alcohol
English edit
Etymology edit
Entered in the early 15th c. from Middle English alcofol, from Middle French alcohol or Spanish alcohol, derived from the Medieval Latin rendering alcohol transmitted in medical or alchemical literature of Arabic اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”), which in Andalusian Arabic also bore the form كُحُول (kuḥūl), قُحُول (quḥūl); bearing thus the meaning of stibnite first, then generalized in meaning to a powder obtained by triturating a material, then also to liquids obtained by boiling down, and specialized to mean spirit of wine, ethanol, in the 18th century, then the narrow chemical sense after 1850.
- Bartholomew Traheron in his 1543 translation of John of Vigo introduces the word as a term used by "barbarous" (Moorish) authors for "fine powder": the barbarous auctours use alcohol, or (as I fynde it sometymes wryten) alcofoll, for moost fine poudre.
- William Johnson in his 1657 Lexicon Chymicum glosses the word as antimonium sive stibium. By extension, the word came to refer to any fluid obtained by distillation, including "alcohol of wine", the distilled essence of wine.
- Libavius in Alchymia (1594) has vini alcohol vel vinum alcalisatum.
- Johnson (1657) glosses alcohol vini as quando omnis superfluitas vini a vino separatur, ita ut accensum ardeat donec totum consumatur, nihilque fæcum aut phlegmatis in fundo remaneat.
- Some authorities, including Rachel Hajar, suggest that the ultimate etymon was the Arabic term اَلْغَوْل (al-ḡawl, “bad effect, evil result of headache”) (as used in Qur’an verse 37:47, but this word is rather poetical and could for topical reasons not have been picked up from Arabic by Medieval writers, and aside from that the relation to stibium is well documented.[1][2]
Pronunciation edit
- (UK) IPA(key): /ˈæl.kə.hɒl/
- (US) IPA(key): /ˈæl.kə.hɔl/, /ˈæl.kə.hɑl/
- (US, nonstandard) IPA(key): /ˈɑl.kə.hɔl/, /ˈɑl.kə.hɑl/
Audio (US) (file) Audio (UK) (file)
Noun edit
alcohol (countable and uncountable, plural alcohols)
- (organic chemistry, countable) Any of a class of organic compounds (such as ethanol) containing a hydroxyl functional group (-OH).
- (colloquial) Ethanol.
- (uncountable) Beverages containing ethanol, collectively.
- 2013 June 22, “Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 76:
- Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins.
- (obsolete) Any very fine powder.
Synonyms edit
- See also Thesaurus:alcoholic beverage
Derived terms edit
- absolute alcohol
- acetic alcohol
- alcohol abuse
- alcohol addiction
- alcoholaemia
- alcoholase
- alcoholate
- alcohol by volume
- alcohol dehydrogenase
- alcohol enema
- alcohol flush reaction
- alcohol-free
- alcoholic
- alcoholicity
- alcoholiday
- alcohol intoxication
- alcoholism
- alcoholization
- alcoholize
- alcoholless
- alcoholly
- alcoholmeter
- alcohologist
- alcohology
- alcohololysis
- alcoholomania
- alcoholometer
- alcoholometric
- alcoholometry
- alcoholophilia
- alcohol poisoning
- alcohol-related dementia
- alcohol use disorder
- alcohol withdrawal syndrome
- alcoholy
- alcoholysis
- alcolock
- alcopop
- alcotest
- alcotourism
- alkoxyalcohol
- alkyl
- allyl alcohol
- amino alcohol
- amyl alcohol
- antialcohol
- azidoalcohol
- benzyl alcohol
- bioalcohol
- butyl alcohol
- cetyl alcohol
- chloral
- coniferyl alcohol
- denatured alcohol
- deoxy sugar alcohol
- diesohol
- epoxyalcohol
- ethyl alcohol
- fatty alcohol
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
- fetal alcohol syndrome
- fluoroalcohol
- foetal alcohol syndrome
- fusel alcohol
- gasahol
- gasohol
- haloalcohol
- hold one's alcohol
- -holic
- -holism
- isoamyl alcohol
- isopropyl alcohol
- ketoalcohol
- lauryl alcohol
- low-alcohol
- methal
- methyl alcohol
- neopentyl alcohol
- no-alcohol
- nonalcohol
- nonalcoholic
- non-alcoholic
- -ol
- perillyl alcohol
- phenethyl alcohol
- polyalcohol
- polyhydric alcohol
- polyvinylalcohol
- polyvinyl alcohol
- prealcohol
- primary alcohol
- propargyl alcohol
- propyl alcohol
- rubbing alcohol
- secondary alcohol
- sugar alcohol
- sulfur alcohol
- sulphur alcohol
- tertiary alcohol
- thioalcohol
- unit of alcohol
- wood alcohol
- wood-alcohol
Descendants edit
- → Arabic: كُحُول (kuḥūl)
- → Korean: 알코올 (alkool), 알콜 (alkol)
- → Malay: alkohol
- → Swahili: alkoholi
- → Tok Pisin: alkohol
Translations edit
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- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
References edit
- ^ “Etymology of Alcohol”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)[1], 2008 December 31 (last accessed), archived from the original on 10 June 2011
- ^ Nicolae Sfetcu, Health & Drugs: Disease, Prescription & Medication (2014)
Asturian edit
Noun edit
alcohol m (plural alcoholes)
Catalan edit
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): (Central) [əl.kuˈɔl]
- IPA(key): (Balearic) [əl.koˈɔl]
- IPA(key): (Valencian) [al.koˈɔl]
Audio (file)
Noun edit
alcohol m (plural alcohols)
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
- “alcohol” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
Dutch edit
Alternative forms edit
- alkohol (superseded)
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Latin alcohol or Spanish alcohol, of Arabic origin.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
alcohol m (plural alcoholen)
- (countable, organic chemistry) alcohol (class of compounds)
- (uncountable) alcohol (ethanol specifically)
Hyponyms edit
- (beverage): sterke drank
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Descendants edit
French edit
Pronunciation edit
Audio (file)
Noun edit
alcohol m (plural alcohols)
Galician edit
Alternative forms edit
Noun edit
alcohol m (plural alcohois)
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
- “alcohol” in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega, Royal Galician Academy.
Interlingua edit
Noun edit
alcohol (uncountable)
- alcohol (ethanol)
Related terms edit
Latin edit
Etymology edit
From Andalusian Arabic اَلْكُحُول (al-kuḥūl), اَلْقُحُول (al-quḥūl), earlier اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”). Ultimately from Akkadian.
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈal.ko.hol/, [ˈäɫ̪ko(ɦ)ɔɫ̪]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈal.ko.ol/, [ˈälkoːl]
Noun edit
alcohol n (genitive alcoholis); third declension
- (Medieval Latin) kohl, collyrium, stibium
- (Medieval Latin) any other powder obtained from triturating a material
- alcohol ferrī ― rubbed file dust of iron
- (Medieval Latin) distilled essence, spirit
- (Medieval Latin) alcohol
Declension edit
Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | alcohol | alcohola |
Genitive | alcoholis | alcoholum |
Dative | alcoholī | alcoholibus |
Accusative | alcohol | alcohola |
Ablative | alcohole | alcoholibus |
Vocative | alcohol | alcohola |
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
- → Albanian: alkool
- → Armenian: ալկոհոլ (alkohol)
- → Asturian: alcohol
- → Catalan: alcohol
- → Dutch: alcohol, alkohol
- → Esperanto: alkoholo
- → Ido: alkoholo
- → Old French: alcohol
- → Galician: alcohol
- → German: Alkohol (see there for further descendants)
- → Hebrew: אַלְכּוֹהוֹל
- → Interlingua: alcohol
- → Italian: alcool, alcol
- → Kazakh: алкоголь (alkogol)
- → Norwegian Bokmål: alkohol
- → Norwegian Nynorsk: alkohol
- → Portuguese: álcool
- → Romanian: alcool
- → Russian: алкоголь (alkogolʹ)
- → Serbo-Croatian: àlkohol/а̀лкохол
- → Slovak: alkohol
- → Slovene: alkohọ̑l
- → Ukrainian: алкоголь (alkoholʹ)
- → Spanish: alcohol
- → Basque: alkohol
References edit
Old French edit
Noun edit
alcohol oblique singular, m (oblique plural alcohous or alcohox or alcohols, nominative singular alcohous or alcohox or alcohols, nominative plural alcohol)
Descendants edit
Romanian edit
Noun edit
alcohol m (plural alcoholi)
Declension edit
singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite articulation | definite articulation | indefinite articulation | definite articulation | |
nominative/accusative | (un) alcohol | alcoholul | (niște) alcoholi | alcoholii |
genitive/dative | (unui) alcohol | alcoholului | (unor) alcoholi | alcoholilor |
vocative | alcoholule | alcoholilor |
References edit
Spanish edit
Etymology edit
From Andalusian Arabic اَلْكُحُول (al-kuḥū́l), from Arabic اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”).
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): (common) /alˈkol/ [alˈkol]
- IPA(key): (careful speech) /alkoˈol/ [al.koˈol]
- Rhymes: -ol
- Syllabification: al‧co‧hol
Noun edit
alcohol m (plural alcoholes)
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- “alcohol”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Welsh edit
Etymology edit
From English alcohol, from Middle French alcohol or Spanish alcohol, from the Medieval Latin rendering alcohol of Arabic اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
alcohol m (plural alcoholau)
Derived terms edit
- alcoholaidd (“alcoholic”)
- alcoholig (“alcoholic”)
- alcoholiaeth (“alcoholism”)
- dialcohol (“alcohol-free”)
- heb alcohol (“alcohol-free”)
Related terms edit
- diod feddwol (“intoxicating drink”)
- diod gadarn (“strong drink”)
Mutation edit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
alcohol | unchanged | unchanged | halcohol |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
References edit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “alcohol”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies