ku-
Indonesian Edit
Alternative forms Edit
Etymology Edit
From Malay ku-, from ku, shortened form of aku, from Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronunciation Edit
Prefix Edit
ku-
- I (personal pronoun)
See also Edit
Further reading Edit
- “ku-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Kambera Edit
Pronoun Edit
ku-
- first person singular nominative proclitic
See also Edit
Makasar Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Pronoun Edit
ku- (nominative proclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨘ)
See also Edit
Malay Edit
Alternative forms Edit
Etymology Edit
From ku, shortened form of aku, from Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronunciation Edit
Prefix Edit
ku- (Jawi spelling کو-) (informal)
- I (personal pronoun)
- Kutahu.
- I know.
- Kutahu.
See also Edit
singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person | standard | saya / ساي aku/ku- / اکو / كو- (informal/towards God) -ku / -كو (informal possessive) hamba / همبا (dated) |
kami / کامي (exclusive) kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita / کيت (inclusive) |
royal | beta / بيتا | ||
2nd person | standard | kamu / کامو anda / اندا (formal) | |
engkau/kau- / اڠکاو/ كاو- (informal/towards God) awak / اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu / -مو (possessive) |
kalian / کاليان kamu semua / كامو سموا kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal) | ||
royal | tuanku / توانكو | ||
3rd person | standard | dia / دي ia / اي beliau / بلياو (honorific) -nya / -ڽ (possessive) |
mereka / مريک dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal) |
royal | baginda / بݢيندا |
Maquiritari Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Prefix Edit
ku-
- Allomorph of k- (first-person-dual-inclusive prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel u.
Inflection Edit
pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument |
postposition object | series I verb argument | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent | |||||||
first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1 | w-, wi- | |||||||
first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-1 | |||||||
second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/öd-, o-, oy-/od-, a-, ay-/ad- | m-, mi- | |||||||
first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/d-, ch-, ∅-, i-1 | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | |||||
third person | tüwü | n-, ni- | ||||||||
distant past third person | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | ||||||||
coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | |||||||
reciprocal | — | — | öö- | |||||||
|
series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient | |
---|---|
first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
first person dual exclusive > second person | |
second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
second person > first person dual exclusive | |
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |
Northern Ndebele Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
Etymology 3 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
Phuthi Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-kʊ̀-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
- Class 15 noun prefix; forms the infinitive of verbs.
Etymology 3 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
Etymology 4 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
Southern Ndebele Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
Swahili Edit
Alternative forms Edit
- (in certain cases before a vowel) kw-
Pronunciation Edit
Audio (Kenya) (file)
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
- ku class(XV) noun prefix; used before verb stem with eventual object concord to form infinitive
- used to form verbnoun
- Kufanya kazi ni muhimu ili kupata pesa.
- Working is important in order to earn money.
- used after auxiliary verbs that do not require subject agreement and tense/aspect marking on the dependent verb
- Nataka kukisoma.
- I want to read it.
- Ilisababisha watu kujifunza zaidi.
- It caused people to study more.
- 2023, “Waasi wa ADF wadaiwa kuwaua raia”, in DW[1]:
- Watu wasiopungua kumi wanadaiwa kuuawa na wengine zaidi ya thelathini kujeruhiwa vibaya.
- At least ten people are claimed to have been killed and more than thirty others to have been seriously injured.
- used after -a (including in the presense of a subject)
- kitabu cha kufundishia ― book of instruction
- baada ya kipindi kupita ― after the period passes/passed
- used after na to replace elided subject agreement and tense/aspect marking
- Nilisoma na kuandika.
- I read and wrote.
- used to form verbnoun
- ku class(XV)/ku class(XVII) adjective agreement prefix
- Kusafiri ni kuzuri sana.
- Traveling is great.
- mahali kuzuri ― a nice area
See also Edit
Swahili TAM markers | |
---|---|
Initial | |
Positive infinitive | ku-/kw-1 |
Negative infinitive | kuto- |
Habitual | hu-1 |
Telegrammic | ka-1 |
Final | |
General (positive indicative) | -a |
Positive subjunctive | -e |
Negative present | -i |
Second person plural | -ni |
Infix position positive subject concord | |
Positive past | -li- |
Positive present | -na- |
Positive future | -ta- |
Negative subjunctive | -si-1 |
Positive present conditional | -nge- |
Negative present conditional | -singe- |
Positive past conditional | -ngali- |
Negative past conditional | -singali- |
Gnomic | -a-1 |
Perfect | -me- |
"Already" past | -lisha- |
"Already" present | -mesha-/-sha- |
"If/When" | -ki-1 |
"If not" | -sipo- |
Consecutive | -ka-1 |
Infix position negative subject concord | |
Negative past | -ku-1 |
Negative future | -ta- |
"Not yet" | -ja-1 |
Negative present conditional | -nge- |
Negative past conditional | -ngali- |
Relative | |
Past | -li- |
Present | -na- |
Future | -taka- |
Negative | -si- |
1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs. |
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
- it, there; ku class(XV)/ku class(XVII) subject concord
- Antonym: haku-
- Kutoa kunatokana na moyo.
- Giving comes from the heart.
- Kuna watu wengi nchini wanaotaka amani.
- There are many people in the country who want peace.
See also Edit
Class | Subject concord | Object concord | Relative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
affirmative | negative | |||
m(I) | a-, yu- | ha-, hayu- | -m-, -mw-, -mu- | -ye |
wa(II) | wa- | hawa- | -wa- | -o |
m(III) | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
mi(IV) | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
ji(V) | li- | hali- | -li- | -lo |
ma(VI) | ya- | haya- | -ya- | -yo |
ki(VII) | ki- | haki- | -ki- | -cho |
vi(VIII) | vi- | havi- | -vi- | -vyo |
n(IX) | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
n(X) | zi- | hazi- | -zi- | -zo |
u(XI) | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
ku(XV/XVII) | ku- | haku- | -ku- | -ko |
pa(XVI) | pa- | hapa- | -pa- | -po |
mu(XVIII) | m-, mw-, mu- | ham-, hamw-, hamu- | -mu- | -mo |
For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns. |
Swazi Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-kʊ̀-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
- Class 15 noun prefix; forms the infinitive of verbs.
Etymology 3 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
Etymology 4 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
Taos Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Prefix Edit
ku-
- (transitive) Second-person singular subject + third person duoplural object.
Tocharian A Edit
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).
Verb Edit
ku-
Tocharian B Edit
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).
Verb Edit
ku-
Xhosa Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
Etymology 3 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
Zulu Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix Edit
kú-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
- Class 15 simple noun prefix.
Etymology 3 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix Edit
kú-
Etymology 4 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix Edit
ku-
- Class 17 simple noun prefix.
Etymology 5 Edit
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix Edit
kú-
References Edit
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “ku-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ku-”