *mɛːn
voice	*mɛn, *mɛːn
drip, to	*mɛɲ/miɲ
flow, to	*mɛɲ/miɲ
leak, to	*mɛɲ/miɲ
run, to	*mɛɲ/miɲ
seep, to	*mɛɲ/miɲ
pieces, to pull off	*mɛ̀ntʰ, *mɛ̀nt̯ʰ
pull off pieces, to	*mɛ̀ntʰ, *mɛ̀nt̯ʰ
narrow	*mɛr
thin	*mɛr
do badly, to	*mɛ́ːr
err, to	*mɛ́ːr
leopard	*mɛ̀rı́h
drip, to	*mɛ́s/ mı́s
sprinkle, to	*mɛ́s/ mı́s
tick	*mɛṣ
rise, to	*mɛ̀ːt
small, to be	*min
darkness	*mı̀ːr, *mı̄ːr
cover from view, to	*mı̀ṣ
obscure	*mı̀ṣ
smell (intr.), to	*mı́`y
glow, to	*mō
heat, to give off	*mō
heat up, to	*mōá`y
dung of domestic animal	*móɗı́h
deceive, to	*mód̪
close, to	*móːd̪
turn (intr.), to	*mòɠ
twist (intr.), to	*mòɠ
abdomen, lower	*mòːl̯òh
eat soft food, to	*moːɲ
baboon	*moŋkʰ, moŋk`
hot, to become	*mòr
eyes, area around	*mòy, *mōy
face, upper part of	*mòy, *mōy
weary, to be(come)	*mɔ̀ːɗ
tire out, to	*mɔ̀ːɗ
fat, to be(come)	*mɔ̄ːh
swell in size, to	*mɔ̄ːh
curved, to be	*mɔ̀ŋk, *mɔ̄ŋk
round, to be	*mɔ̀ŋk, *mɔ̄ŋk
leave (tr.), to	*mɔ́ŋk
broad, to become	*mɔ̀ːr
large, to be(come)	*mɔ̀ːr
wide, to become	*mɔ̀ːr
spoil (intr.), to	*muɗ
hull (by rubbing), to	*múh
husk (by rubbing), to	*múh
strip (by rubbing), to	*múh
rub off, to	*muhaɲ (>*mwaɲ)
sour, to become	*múk
spoil, to	*múk
bend (tr.), to	*mūŋg
bent, to become	*mūŋg
intend, to	*múr
biting fly	*múːr, *múːd
fur	*múːr
hair of body	*múːr
pick up, to	*mùṣ/ *mòṣ
hate, to	*mwāːŋg
oppose, to	*mwāːŋg
resist, to	*mwāːŋg
glow, to	*mweːɲ
that, which, who (rel. pron.)	*ama, *ma
this referred to	*ama, *ma
we (excl.)	*ám
person	*ámā
husk	*ómp
shell	*ómp
smell (tr.), to	*ɔm
flow, to make	*ɔ̄ːm
moisture, to produce	*ɔ̄ːm
dig a well, to	*d̪àk`, d̪āk`
well, to dig a	*d̪àk`, d̪āk`
shell (of hard fruit, egg, etc.)	*d̯àm
strip, to	*d̪às, *d̪àz
turn (intr.), to	*d̪às, *d̪àz
lay bare, to	*d̪è
speak, to	*d̪èːh
add onto, to	*d̪èːh
expand, to	*d̪èːh
increase, to	*d̪èːh
entirely	*d̪èːyɛy, *d̪èː`yey
not see, to	*d̪ɛ́ːɓ, *d̪ɛ́ɓ
dark, to be	*d̪ı̄s, *d̪ı̄ɵ
dim, to be	*d̪ı̄s, *d̪ı̄ɵ
feel bad, to	*d̪ód
hurt, to	*d̪ód
cut off, to	*d̪ómp
leap, to	*d̪u, *d̪uː
spring, to	*d̪u, *d̪uː
get, to	*d̪ū
obtain, to	*d̪ū
dark	*d̪úr/ *d̪úrm
darkness	*d̪úr/ *d̪úrm
fall (of water), to	*d̪ùːr
spill, to	*d̪ùːr
hold in the mouth, to	*ɗah
mouth, to hold in	*ɗah
palate	*ɗáhn
block, to	*ɗàːp
prevent, to	*ɗàːp
stop, to	*ɗàːp
spread (tr.), to	*ɗās
fan, to	*ɗáːṣ
flap, to	*ɗáːṣ
flutter, to	*ɗáːṣ
one (adj.)	*ɗéh
rat	*ɗér, *ɗēr
skin, strip of	*ɗɛ̀pʰɛ̄h
strip of skin	*ɗɛ̀pʰɛ̄h
deictic root	*ɗı́
young	*ɗı̀
seize, to	*ɗı̀, *ɗı̄
heat, to	*ɗı̀ːh
gluey (of sap, etc.), to be	*ɗı̀ŋ
sticky (of sap, etc.), to be	*ɗı̀ŋ
stay, to	*ɗı̀ːr, *ɗı̄ːr
close, to be	*ɗı̀ṣ, *ɗı̀ːṣ
near, to be	*ɗı̀ṣ, *ɗı̀ːṣ
move (tr.), to	*ɗōː
earth	*ɗoh
soil	*ɗoh
moisten, to	*ɗòk`
wet, to make	*ɗòk`
not move, to	*ɗóŋ
bend (tr.), to	*ɗòŋkʰòl
curve (tr.), to	*ɗòŋkʰòl
roll (tr.), to	*ɗòŋkʰòl
hurt, to	*ɗòr
smoke, to give off	*ɗúː, *ɗūː
smoke, to give off	*ɗúkw
steam, to give off	*ɗúkw
vapor, to give off	*ɗúkw
take, to	*ɗùm
thigh	*ɗūpʰún
frog	*ɗwak`
calabash, kind of	*ɗút̪, *d̪út̪, *ɗútʰ, *d̪útʰ
gourd, kind of	*ɗút̪, *d̪út̪, *ɗútʰ, *d̪útʰ
take out, to	*dáːy
correct	*dàyāh
right	*dàyāh
inspect, to	*deh
look at carefully, to	*deh
watch, to	*den
bind, to	*déŋk
fix in place, to	*déŋk
baboon	*dɛ̄wɛ̀h, *dāwɛ̀h
stop (intr.), to	*dı̀, *diː
fill up, to	*dil
bug, insect	*diːl̪
insect	*diːl̪
worm	*diːl̪
fat, to be(come)	*dó, *dō
look at, to	*dòl
above	*dól
grow up, to	*dóːɲ
rise, to	*dóːɲ
tall, to become	*dóːɲ
strand	*dúːl, *dūːl
strip	*dúːl, *dūːl
warm, to be(come)	*dùŋg, *dùŋk
chase, to	*dwaːr
log	*dwèŋk`
mix, to	*dwɛ̀mp
join, to	???????????
put together, to	*dwɛ̄ːr
breast (woman’s)	*éyd, *ēyd
look at, to	*dı́, *d̪ı́
easy, to be	*dòk`, *d̪òk`
loose, to be	*dòk`, *d̪òk`
slack, to be(come)	*dòk`, *d̪òk`
slow, to be	*dòk`, *d̪òk`
soft, to be	*dòk`, *d̪òk`
enclosure of homestead	*dɔ̄ŋ, *d̪ɔ̄ŋ
yard	*dɔ̄ŋ, *d̪ɔ̄ŋ
short	*dúŋk`w, *d̪úŋk`w
short	*dùŋk`ùr, *d̪ùŋk`ùr
conceal oneself, to	*dér, *d̪ér, *ɗér
termite	*dùzùh, *d̪ùzùh, *ɗùzùh
this/that one close by	*nda/ *ndi
what? (comment?)	*nda
cheat, to	*ndàːɗ
deceive, to	*ndàːɗ
which?	*ndé
tie together, to	*ndèd
twist together, to	*ndèd
also	*ndi/ *ndà/ *ndáye
and	*ndi/ *ndà/ *ndáye
still	*ndi/ *ndà/ *ndáye
yet	*ndi/ *ndà/ *ndáye
what?	*ndi, *ndiː
who?	*ndoː
bend around, to	*ndóp
fold, to	*ndóp
roll (tr.), to	*ndɔ́ŋk, *ndɔ̄ŋk
call out loudly, to	*ndɔ́ːr, *ndɔ̄ːr
attached, to become	*ndùkʰ
join, to	*ndùkʰ
raise, to	*ndúkʰ
that	*náː
what (rel. pron.)	*náː
catch up with, to	*ná, *náh
reach, to	*ná, *náh
rise, to	*náː, *náːh
reject, to	*nàkʰ
suck, to	*nàk`w, *nàːk`w
eat up, to	*nām
observe, to	*này
attention (extended), to pay	*nàyı̀s
pay (extended) attention to	*nàyı̀s
here	*ne/ *na
there	*ne/ *na
look at, to	*nèː
utter, to	*nèh
perceive (with ear, nose), to	*nel
grasp, to	*nèm, *nēm
grip, to	*nèm, *nēm
earth	*nɛh
woman	*nɛŋ, *anɛŋ
bring, to	*nɛŋ
recline, to	*nı̄
coil, to	*ni, *nih, *niː, *niːh
drink up, to	*ni
tooth	*nikʰ, *niːkʰ
not move, to	*nóː
pick up, to	*nóŋ
listen, to	*nɔːh
observe, to	*nɔːh
watch, to	*nɔːh
stick to, to	*nɔ̀ːk, *nɔ̄ːk
loosen, to	*nɔ̀ŋ, *nɔ̄ŋ
slack, to be(come)	*nɔ̀ŋ, *nɔ̄ŋ
drip from body, to	*nɔ́rɛ́h
tread on, to	*nuːd
heat	*nún
decline, to	*nuŋ, *nuːŋ
descend, to	*nuŋ, *nuːŋ
wither, to	núr, *núːr
move with difficulty, to	*nwád
we (inch)	*ánā
you (sing.)	*ı̄nı́
she, he, it	*únū
go, to	*ᶑa
walk, to	*ᶑa
daughter	*ɖa
girl	*ɖa
moisture	*ɖāːb
wetness	*ɖāːb
active, to be	*ɖád
energetic, to be	*ɖád
lively, to be	*ɖád
speak at length, to	*ɖàːp, *ɖàːb, *ɖàːɓ
high, to become	*ɖàːr
tall, to become	*ɖàːr
chew on, to	*ɗ̣awk`
large, to be(come)	*ɗ̣èh
old, to become	*ɗ̣èhèn
beat (thing), to	*ɗ̣ēm
cut off, to	*ɗ̣ēːr
hole in, to make	*ɖèːs, ɗ̣ēːs
waste away, to	*ɗ̣ɛ̀ːd̪
weaken, to	*ɗ̣ɛ̀ːd̪
shake, to	*ɗ̣ɛ́n, *ɗ̣ɛ̄n
tremble, to	*ɗ̣ɛ́n, *ɗ̣ɛ̄n
hot, to become	*ɗ̥ɛ̀ːr
bad shape, to be in	*ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp
badly, to be done	*ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp
disorder, to be in, to do in disorderly fashion	*ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp
shape, to be in bad	*ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp
tie knot, to	*ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp
knot, to tie	*ɗ̣ı̄k/ *ɗ̣ēk
tie, to	*ɗ̣ı̄k/ *ɗ̣ēk
deaf	*ɗ̣ı́ŋgwı́r
many, to be	*ɗ̣ı̀ŋkʰ
much, to be	*ɗ̣ı̀ŋkʰ
much	*ɗ̣iŋkʰir
hit hard, to	*ɗ̣ı́ːɲ
fight with, to	*ɗ̣ı̄ns̩
struggle against, to	*ɗ̣ı̄ns̩
dig, to	*ɗ̣ı̀ːp, *ɖı̀ːp`
crest	*ɗ̣ir, *ɗ̣iːr
surface, raised	*ɗ̣ir, *ɗ̣iːr
top	*ɗ̣ir, *ɗ̣iːr
fat (adj.)	*ɗ̣ı́s, *ɗ̣ı̄s
go up, to	*ɗ̣òːk
rise, to	*ɗ̣òːk
swing, to	*ɗ̣ōːl, *ɗ̣ōːl̪
calf of leg	*ɗ̣óŋkʰòl, *ɗ̣óŋkʼòl
not move, to	*ɗ̣òŋkʰw
stay in place, to	*ɗ̣òŋkʰw
close, to	*ɗ̣òr
speak, to	*ɗ̣óːt, *ɗ̣óːtʰ
move about secretly, to	*ɗ̣úːkʼ
stealthy, to be	*ɗ̣úːkʼ
not let do, to	*ɗ̣wāːr
restrain, to	*ɗ̣wāːr
fat (adj.)	*ɗ̣wèːm, *ɗ̣wēːm
thick	*ɗ̣wèːm, *ɗ̣wēːm
prod, to	*ɗ̣wı́kʰ
push, to	*ɗ̣wı́kʰ
jackal	*àɗ̣áwlā
field, cultivated	*ɔɗ̣omp
monkey	*ɗɔ́kwɛ̀l, *dɔ̄kwɛ̀l, *ɗ̣ɔ́kwɛ̀l
morning	*ɗur, *dur, *ɗ̣ur
brother	*ɗuːr, *duːr, *ɗ̣uːr
there	*ɖ- (*ɖā)
rise, to	*ɖáːɓ
fast, to make	*ɖàːkʼ
fasten, to	*ɖàːkʼ
make fast, to	*ɖàːkʼ
lie (down), to	*ɖàːn, *ɖāːn
sway, to	*ɖāŋ, *ɖāːŋ
swing, to	*ɖāŋ, *ɖāːŋ
swear, to	*ɖé
carry, to	*ɖèb, *ɖèɓ, *ɖèp, *ɖèpʼ
convey, to	*ɖèb, *ɖèɓ, *ɖèp, *ɖèpʼ
chop, to	*ɖépʰ
break into pieces, to	*ɖèr
crumble, to	*ɖèr
blind, to be	*ɖɛl̪, *ɖɛd̪
hurt, to	*ɖɛ̀m
sick, to make	*ɖɛ̀m
enter, to	*ɖı́ŋg
shake, to	*ɖı̀ŋkʼ
back and forth, to go	*ɖōŋg
go up and down, to	*ɖōŋg
leak, to	*ɖɔ̀l
crown of head	*ɖúːd̪, *ɖúːɗ
head, crown of	*ɖúːd̪, *ɖúːɗ
flow out, especially from body, to	*ɖūɖ
alight, to	*ɖùmp
hump (on body)	*ɖūŋkʰ
swelling (on body)	*ɖūŋkʰ
skid, to	*ɖùːr
scrape out, to	*ɖùːr
dig out, to	*ɖwàːk, *ɖwàːg, *ɖwàːɠ
scoop out, to	*ɖwàːk, *ɖwàːg, *ɖwàːɠ
talk loudly, to	*ɖwàl, *ɖɔ̀ːl, *ɖwàl̪, *ɖɔ̀ːl̪
spotted	*ɖwaːr
streaked	*ɖwaːr
hump	*ɖwɛ̀
raised area	*ɖwɛ̀
bare, to make	*ɖwɛ́ːd
strip, to	*ɖwɛ́ːd
scrape, to	*ɖwɛ̀ŋk
inhale, to	*ɖwı̀kʰw
grasp, to	*ɖwı̀r, *ɖwı̀d
grasp and pull, to	*ɖwı̀r, *ɖwı̀d
belch, to	*nɖal, *nɖal̪
rumbly stomach, to have	*nɖal, *nɖal̪
stomach, to have rumbly	*nɖal, *nɖal̪
smell, to	*nɖàmp
sniff, to	*nɖàmp
tell, to	*nɖéŋ
turn (intr.), to	*nɖòk
anus	*nɖōkʰ
squeeze, to	*nɖɔ́, *nɖɔ̄
squat, to	*nɖɔ́ːd, *nɖɔ̄ːd
leak, to	*nɖúl̪
seep out, to	*nɖúl̪
doctor, to	*nɖwák
chew, to	*nðàkʰ, *nðàkʼ
stalk	*nðap, *nðab, *nðaɓ
stem	*nðap, *nðab, *nðaɓ
rub (with a tool), to	*nðɛ̄pʼ
scrape, to	*nðɛ̄pʼ
occasion	*nðò, *nðòh
time	*nðò, *nðòh
bite into, to	*nðókʰ
break off, to	*nðɔ̄ːkʼ
loose, to pick	*nðɔ̄ːkʼ
pick loose, to	*nðɔ̄ːkʼ
suck, to	*nðɔ̀ːT2
rise up, to	*nðùl
suck, to	*nðùːn
move quickly, to	*nðūr, *nðūd
quickly, to move	*nðūr, *nðūd
who?	*ɲa
expand, to	*ɲà, *ɲàɲà
female	*ɲáh
jaw, to move the	*ɲàkʰ
move the jaw, to	*ɲàkʰ
burn,to	*ɲáːl
shine, to	*ɲáːl
crocodile	*ɲàːŋ
grow greatly, to	*ɲapʰ
break into small pieces, to	*ɲè
small	*ɲél̪
chew, to	*ɲèm
sheath (for weapon)	*ɲɛ́h
do without, to	*ɲɛ̀kʼ
twist, to	*ɲı́ːr
turn, to	*ɲı́ːr
bend (intr.), to	*ɲı́ːr
joint (of body, meat)	*ɲo
anoint, to	*ɲóːh
smear, to	*ɲóːh
close together, to be pressed	*ɲòkʰ, *ɲòːkʰ
pressed close together, be	*ɲòkʰ, *ɲòːkʰ
squeeze with the fingers, to	*ɲom
bite, to	*ɲɔ̀, *ɲɔ̀h
chew, to	*ɲɔ́áʼy, *ɲɔ́háʼy
present, to	*ɲɔ́ː
put forth, to	*ɲɔ́ː
send out, to	*ɲɔ́ː
dirt	*ɲɔ̀ːh
rubbish	*ɲɔ̀ːh
break (tr.), to	*ɲɔ̀m
do poorly, to	*ɲɔ̄ŋkʼ
do without effect, to	*ɲɔ̄ŋkʼ
move aimlessly, to	*ɲɔ̄ŋkʼ
angry, to be	*ɲɔ̀ːr
slight, to be	*ɲɔ́ːt̪ʼ
thin, to be(come)	*ɲɔ́ːt̪ʼ
weak, to be(come)	*ɲɔ́ːt̪ʼ
put fluid into, to	*ɲúh
water to, to apply	*ɲúh
claw, nail	*ɲur, *ɲuːr
scratch with nails, claws, to	*ɲur, *ɲuːr
lick, to	*ɠaːɲ
bestow, to	*ɠàpʰ
present, to	*ɠàpʰ
proffer, to	*ɠàpʰ
hull, to	*ɠapʼ
shell, to	*ɠapʼ
hull (n.)	*ɠapʼɔtʱ
shell	*ɠapʼɔtʱ
encircle, to	*ɠaː̀r
enclose, to	*ɠaː̀r
cross, to	*ɠáːr, *ɠáːd
repute, of good	*ɠàyn, *ɠāyn
immersed, to be	*ɠéb/ *ɠı́b
moist, to be(come)	*ɠéb/ *ɠı́b
goat, he-	*ɠènt
he-goat	*ɠènt
anger	*ɠér
bad feeling	*ɠér
note of, to take	*ɠɛ̄m
observe, to	*ɠɛ̄m
louse	*ɠɛ́n
stomach	*ɠɛ̀wāːh
someone	*ɠı̄
something	*ɠı̄
perceive (with ear, nose), to	*ɠı̀d
sense (with ear or nose), to	*ɠı̀d
grass stalk	*ɠı̀ːt, *ɠı́ːtʰ
stalk, of grass	*ɠı̀ːt, *ɠı́ːtʰ
bring, to	*ɠò
crested crane (?)	*ɠòbàr, *ɠòɓàr
pick up, to	*ɠóh, *ɠōh
hold, to	*ɠòn
put around, to	*ɠop
animal, young domestic	*ɠor
heifer (?)	*ɠor
move (toward), to	*ɠɔ
let loose, to	*ɠɔɲ, *ɠɔːɲ
loosen, to	*ɠɔɲ, *ɠɔːɲ
cut off, to	*ɠɔ́ŋg
rub together, to	*ɠúːɗ̣
take apart, to	*ɠuɖ, *ɠuːɖ
owl	*ɠùːm
dust	*ɠùr, *ɠūr
scratch, to	*ɠwàd
adult	*ɠwáɵ, *ɠwáːɵ
grownup person	*ɠwáɵ, *ɠwáːɵ
burn (tr.), to	*ɠwéːb, *ɠwéːɓ
go up, to	*ɠwéɗ
eat (hard, tough things), to	ɠwèːr
munch on, to	*ɠwɛ́ːɲ
look at, to	*ɠwı̀l, *ɠwı̄l
pierce with blade, point, to	*ɠwór
puncture with blade, point, to	*ɠwór
poke, to	*ɠwòrp
prick, to	*ɠwòrp
call, to	*ɠwɔ̄ː
observe, to	*ɠwɔ́ɲ
I	*aɠa
among	*aɠw
between	*aɠw
within	*aɠw
you (ph)	*iɠwe
immature	*gà
young	*gà
argue, to	*gab, *gaɓ
quarrel, to	*gab, *gaɓ
grip, to	*gāːb, *gāːɓ, *gāːp, *gāːpʼ
hold in the hand, to	*gāːb, *gāːɓ, *gāːp, *gāːpʼ
keep in sight, to	*gáːl
sight, to keep in	*gáːl
watch, to	*gáːl
acquire (in return for something else)	*gɛ̀
obtain (in return for something else)	*gɛ̀
edge	*gɛ̄p
rim	*gɛ̄p
flatten, make flat, to	*giːb, *giːɓ
level, to make	*giːb, *giːɓ
recline, to	*gı̀d
repose, to	*gı̀d
pole	*gōb, *gōɓ
stick	*gōb, *gōɓ
wood	*gōb, *gōɓ
bend, to	*gɔ́ŋ
heat, to	*goŋkʰ
left (hand)	*gor, *god, *goɗ
step, to	*gòːr
swell up, to	*gɔ̀ŋg
throw, to	*gùp
male	*gwáh
remain, to	*gwàːp
stay, to	*gwàːp
scrape (with fingers, nails), to	*gwápʰ
increase, to	*gwı̀
rise, to	*gwı̀
swell, to	*gwı̀
toss, to	*gwı̄nɖ
meat, joint of	*gwopʰ, *gwopʼ
drive away, to	*gwɔ̀ːr
not do, to	*gáh, *ɠáh
catch fire, to	*gáːh, *ɠáːh
fire, to catch	*gáːh, *ɠáːh
increase (in longitudinal dimension), to	*gàːl, *ɠàːl
rise, to	*gàːl, *ɠàːl
shoulder	*gapʰ, *ɠapʰ
cover oneself, to	*gı̄ɲ, *ɠı̄ɲ
covered, to be	*gı̄ɲ, *ɠı̄ɲ
scratch into, to	*gı́r, *ɠı́r
burn (intr.), to	*gòː, *ɠòː, *gòːh, *ɠòːh
shine, to	*gòː, *ɠòː, *gòːh, *ɠòːh
stagger, to	*gòl, *ɠòl
stumble, to	*gòl, *ɠòl
do secretly, to	*Gōnd, *Gontʼ
breastbone	*Gɔp, *Gɔb, *Gɔɓ
fast, to make	*Gūb, *Gūɓ
make fast, to	*Gūb, *Gūɓ
tighten, to	*Gūb, *Gūɓ
island	*gúŋkʼ, *ɠúŋkʼ
beat, to	*gúːr, *ɠúːr
deep, to be	*Gúːs, *Gúːɵ
angry with, to be	*gwàɖ, *ɠwàɖ
rind	*gwàŋk, *ɠwàŋk
scrape (surface), to	*gwāːɵ, *ɠwāːɵ
scratch (surface), to	*gwāːɵ, *ɠwāːɵ
look for, to	*gweːd, *ɠweːd
babble, to	*gwɛ̀l̪, *ɠwɛ̀l̪
chatter, to	*gwɛ̀l̪, *ɠwɛ̀l̪
gabble, to	*gwɛ̀l̪, *ɠwɛ̀l̪
scratch, to	*gwɛ́ːs, *ɠwɛ́ːs
rain	*Gwiː, *Gwiːh
cloud over, to	*gwı́ːl̪, *ɠwı́ːl̪
dark, to become	*gwı́ːl̪, *ɠwı́ːl̪
waist	*gwı̄nd, *ɠwı̄nd
low, to be(come)	*gwòːd, *ɠwòːd
lower oneself, to	*gwòːd, *ɠwòːd
demonstrative of topic	*ŋgá
share (in doing), to	*ŋgàːd, *ŋgāːd
dung	*ŋgáːd̪
speak, to	*ŋgal
arise, to	*ŋgàːl
get up, to	*ŋgàːl
raise, to	*ŋgāp
grasp and pick up, to	*ŋgaT, *ŋgaːT3
block, to	*ŋgēpʼ
roll (tr.), to	*ŋgér
turn round and round (tr.), to	*ŋgér
rind	*ŋgɛ̀b, *ɳgɛ̀p
shell	*ŋgɛ̀b, *ɳgɛ̀p
skin, hard	*ŋgɛ̀b, *ɳgɛ̀p
long	*ŋgɛ́ːɗ, *ŋgɛ̄ːɗ
forget, to	*ŋgɛ́ːd̩
miss, to	*ŋgɛ́ːd̩
pick, to	*ŋgɛ́t̯, *ŋgɛ́t̪ʼ
pluck, to	*ŋgɛ́t̯, *ŋgɛ́t̪ʼ
cut off, to	*ŋgı́ːk, *ŋgı́ːg, *ŋgı́ːɠ
grip tightly, to	*ŋgı̄ːl
creak, to	*ŋgı̀ːr
squeak, to	*ŋgı̀ːr
earth	*ŋgòr
call, to	*ŋgɔ, *ŋgɔː
look, to	*ŋgɔl
cut, to	*ŋgùr
bend at the knees, to	*ŋgūːr
kneel, to	*ŋgùːrùːm
run, to	*ŋgùːz
what?	*ŋgwa
side	*ŋgwáːd
little, to be(come)	*ŋgwànd
throat	*ŋgwɛd
chin	*ŋgwɛːm
herbivore, large homed or tusked	*ŋgwı́ːr
hippopotamus	*ŋgwı́ːrént̯
be (in a place), to	*ŋgwōː
run out (water), to	*iŋg
spill (water), to	*iŋg
bite into, to	*ŋà, *ŋā
loins	*ŋāb, *ŋāp
extend, to	*ŋàm
stretch out, to	*ŋàm
ground, bare or hard	*ŋaːɲ
seek, to	*ŋáp
sprain	*ŋāːr
limb, injured	*ŋāːr
make a deep sound, to	*ŋàːr
sound, to make a deep	*ŋàːr
recount, to	*ŋát
talk about, to	*ŋát
tell, to	*ŋát
look for, to	*ŋáːt̪
big (in size, amount), to become	*ŋáwp
neglect, to	*ŋáːʼw
not take care of, to	*ŋáːʼw
attention to, to pay	*ŋāy
pay attention, to	*ŋāy
yes	*ŋè
scratch, to	*ŋē
cut off, to	*ŋér
burn (intr.), to	*ŋet̪ʼ
tongue	*ŋɛ̀l
lap, to	*ŋɛ̀mpʰ
woman, young	*ŋɛ̀r, *ŋɛ̀ːr
move about (intr.), to	*ŋɛyl̪
flesh, exposed	*ŋı̀ár
skin, raw	*ŋı̀ár
flash, to	*ŋid
wet, to be(come)	*ŋı́ːl̪
look at, to	*ŋı́ɵ
watch closely, to	*ŋı́ːt̩ʼ, *ŋı́ːt̩
cut off, to	*ŋoɗ
break up (tr.), to	*ŋɔ́
fragment (tr.), to	*ŋɔ́
do continually, always, to	*ŋɔ̀l
groin	*ŋɔ́ːl̪
above	*ŋɔ́ːr
top	*ŋɔ́ːr
grow poorly, to	*ŋúr
stunned, to become	*ŋúr
growl, to	*ŋùːr
prominence	*ŋùːt, *ŋūːt
protruberance	*ŋùːt, *ŋūːt
raised thing	*ŋùːt, *ŋūːt
burn (intr.), to	*ŋwaːd
open (tr.), to	*ŋwɛ́ːl
forehead	*ŋwim
open (intr.), to	*áŋ
fly	*aŋw
elephant	*òŋòr
four	*ɔŋwal
grind grain coarsely, to	*ŋaK, *ŋgaK, *ŋaG, *ŋgaG
buffalo	*aŋɛr, *aŋgɛr
look for, to	*pád
leather sack	*pàːɗ
sack, leather	*pàːɗ
examine, to	*pál, *páːl
look closely, to	*pál, *páːl
back, lower	*pànd
call, to	*páːŋ
out, to take or put	*páːş, *pāːş
put out, to	*páːş, *pāːş
remove, to	*páːş, *pāːş
take off, to	*páːş, *pāːş
take out, to	*páːş, *pāːş
complete, to be	*pén
body, lower	*pér, *péd
grow (of plants), to	*pèːr, *pèːd
hand	*pɛh
turn, to	*pɛ̀r
fly, to	*pɛr
bird	*kʰipɛr
come along, to	*pı́
go down, to	*pı̀d, pı̄d
descend, to	*pı̀d, pı̄d
gather (tr.), to	*pı́d̪
take out of, to	*pı̄ːɖ
separate out, to	*pı̄ːɖ
put apart, to	*pı̄ːɖ
wipe, to	*pı̀r
shake (tr.), to	*pı́ːr
slight	*pı́s, *pı̄s
little	*pı́s, *pı̄s
go out, to	*pı́ş
rise, to	*pı̄t̪
wooden vessel	*póːkúːr, *póːkʰúːr, *póːkʼúːr
grow, to	*pol
come apart, to	*poːr
fall apart, to	*poːr
hit repeatedly, to	*pɔ́k
beat, to	*pɔ́k
liquid, to become	*pɔ́r
flow, to	*pɔ́r
flow strongly, to	*pɔris
spoil (intr.), to	*pɔ́ːş
peel, to	*pɔ́t̪, *pɔ́t̪ʰ
bright	*pɔ̄ːw
bright-colored, especially white or yellow	*pɔ̄ːw
edible small seed	*pú, *pū
deny, to	*púː, *púːh
burn (tr.), to	*pùd, *pūd
ash	*pùd
smell (intr.), to	*púmp
separate (tr.), to	*pwákʰ
take apart, to	*pwákʰ
break, to	*pwáːɵ
rhinoceros	*óːpı̀ɗ̣, *óːbı̀ɗ̣
nose	*pɔhin, *bɔhin, *ɓɔhin
strip, to	*pʰád
tear off (outer layer), to	*pʰád
divide up (intr.), to	*pʰàːg, *pʰàːɠ
foot	*pʰàh
leg	*pʰàh
pole	*pʰāl
stick, large	*pʰāl
wide, to become	??????????
snatch up (for oneself), to	*pʰàl̪
tray, woven winnowing	*pʰānt, *pʰāntʼ
come alongside, to	*pʰānt̩
blow (with mouth), to	*pʰaŋ
call out, to	*pʰár
bright	*pʰar, *pʰaːr
run away, to	*pʰàːr
lost, to become	*pʰāːtʰ
burn (intr.), to	*pʰàːy
separate forcefully or suddenly (tr.)	*pʰáːʼy
separate grain from chaff, to	*pʰáʼyɵ
separate out rubbish, to	*pʰáʼyɵ
fat (n.)	*pʰè
pluck out, to	*pʰéɗ
loosen, to	*pʰèd̪
undo, to	*pʰèd̪
stand, to	*pʰéːɗ̣
speak out, to	*pʰèh
reveal, to	*pʰél
abandon, to	*pʰént̪
forsake, to	*pʰént̪
scratch off (with paws, claws, etc.)	pʰér
cattle (coll.)	*pʰeːr
grow, to	*pʰéw
water, to	*pʰéy
wet down, to	*pʰéy
go up, to	*pʰɛ̄
rise, to	*pʰɛ̄
undo, to	*pʰɛ̀ː, *pʰɛ̀ːh
spread (mat), to	*pʰɛ̄ːd̪
jerk (intr.), to	*pʰɛ̄kʼ
waver, to	*pʰɛ́kʼɛ́l
wobble, to	*pʰɛ́kʼɛ́l
cut a hole in, to	*pʰɛ́nṭʼ
hole in, to cut	*pʰɛ́nṭʼ
feel, to	*pʰɛ́ŋ
hear, to	*pʰɛ́ŋ
sense, to	*pʰɛ́ŋ
feather	*pʰɛ́tʰ
feel unwell, to	*pʰɛːt̪ʰ, *pʰɛːtʰ
unwell, to feel	*pʰɛːt̪ʰ, *pʰɛːtʰ
leap, to	*pʰı́ːɗ
spring, to	*pʰı́ːɗ
separate (tr.), to	*pʰı́ːd̪
dirt	pʰı́ːh
stick, thin	*pʰı̄l
swell, to	*pʰı́ːl, *pʰı̄ːl
overflow, to	*pʰı̀ːŋ
spin (tr.), to	*pʰı́r
shin	*pʰı́r, *pʰı́d, *pʰı́ɗ, *pʰı́d̪
talk, to	*pʰò, *pʰō
throw, to	*pʰó
light (in weight), to be	*pʰòːɗ
slight, to be	*pʰòːɗ
hole (not in the ground)	*pʰól
flee, to	*pʰōr
call, to	*pʰótʰ
cry out, to	*pʰótʰ
flow, to	*pʰoṭ
liquid, to become	*pʰɔ́
ooze, to	*pʰɔ́
seep, to	*pʰɔ́
consecrate, to	*pʰɔ̀ːk, *pʰɔ̀ːkʰ
raise, to	*pʰɔ̀ŋk
expand, to	*pʰú
spread out, to	*pʰú
blow (with mouth), to	*pʰù
decay, to	*pʰúh, *pʰúːh
spoil, to	*pʰúh, *pʰúːh
lungs	*pʰùh
hornet	*pʰùːl
moisten, to	*pʰúːl
come out, to	*pʰúl̪, *pʰúːl̪
smell (tr.), to	*pʰúːn
move suddenly, to	*pʰuŋk
throw, to	*pʰúr
blow (something) out of the mouth	*pʰūr
puff up, to	*pʰùːr
swell up, to	*pʰùːr
chop, to	*pʰuːr
trunk, upper part of	*pʰuːr
swell up, to	*pʰutʰ
bad, to be	*pʰuːɵ
dirty, to be(come)	*pʰuːɵ
nasty, to be(come)	*pʰuːɵ
hole in, to make	*pʰwɛ̀
puncture, to	*pʰwɛ̀
peel, to	*pʰwɛ̀ɗ
skin, to	*pʰwɛ̀ɗ
absent, to be	*pʰwı̄
not be, to	*pʰwı̄
bicep	*pʰwı̀l
rib cage	*ápʰóh
torso, upper	*ápʰóh
bathe, to	*úpʰ
come into view, to	*p`āːŋk
view, to come into	*p`āːŋk
bubble up, to	*p`āːwṭʰ
foam, to	*p`āːwṭʰ
froth, to	*p`āːwṭʰ
spread out, to	*p`áːy, *p`áː`y
wide, to become	*p`áːy, *p`áː`y
red	*p`èd
hit, to	*p`éd
apart, to pull	*p`ēd̪
bow, to pull	*p`ēd̪
open, to pull	*p`ēd̪
pull bow, to	*p`ēd̪
pull open or apart, to	*p`ēd̪
grinding stone, upper	*p`eyl
ground	*p`ɛ́
wing	*p`ɛːp`
isolate, to	*p`i
leave alone, solitary, to	*p`i
hill	*p`ı̀ɗ, *p`id̪
twist (tr.), to	*p`ı́d̪
remove (covering layer) from, to	*p`ı́l̪
thump, to	*p`im
cover, to	*p`ı̄ːn
husk	*p`ı́p`, *p`ı́ːp`
shell	*p`ı́p`, *p`ı́ːp`
break off (piece), to	*p`ı̀s
complete, to	*p`ı́s, *p`ı̄s
nape	*p`ı̄t`ı̄h
turn (intr.), to	*p`óŋg, *p`ōŋg
peel, to	*p`óːɲ
shell, to	*p`óːɲ
roll, to	*p`oːr
rise (of things), to	*p`ùk`
heap	*p`úŋk
lump	*p`úŋk
mound	*p`úŋk
pull out, to	*p`ūt̪
flit about, to	*p`wéɗ
rush about, to	*p`wéɗ
father	*àp`à
moon	*àp`áːy
buttock(s)	*eːmp`
fish	*púːn, *p`úːn
grasp, to	*t̯ā
hold of, to take	*t̯ā
take hold of, to	*t̯ā
stick (something) out, to	*t̪àm
do poorly (in task, activity), to	*t̪áːpʰ
poorly, to do	*t̪áːpʰ
fall lightly (rain), to	*t̪àt̩`
rain lightly, to	*t̪àt̩`
move (toward), to	*t̪é, *t̪ó
ignite, to	*t̪èm
set afire, to	*t̪èm
clear, to	*t̪ɛ́l
spread apart (tr.), to	*t̪ɛ̀r
spread open, to	*t̪ɛ̀r
examine, to	*t̪ı́áp
observe closely, to	*t̪ɛ́áp
reed	*t̪ı̄ːkʰ
strand, thin	*t̪ı̄ːkʰ
distribute, to	*t̪ı́p
divide into portions, to	*t̪ı́p
cease to function, to	*t̪ı́s, *t̪ı́ːs
finished, to be	*t̪ı́s, *t̪ı́ːs
used up, to be	*t̪ı́s, *t̪ı́ːs
new	*t̪ı́ːɵ, *t̪ı̄ːɵ
spill, to	*t̪ı̀ːt̪`, *tı̄ːt̪ʰ
complete, to	*t̪ı́wm
finish, to	*t̪ı́wm
remove, to	*t̯óːd̪
strike with a pointed object, to	*t̯ɔ̀ːk
blade, narrow	*t̪ɔ́n
point, narrow	*t̪ɔ́n
put, to	*t̪ɔ̀s
set, to	*t̪ɔ̀s
low, to be(come)	*t̪ùːl, *t̯ūːl
lower oneself, to	*t̪ùːl, *t̯ūːl
follow, to	*t̪úŋkʰ
bad thing	*t̪úɵ, *t̪úːɵ
increase in length, height, to	*t̪ʰaŋ
stretch out, to	*t̪ʰaŋ
bull	*t̪ʰàŋ, *t̪ʰāŋ
ox	*t̪ʰàŋ, *t̪ʰāŋ
pound (in making tool), to	*t̪ʰàːt`
do quickly, to	*t̪ʰɛ́t`
hurry, to	*t̪ʰɛ́t`
stick	*t̪ʰı̄ŋk`
afire, to set	*t̪ʰı́t̪`, *t̪ʰı́ːt̪`
set afire, to	*t̪ʰı́t̪`, *t̪ʰı́ːt̪`
bend (intr.), to	*t̪ʰól
curve (intr.), to	*t̪ʰól
turn (intr.), to	*t̪ʰól
raise, to	*t̪ʰɔ́ɲ
cold	*t̪ʰɔ́s, *t̪ʰɔ́ːs
strike with hafted tool, to	*t̪ʰūːd
not work (right or well), to	*t̪ʰúːt`
cease to function, to	*āt̪ʰ, *āːt̪ʰ
fail, to	*āt̪ʰ, *āːt̪ʰ
burn (of fire, intr.), to	*t̪ʰɔ́ɲ, *t̪óɲ
burn, to make	*t̪`à, *t̪`ā
kindle, to	*t̪`à, *t̪`ā
bad feeling, to have	*t̪`āːp
feel bad, to	*t̪`āːp
help, to	*t̪`é
difficult to do, to be	*t̪`ēk
heavy, to be	*t̪`ēk
whirl (tr.), to	*t̪`èːkʰ, *t̯`ēːkʰ
fall, to be about to	*t̪`él
teeter, to	*t̪`él
stay in place, to	*t̪`èyj`, *t̪`ēyk`
nit	*t̪`ɛ́ŋkw
sharp, to be	*t̪`ɛ́ːr
liver	*t̪`ɛ́z
set apart, to set down, to	*t̪`ı́
rub, to	*t̯`ı̀
scrape off, to	*t̯`ı̀
wipe, to	*t̯`ı̀
drain (intr.), to	*t̪`ı́
run out, to	*t̪`ı́
short	*t̯`ı́l
small	*t̯`iːn
thin	*t̯`iːn
grab, to	*t̪`ı́r
hold tightly, to seize and	*t̪`ı́r
seize, to	*t̪`ı́r
heavy, to be very	*t̯`ı́r
constricted (of opening), to be	*t̪`ı́t, *t̪`ı́tʰ
tight, to be	*t̪`ı́t, *t̪`ı́tʰ
pour in narrow stream, to	*t̪`óːɵ
flow, to	*t̪`òr
cease to function, to	*t̯`ɔ̀w
stop doing, to	*t̯`ɔ̀w
rub, to	*t̪`úr
wet, to be(come)	*t̪áy, *t̪ʰay, *t̪`ay
cow (generic)	*T̯ɛ́, *T̯ɛ́h
sour, to become	*t̯ɛr, *t̪ʰɛr, *t̪`ɛr
bowl, wooden	*T̪ūp, *T̪ūb
drag, to	*T̪útʰ, *T̯ʰùt̯ʰ
bile	*ét̪, *ét̪ʰ, *ét̪`
gall	*ét̪, *ét̪ʰ, *ét̪`
one (indef. pron.)	*tà/ *tı̀
someone	*tà/ *tı̀
something	*tà/ *tı̀
which one?	*tá
be (in a place), to	*tāː
find out, to	*ták
leak, to	*táːm, *tāːm
run out, to	*táːm, *tāːm
seep, to	*táːm, *tāːm
flatten, make flat, to	*tàːr
level, to make	*tàːr
make level, flat, straight, to	*tàːr
straight, to make	*tàːr
twist, to	*tàːş, *tāːş
rise up, to	*tēːb, *tēːp
strike (originally in making a stone tool), to	*téd
one	*téːk
smell good, to	*tér, *tēr
pick up, to	*téːr, *tēːr
bite, to	*tɛ́ːş, *tɛ̄ːş
we, us (inch subordinate)	*ti
step, to	*tı́ːp, *tı́ːb, *tı́ːɓ
tread, to	*tı́ːp, *tı́ːb, *tı́ːɓ
strand	*tiːl
strip, to	*tiːl
prop up, to	*tı́ŋk
support, to	*tı́ŋk
join (tr.), to	*tóŋkʰ
dig, to	*tɔ́ːk
stick into ground, to	*tɔ́ːk
part, upper	*tɔŋkʰ
top	*tɔŋkʰ
accumulate	*túːl
assemble, to	*túːl
pile up, to	*túːl
stick into, to	*túpʰ
strike with a tool, to	*túr
increase (in size, amount), to	*túr
look at, to	*twı́
here (direction)	*tʰ-
that nearby	*tʰ-
fold together, to	*tʰáːɓ
have in mind to do	*tʰàːk`
intend, to	*tʰàːk`
stamp with the feet, to	*tʰàːm, *tʰāːm
put low, to	*tʰàn, *tʰān
set apart, to set down, to	*tʰàn, *tʰān
dirt	*tʰāp`
dust	*tʰāp`
belly	*tʰā`w
build, to	*tʰé, *tʰèh
fashion, to	*tʰé, *tʰèh
make, to	*tʰé, *tʰèh
satisfy, to	*tʰéː
to let leak, let run out or down	tʰél̯
stagger, to	tʰéŋ
totter, to	tʰíŋ
silence	tʰéŋk
flatten, make flat, to	tʰēpʰ
pour off, to	tʰēːr
spill down, to	tʰīːr
tie, to	tʰéːr
to rise up, go out	tʰɛ̄ŋ
louse	tʰil, tʰil̯
cover, to	tʰím
heavy, stout, to be	tʰíŋ
hair, clump of	tʰipʰ
continue (doing) (intr.), to	tʰír
persist (intr.), to	tʰír
to touch, come into contact	tʰíːr, tʰīːr
finger, toe	tʰòd
to show, explain	tʰóːd
plait (hair), to	tʰód̯
tie up, to	tʰúd̯
to wear out, become weary	tʰòd̯, tʰōd̯
pound lightly, to	tʰòːkʼ
marrow	tʰól
rub with the fingers, to	tʰóːṭ, tʰóːṭʰ
to disturb, disarrange	tʰóːṭʼ
blister	tʰɔ́ːtʰɔ́ːl
stick into, to	tʰúː, tʰū
to strike aganist, collide with	tʰūh
break open, to	tʰúl, tʰūl
turn, to	tʰùŋkʰ
to be thick, dense	tʰūp
troop off, go away in a group, to	tʰūr
first; the first (one)	tʰwàkʼ
to pull loose, pull off	tʰwàṭʰ
raise a little, to	tʰwék
to pull off, tear off, scrape off	tʰwɛ̀r
hit, to	tʰwiːm
depression, shallow	tʰwɔ̀ːŋkʰ
arm, upper	tʰa᷅b, t̯̋ʰa᷅p
to drip, make pots	tʰɔ̀ːl, t̯ʰɔ̀ːl
pots, to make	tʰɛyd, tɛyd
pick up, to	T1àpʼ
gullet	T1āwād
bend (intr., of a part of the body)	T1ēkʼ
strike (thing), to	T1òːpʼ
three	ɔT1waːnz
to err, do wrong	T2àːl
nephew, niece	T2áwpʼ
log, pole, branch	T2ar
brightness	T2él
to be tired, weary	tʼáp
turn around, to	tʼāmp
lick, to	tʼèl̯
tongue	tʼèl̯am
foliage, leaves (suppl. pl.)	tʼeypʰ
to become longer, lengthen	tʼɛːyn
small, very	tʼī
smoke, to give off	tʼoːl
smoke	tʼóːl
soft, to be	tʼor
to snap, break, cut	tʼor
to strike off, cut off	tʼur
cut ends off, to	tʼúrúp, tʼūrūp
break into small pieces, to	tʼɔ́h
elephant, female	tʼɔm
soak, to	tʼɔ́pʰ, tʼɔ́pʼ
to hack( vegetation), chop	tʼɔ́ːs
squeeze, to	tʼú
to sow, plant	tʼūm
pick up and remove, to	tʼúmp
put together, to	tʼúmp
say, to	tʼwàː , tʼwāː
mouth	tʼwàːh, tʼwāːh
to shine, become bright	tʼwāɗ
burst, to	tʼwàːk, tʼwāːk
end, to	tʼwáːm, tʼwāːm
to descend, go down	tʼwɔ̀ṣ
stone	itʼ, itʰ
lean, to	tʼìŋkʰ, t̯ʼìŋkʰ, tʼìŋkʼ, t̯ʼìŋkʼ
pot	Téw, T̯éw
to rise, grow, increase	ṭàː
taste, to	ṭām
to tie, fasten	ṭámp
hare	ṭaːwr
to wake	ṭe, ṭeh
to scrape off	ṭéːl
smooth by peeling, to make	ṭēl̯
hop, to	ṭér, ṭēr
to set afire	ṭéṣ
cheat, to	ṭēːṣ
bind, to	ṭèṣ , ṭēṣ
whole, entire	ṭı́ɗ, ṭı̄ɗ
hear, to	ṭı̄ːk
enter, to	ṭı̀ŋkʰ
dark, to be very	ṭı́r
to sit, stay, stop	ṭòŋkw
to be begrudging, recalcitrant	ṭōr
see, to	ṭɔː , ṭɔːh
to rise, go up, climb	ṭū
to enclose, tie up	ṭūːd
touch, to	ṭùkʰ
phlegm	ṭūl, ṭūl̯
drip, to	ṭùmp
call out, to	ṭúʼw , ṭúw
stick	ṭwáː
travel, to	ṭwáːkʰ
to sparkle, glitter	ṭwɛ̀l , ṭwɛ̄l
to kneel, ben the knee	ṭwi
lower leg	ṭwíːkw
wet, to	ṭwíːkʰw
leather strap , thong	ṭeB , tʰeB , T̯eB
that nearby	ṭʰi
that over there	ṭʰạ
to be clear , be right	ṭʰá
milk	ṭʰa
pass (intr.), to	ṭʰà , ṭʰàː
stop (intr.), to	ṭʰāb , ṭʰāːɓ
to fool, make foolish	ṭʰàkʰ , ṭʰàːkʰ
darken, to	ṭʰar
black	ṭʰáràh
to remove, take away	ṭʰàypʰ
to scatter, disperse (intr.) after gathering	ṭʰém
to drain off, let flow	ṭʰɛ̄ː, ṭʰɛ̄ːh
appear, toto appear, emerge, come into being	ṭʰɛ́k
shout, to	ṭʰɛ́l
wet, to	ṭʰɛ̄mpʰ
to bring forth, put forth	ṭʰì
to bend, turn (intr.)	ṭʰìŋ, ṭʰīŋ
point , tip , edge	ṭʰít̯ʼ
rain heavily, to	ṭʰóː
to revolve, go round	ṭʰóːɗ̣
to secrete or emit fluid(from body)	ṭʰòl
stick into, to	ṭʰòŋkʼ
quiver (of arrows)	ṭʰóŋkʼóh
weak, to be(come)	ṭʰɔ́ɗ
poke, to	ṭʰɔ̀ːl
flowing water	ṭʰɔ́ːr
to become long, tall,deep	ṭʰwaːl
to keep apart, keep separate	ṭʼàːn
tip	ṭʼàwpʼ
to tear off, tear out;to extract incisor tooth	ṭʼáːy
incisor tooth	ṭʼáːym
ears (pl., dual, or coll.?)	ṭʼéː
leaf	ṭʼéːm
to call out	ṭʼeːkʰ, ṭʼeːkʼ
to slip, slide	ṭʼèl
sand	ṭʼɛ̄ːṣ
small, young(of child	ṭʼì, ṭʼìː
stem,stalk,trunk	ṭʼí, ṭʼíː
spit through gap of teeth, to	ṭʼíd̯
to die(of fire),be extinguished	ṭʼíːl
sneeze, to	ṭʼīs
to annoy, harass(verbally)	ṭʼóːŋ
to bend, curve, turn	ṭʼóŋk
to rot, decay, fall into ruin	ṭʼópʼ
hot, to become	ṭʼɔ̄kʰ
front of the body,belly	ṭʼɔ́ːl
push, to	ṭʼɔ́r, ṭʼɔ̄r
dimmer, to	ṭʼúd
glow, to	ṭʼúd
to see up close, see with one's own eyes	ṭʼúːd
to set apart, put apart	ṭʼūk
clean, to	ṭʼùl
chaw on slowly, to	ṭʼúm
go round, to	ṭʼúːr
jaw	ṭʼwáɠ
to rap, tap, peck at	ṭʼwàːkʰ, ṭʼwāːkʰ
hand out, to	ṭʼwɛ́ːd
scrape off, to	ṭʼwɛ́ːd
suck, to	ṭʼwíːṭʼ
dirt, filth	iṭʼ
that	ka
this	ki
with	kà, kā
homestead	kàː , kāːh
move (intr.), to	kàn
grab and take out, to	káp
to fill out, expand, widen(intr.)	kápʰ, káːpʰ
face, lower part of	kāːpʼ
tie up, to	kátʰ
remember, to	kàʼy, kāʼy
with, at	ke
rumble (of stomach), to	ked, ker
seeds	kéːn
scratch, to	kéyk, kéyg, kéyɠ
run, to	kès
face	kɛ̀y
edge	kɛ̀y
front edge of anything	kɛ́ynàh
with, by, by means of	kí
tremble, to	kít̯
utter, to	kób
thin, to be(come)	kōd
to join, put together	kóɗ
hyena	kògēr
to knock, tap, hit repeatedly	kókʰ, kòkʰ
to be round, to curve	kól
wind (tr.), to	kònt̯
call out, to	kɔ̄
monkey	kɔ̀dɔ́h
elephant	kɔːwɔn
palm, sole	kuː
well, waterhole	kúl, kúl̯
go around, to	kúːl
to bend over, bend down (intr.)	kúm
cover, to	kúm
to be much, many	kum
carnivore, large	kwá, kwā
small fly, gnat	kwɛl̯
breast (woman’s)	akó, kó
bone	ɔ̀k
seed	kʰàɓ, kʰàːɓ
split (intr.), to	kʰád
to frown, look angry	kʰáːd
rise, to	kʰàh
grow (of plants), to	kʰàːkʰ
to sip, sniff, taste	kʰál
call out, to	kʰál̯
to become little, few	kʰám
press together, to	kʰámp
lap up, to	kʰán
to direct, guide, send	kʰáːn
mix, to	kʰàːṣ
break off, (tr.) to	kʰày
to cease, come to an end	kʰáy
completion	kʰāyìh
to be little, small	kʰáyn, kʰāyn
move circuitiously, to	kʰéṣ, kʰéṬ
care about, care for, to	kʰēṭʼ
open the mouth (to put something in it), to	kʰɛ̀ːl̯
to scratch, mark by scratching	kʰɛ́nṣ
pubic area	kʰɛ̄ntʰèh
pare, to	kʰɛ́pʼ
to alight on, land on, go down onto	kʰɛ́ːṭ
reckon (number or amount of), to	kʰɛ̄ʼyɛ̀l
utter, to	kʰìː
mouth, inside of	ākʰíː, akʰa
to come	kʰí
go	kʰá
to tickle;	kʰil,
armpit	kʰìlkʰìl
loud sound, to make a	kʰìl
take off, to	kʰìːl
lizard, kind of	kʰīt̯íh
smell good, to	kʰíy
to curve, go round	kʰól̯
thick (of liquid), to be	kʰōm
hump, lump, mound	kʰōm
shoulder, outer	kʰòmból
move (tr.), to	kʰónd
hit, to	kʰòpʰ
to tear off, rip off, cut off	kʰòːr
belly	kʰoseh
speak loudly, to	kʰóṭʼ
to stir up, shake	kʰóṭʼ
cough,to	kʰɔ̄kʼɔ́tʰ
take hold of, to	kʰɔ́l
shell	kʰɔ́ːɲ
stick into, to	kʰɔ́ŋk
to arrange, put in order	kʰɔ̄r
burn (intr.), to	kʰɔ̀r
to itch, have a ras	kʰɔ́s
rub, to	kʰɔ́ːt
to pull off, pull out, pull apart	kʰɔ́ṭʼ
to join, meet up with	kʰúb, kʰúɓ
turn (tr.), to	kʰúd̯
to call out, make a loud noise	kʰùːd
pole	kʰúːd
gourd, kind of	kʰúl, kʰūl
bend (intr.), to	kʰùl
to foam, forth, billow, bubble	kʰúmpʰ
wooden vessel	kʰúːr
hide, skin	kʰúːr, kʰúːd
dusty or sandy ground	kʰúṣ, kʰúṬ
apart, to take	kʰwáh
clear (of sky), to	kʰwáːkʼ
to grasp and take	kʰwal̯
to branch off, take a divergent route	kʰwámp
to dig up, scoop out	kʰwáɲ
cracked (of skin), to be	kʰwār, kʰwād
get up, to	kʰwɛ́ːkʼ
entrails	kʰwíɲ
cover, to	K1òb, K1òp
to tell	kʰɔ̀ːm, kɔ̀ːm
to go out, depart	kʰúkʰ, kúkʰ
to crack, break open (intr.)	kʰwīl, kwīl
to take into the mouth	kʼá
to be soft, weak	kʼáːɓ, kʼāːɓ
cut into, to	kʼád
to depart, go away	kʼàh
split (tr.), to	kʼàkʼ
eat, to	kʼàp
scrape off, to	kʼáːp
to scrape or scratch the surface of	kʼát̯ʰ
to scratch out, scratch off	kʼàːy
cold	kʼayl
chew, to	kʼáʼy
small, to be	kʼéɗ
tip, end, extremity	kʼéːl̯
ewe lamb, famale kid	kʼér
twist (intr.), to	kʼér
horn	kʼéyl
sink (tr.), to	kʼíl
to slit, rip ( with claw, sharp point)	kʼíːr
cough,to	kʼít, kʼíːt
today	kʼó
hole, to make a	kʼól
chew, to	kʼól
unpleasant (taste, condition, etc.), to become	kʼòṭʼ
be, to	kʼɔ́
neck, base of	kʼɔ̀ːɗ
abdomen, lower	kʼòmp
snake	kʼɔːŋkʼ
to take into the mouth	kʼɔŋ
blood	kʼɔ́pʰ
swell, to	kʼúːl
pole, thick	kʼúl̯, kʼūl̯
to pick out, extract(with fingers)	kʼùːl
scrape, to	kʼūːr
fold (arm, leg), to	kʼúːṭ, kʼúːṭʰ
to be little, few	kʼwáɗ
tough	kʼwakʰar
scrape, to	kʼwɛ́r
fingers (suppl. pl.)	kʼwɛy
chest, organ of (heart?)	kʼwìl̯māh
chew, to	kʼwíṭ, kʼwíṭʼ
cold, to become	kʼèːr, kʰèːr
to not move, be still	kʼóːs, kʰśːs
break off, (tr.) to	kʼùz, kʰúz
bottle gourd	K1ɛ̀rɛ̄h, K1ɛ̀dɛ̄h
to suck	kùːl, kʰùːl, kʼùːl
we, us (excl. subordinate)	θa
goat or sheep that has not yet born young	θáɡw, θáɠw
spill (intr.), to	θàːkʼw
fringe of hair	θaːm
cut up, to	θayr, θayD
with, at	θéh
chest	θeyn
remove (covering layer) from, to	θɛ́yb, θɛ́yp
more, to become	θìh, θīh
seep, to	θòh
revile, to	θòp, θòb, θòɓ , θopʼ
tear (out, off), to	θɔ̀h, θɔ̀ːh
to sink, go down	θu, θuː
to sniff	θùm
to mix, st,r together	θùmp, θūmp
to inhale	θùnt̯
move fluid around in mouth, to	θuŋk
dry (tr.), to	θwà, θwàh
to eat	θwáː
to stiffen, harden, dry up	θwáw, θwāw
flow (n.)	íθ
how?	ıθ
burn,to	θùn, θo᷅ùn
put together (several), to	saːʼw
thin, to be(come)	say, saːy, saʼy
spill out, to	sàʼy
to move briskly	sàːʼy, sāːʼy
to rise, go up	sè
strong, stout, to be	seɠ
sand	séːkʼ
clean, to	séyl̯
to stab, stick into	sì, sìː
this one	sí
strip, thin stick, switch	sīːl
plait, to	sìm
dust	sīŋkʰw
move (intr.), to	sōkʼ
dampen, to	sópʰ
sniff (tr.), to	sór
make fun of, to	sóːr
put above, to	sɔ̄d
dust	sɔːd
bend (intr.), to	sɔ́ŋ
juice, fluid part of anything	súː
to stretch out, lengthen(intr.)	súːɗ̣
cook, to	suk
bend, to	sùkʰ
to be on fire, give off heat	sūːl
worm,thin strand	swīl, swīl̯
skin	ìs, īs
ineffective, to be(come) or make useless,inoperative	ùːs, ūːs
to whip, strike repeatedly	swéːT̯, θwéːT̯
to fight, quarrel	ás, áθ
leave, to	ṣākʼ
seep, to	ṣàl
gather (tr.), to	ṣámp
hit (person) repeatedly, to	ṣámpʼ
straight, even, level	ṣéh
stick into, to	ṣèk, ṣèɡ
shake (tr.), to	ṣeːkʼ
talk someone into doing, to (try to)	ṣèṣ
split (tr.), to	ṣɛ́ːl
to take a breath, catch oneʼs breath	ṣɛ́ːy
sniff, to	ṣɛ̀ːym
bite into, to	ṣɛ̄ʼy
tooth	ṣɛ̄ʼyh
to sink down, collapse	ṣíɓ, ṣīɓ
twist (tr.), to	ṣíːd̯
to not function,be(come) useless	ṣíh
wet, to be(come)	ṣít
heat, to	ṣíl
to descend, sink	ṣòːd
to move close together, bring into concact	ṣōm
strand, strip	ṣoŋ
move (intr.), to	ṣór
to be slight, light(in weight)	ṣòːr
many, much	ṣɔ́ːh, ṣɔ̄ːh
dissolve, turn to liquid, to	ṣɔ̀l, ṣɔ̀ːl
to arrange, put in order	ṣɔ̄ːl
to lead off, start off	ṣúː
to appear, emerge into view	ṣúɓ
intestines	ṣūːɗ
vein, tendon	ṣuh, ṣuːh
drive (animals), to	ṣúːk
leak out, to	ṣúl̯
to put together	ṣúːm
to yell, cry or call out	ṣup, ṣuːp
remove by lifting off, to	ṣūːtʰ
black, to be	ṣwēl
burn (intr.), to	ṣwɛ́
put together parts in fashioning, especially a tool, to	ṣwíl
lie (down), to	iːṣ
grass	ṣɛ, sɛː
someone, something	zá, zè
hit repeatedly, to	zá
immature, young	záː
to behave foolishly	zàːm, zāːm
reach out (for), to	zél
to have diffculty doing, be slow in doing	zénd
to put in line, put in order	zèr
back, small of	zɛ̀h, zɛ̀ːh
to be(come)damp, moist	zɛ̀m
watch, to	zíkʰ
stomach	zim, ziːm
mumble, to	zìm
joint (of body)	zìmàh
push, to	zō, zōːh
roast, to	zókʰ
trot, to	zòkʰ
rise, to	zōːl
to raise,lift	zòŋkʰ
to cram together, put many in one place	zoṭʼ
fur	zukʰ
flow out, to	zúpʼ
to move abruptly or suddenly	zùːr
forearm	ɔ́ːz, ɔ̄ːz
to bubble up, foam, froth	zéːɗ, séːɗ
to scratch, scrape, pierce(skin, etc.)	zékʼ
alluvium, sediment	zíb, síb
to run away, flee(of many)	zɔ̀, sɔ̀
thorn	aːs, aːθ, aːz
shelter, temporary	sàːB, ṣàːB, zàːB
that one	r-, re, ra, ri
to sink down, become low	ràb, ràːb
pour down (intr.), to	ráːɡ, ráːŋk
burn (intr.), to	ráːɡw
to make, prepare	ràːk, ràːɠ
put together, to	ràːk, ràːkʰ
joint of leg or arm	ramp
strike (person, animal), to	rápʼ, rāpʼ
membrane, soft skin	rāwpʼ
cut in two, to	ré, rē
to fasten, make fast	réɗ
stiff, hard, to be	rēd̯
lift, to	rèːk, rèːɠ
hit, collide with, to	rémp
thin, to be(come)	rémpʰ
stop (intr.), to	rēp
to join, connet, to tie together	répʰ, rípʰ
to match, fit, to arrange to fit	rɛ́kʰ, rikʰ
to seep, discharhe fluid;to bleed	rɛ́ːy
fear, to	rī, rīh
tie up, to	rìk
injure, to	ríŋ, ríɡ
body (of animal)	rìŋ, rìɡ
go down, to	ŕp, ŕɓ
wet, to be(come)	ròː, rōː
look at, to	róː, róːh
put together, join (two things), to	rókʰ
weak, to be(come)	rōl̯
pay back, recompense, to	ròmb
large, to grow	róp, rōp
take hold of, to	rɔ́ːh, rɔ̄ːh
join, connect (tr.), to	rɔ́p, rɔ́ɓ
self/body	ru, ruh
aversion to, to have an	rùː, rùːh
watch, look after, to	rūk
strike, to	rùkʰ, rūkʰ
attack and seize, to	rúm
collapse, to	rúm, rúb
stem, thin	rúp
rumble, to	rùr
to speak, especially forcefully;to pester, bother verbally	rwíkʰ
fat, to be(come)	rwís
intestines	àːr
two	àré
white	āeó, àró
go/come, to	or, er
raised surface	ùr, úr
hill	kʰúr
that one	ili
this one	ɛlɛ
talk rapidly, to	láb, láɓ, láp
separate (tr.), to	lák, láːk
eat soft food, to	lákʰ, láːkʰ
drench, wet thoroughly, to	lal, laːl
call out to (someone), to	làːl
wash (other than hands), to	lám
not want, to	laŋ
grasp, to	láʼw
reach out to take, to	làwtʰ
slow down, to	láʼy, lāʼy
depart (from/to), to	lè, lò
to seep	léh
to moisten, wet down	líh
to watch, obverse	lēːh
to grasp, hold	lēpʰ
feeble, to be	léːpʼ
disappear, to	léyl
in, at	lɛ̀
place	àlɛ́
lap, to	lɛy
to be(come)wet	líb, líɓ, líp
moisten, to	lim
shrink back, sink down, to	líːm
swallow, to	líːŋkʼ
horn, detached (as container, instrument)	lòːb, lòːɓ
miss, fail, to	lòːb, lòːɓ
land	loɠ, loɡ
swell up, to	lòːkʰ
spill out, to	lòːl̯, lōːl̯
collect and take away, to	lóːl̯
crown of head	lóŋkʰ
immersed, to be	lóːs
blade, point (of tool)	lɔ́
take loose, take apart, to	lúh
leaf out, to	lúh, lúːh
go out, come out, to	lúːk, lúːkʰ, lúːɡ
bend, curve (tr.), to	lúːɡ
drip, to	lwátʰ
dry out (intr.), to	l̯aɓ, l̯ab, l̯apʼ
pat, to	l̯áːɓ, l̯áːpʼ
rise, go higher, to	l̯āːw
far	l̯áːw
shake (intr.), to	l̯àːwŋ
harm, to	l̯áːʼw
rise, to	l̯éː, l̯ēː
sweet, to be	l̯él, l̯él̯
rub, scrub (surface of), to	l̯èːl
eager for, assiduous, to be	l̯èl̯
cut apart, to	l̯ér
hurry, to	l̯éːr
light, kindle, to	l̯ɛ̀h
leave off, to	l̯ɛ̀l̯
turn back and forth, to	l̯ɛŋ, l̯iŋ
darken (of sky), to	l̯ɛ́ːyl
fight, kill in fighting, to	l̯í, l̯íː
to darken(of sky)	l̯ím
scrape (with implement), to	l̯ìt̯ʼ, l̯īt̯ʼ
tip	l̯òd
to tell, pronounce on a matter	l̯òk
spill, flow out, to	l̯óːkʰ, l̯óːkʼ
run, to	l̯óŋ, l̯ōŋ
dig a hole, to	l̯ɔ́h, l̯ɔ̄h
call, to	l̯ɔ̀ŋk
keep watch for, to	l̯ú, l̯ū
sip, to	l̯u, l̯uh
dark, black	ùl̯, l̯ùl̯
darkness	kʰul̋
earth	làpʼúh, l̯àpʼúh
leaf	láw, l̯áw
grass, tall, for thatching	léyl, l̯éyl
side (of body)	Lɛ́kʼ, Lɛ́ɠ
drenched, to become	Liŋ, Liːŋ
tie together, to	lípʼ, l̯ípʼ
make a hole, to	lod, l̯od
deep, thick-layered	lòːl̯, l̯òːl̯
skin, piece of	lɔ́pʼ, l̯ɔ́pʼ
soak, to	Lùk, Lùkʰ, Lùkʼ
third person indefinite pronoun	wá
to pick, pull off	wá
pour, to	wá
to move, to come	wa, we
grow, to	wa
me	wah
return, to	wáːl
side (of body)	wànt, wànt̯
female	wàɲ, wāɲ
woman	wánt̯
eye	wāŋ
termite	waŋw
thrust aside, to	wāpʰ
wipe, to	wáːpʰ, wāːpʰ
go up, to	wár
take, to	wàr
spring, bound away, to	wár
burn brightly, to	wāːr
grow large, to	wàs
bubble, to	wáːṣ
comrade, close friend	wát
ten	wáyéh
light, give off, to	waːy
fire	wàːyn
light, ignite, to	wàːyṣ
speak loudly, to	wèl
to shine, brun	wēːl
you (ph)	wém
lack strength, to	wēpʰ
to go round, to revolve	wēnt, wīnt
increase (in size, amount), to	wér
mud	wér, wéd
wet down, to	wéθ
remove, dispose of, to	wèt̯, wèt̯ʰ
you (pl.)	wɛ́
eyes (suppl. pl.)	wɛ̀
observe, to	wɛ̀ːn
disapprove of, deny, to	wɛ̀ŋk
angry, to be	wɛ́r
to crack, tear, split	wɛ́ːr
strip, clear away, to	wɛ́t̯, wɛ́t̯ʰ, wɛ́ṣ
die, to	wɛ́y
to dig out, dig up	wɛ̄yr
look at, to	wɛ̄ʼy
listen, to	wikʰ, wikʼ
ear	wikʰin, wikʼin
spill, flow out, to	wìr
turn (intr.), to	wìːr
blow (with mouth), to	wís, wíṣ
liquid, to become	wìy, wìʼy
detach, take loose, to	wíːy, wíːʼy
to grow	ʼwáːl
fire	ʼwāntʼ
carnivore, large	ʼwaːr
blow, to	ʼwè, ʼwèh
tell, to	ʼwé
fly, to	ʼwed
pour, spill (intr.), to	ʼwɛ̀l
to bruise, wound	ʼwèl
mouth	ʼwéːt̯
windpipe, throat	ʼwéy
grind (stone blade), to	ʼwéːy
point,tip	ʼwéːyh
stay the night, to	ʼwɛ̀
gulp, to	ʼwɛ́d
hunger	ʼwɛ̀d
to sink down, become low	ʼwɛ́nḍ
dog	ʼwɛ̀ns
ear	ʼwɛ́ŋ
cry out, to	ʼwìː
go back and forth, up and down, to	ʼwìɡ, ʼwīɠ
burn (tr.), to	ʼwīh
shine (of sun, etc,), to	ʼwír
tail	àʼwèːyh
to grow dark, become night	waːd, ʼwaːd
to dig up, dig out	wàɗ, ʼwāɗ
illness, injury	wāɗ̣, ʼwāɗ̣
light, set afire, to	wàl, ʼwàl
speak out, to	wàːl, ʼwàːl
to grow(in size), grow up	wap, ʼwap
rain, to	wàr, ʼwàr
chew on, to	wáṭʼ, ʼwáṭʼ
grain, edible	waːy, ʼwaːy
seed-corn	kʰwaːy, kʰʼwaːy
sheep	wèd, ʼwèd
fight, to	wéːɗ̣, ʼwéːɗ̣
sip, to	wet̯ʰ, ʼwet̯ʰ
ram	wɛl̯, ʼwɛl̯
goat, he-	wɛr, ʼwɛr
husk	ʼwɛːr
protruberance	wík, ʼwík
hip	wìl, ʼwìl
buttock(s)	kʰwil, kʰʼwil
clear off, clear out, to	wìl, ʼwìl
breathe out, to	wìl, ʼwìl
tear down (residence), to	wil̯, ʼwìl̯
night	awaːd, aʼwaːd
bull	òwìŋ, oʼwìŋ
interrogative stem	y-
that nearby	yá
this referred to	yí
mother	yā
flow, to	yà
hurt (intr.), to	yà, yā
come/go, to	yà, yɛ, yɔ
drink, to	yá, yáh
to say a name, speak to by name	yád
grasp, to	yāːd̯
to flow in, flow over	yáh
flow in, flow over, to	yákw, yáɡw, yá
young, to be	yàkʼ, yākʼ
spread (tr.), to	yàːkʼ
to go fast	yāːp
wet, to become thoroughly	yáːs
water (animals), to	yàt̯
heat over low fire, to	yàːwpʰ
body (of animal)	yàːy
cow (generic)	yáːyr
eyes (suppl. pl.)	yē
string, strand	ye, yeh
fatty portion of meat	tēn
expand in size, to	yēŋ
stretch, enlarge (tr.), to	yént̯ʼ
spill, flow out, to	yɛ́ːd̯
lie (down), to	tɛ̄h
they	yɛ́h
projection, anything sticking up/out	yɛ́ːp
to twist, bend	yíd, yīd
grass	yīh
to notice, pay attention to	yíːl
call, to	yíːl, y,́ːl̯
calf of leg	yód
call out, to	yóɡ, yóɠ
drive herd, to	yókw
sink (intr.), to	yóːl
part, come away, to	yɔ́ːl
not be, to	yɔ́ːm
leak, to	yú
to make collapse, cause to fall	yùːd
fluid	yūh
goat	āy, āy
belly	àyí
other	áyr
body, front of	ɛ̀ːy, ɛ̀ːyaw
body	ɛːyl
tree	ʼya
strike repeatedly and hard, to	ʼyá, ʼyáh
shake (tr.), to	ʼyāk
fearful, to be	ʼyākʼw
exclaim, to	ʼyál
swallow, to	ʼyáŋ, ʼyāŋ
tell, to	ʼyé
escape, to	ʼyá
to burn, shine	ʼyē
country, locality	ʼyé
throw, to	ʼyép
heat (by sun or fire), to	ʼyéːr
grasp and bring toward, to	ʼyɛ̀ːn
be (in a place), to	ʼyìː
to produce sap, juice	ʼyīm
to live, be alive	ʼyìːŋ
grow old, to	ʼyó
horn	ʼyokʼw
turn back and forth, to	ʼyud̯
to bear fruit; fruit	ʼyuk, ʼyukʰ, ʼyukʼ
joint of leg or arm	aʼy
palm of hand	ʼáʼyr
to drop abruptly	yùːK, ʼyùːK
to pant	yùːpʰ, ʼyùːpʰ
mountain	àːy, àːʼy
ask, to	ha, haː
gulp down, to	hāb
take, to	hāb, hāɓ
eat up, to	hàbùr
to produce(fruit, growth,offspring)	háh
to pick up(many things)	hàːkʰw
avoid, do without, to	hàkʼ, hàːkʼ
extend, to	hákʼ, háːkʼ
hair, long	hál
wet, to	hàːl
grass stalk	hàlm
hair	hàm
joint of meat	hám
moisten, to	hám
gather food, to	hām
afraid, to be	hámp
fingers (suppl. pl.)	hàn, hān
fingers	háns
put in order, to	háːns
breathe, to	háːŋ
flow, to	hàr
rain	hár
lacking, to be	hàr, hàːr
to burn, glow	haːr
chew at length, to	hát̯ʼ
flap, wave (limbs), to	hāːw
bone of limb, long bone	haːwah
hot, to be	háʼw, háːʼw
belly	hàʼwm, hàwm
person	háyt̯
lie, tell a lie, to	hékʼ
move toward in order to get, to	hɛ̀ṣ, hɛ̄ṣ
gather (tr.), to	hɛ́w
to obtain, take possession of	hí
to grind	hí, híh
three	híno᷅āh
circle, encircle, go around, to	híːr
to pluck, pick	hóː
shell, hard covering	hólk
increase, to	hōr
to recline, lie	hɔ́ŋɡ
bend (intr.), to	hùŋɡ
sniff (intr.), to	húŋk
house	hwèy
burn low, smoulder, to	hwɛ̀mpʼ
me	āh
I	āhāy
us (excl.)	ahìl̯
I	kʰàh
we, us	kʰahih
her, him, it	ɛ̄h
she, he, it	kʰɛh
her, him, it	nɛh
call out, to	ɔ̄ːh
stalk, stem	áːd, háːd
stalk, stem	ɛl, hɛl
path, road	ɔ̀ːd, hɔ̀ːd
intestinal tract	uːr, huːr
sit down, to	ùṭʼ , hùṭʼ
flow, to	hìh , ʼyìh
wasp	áː
first person singular marker of verb	-án
first person singular marker of verb	na-
you (sing.)	í
you (sing. obj.)	áì
you (sing.)	aina
move (tr.), to	ìːw
cow, head of cattle	hɛ́w
to twist, turn, bend (intr.)	ŋíːr
cotton	ŋiːrih