-e
See also: -ę and Appendix:Variations of "e"
Contents
CzechEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Used to form adverbs from adjectives.
- jednoduchý (“simple”) + -e → jednoduše (“simply”)
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-e
- desinence used to form dative singular and locative singular of some feminine nouns
- desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some feminine nouns
- desinence used to form vocative singular of some masculine animate nouns
- desinence used to form genitive singular, accusative singular and accusative plural of some masculine animate nouns
- desinence used to form vocative singular and locative singular of some masculine inanimate nouns
- desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some masculine inanimate nouns
See alsoEdit
Further readingEdit
- -e/-ě in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
DanishEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Marks the infinitive of many or most verbs, and is usually appended to borrowed verbs.
- Marks the singular/definite of adjectives.
- Marks the plural of some nouns.
DutchEdit
Etymology 1Edit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- suffix indicating the female form of occupations or inhabitants of countries
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Placed after a number written in digits, to form its corresponding ordinal number.
Usage notesEdit
The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2e, 8e), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.[1]
Etymology 3Edit
From various suffixes of the Middle Dutch [Term?] adjective inflection.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Used to create the inflected form of an adjective, which is used after a definite determiner, or before masculine and feminine nouns in general.
Etymology 4Edit
From Middle Dutch -e, from Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-e f
- (archaic, rare) Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives; the nouns express the quality of the adjective.
Etymology 5Edit
From Middle Dutch -e, the ending of the first and third person singular subjunctive.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- (archaic) Used to form the singular subjunctive of a verb.
ReferencesEdit
EsperantoEdit
EtymologyEdit
From the Latin and Italian adverbial suffix -e (as in bene "well"), perhaps reinforced by the Russian adverbial -e found after a palatalized consonant.
SuffixEdit
-e
- -ly; used to form adverbs
- the ending for correlatives of place
Derived termsEdit
correlatives
EstonianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-ek and Proto-Finnic *-eh. Cognate to Finnish -e.
SuffixEdit
-e (genitive -e, partitive -et)
- Derives nouns from verbs.
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-e (genitive -me, partitive -et)
- Derives nouns from verbs.
Etymology 3Edit
SuffixEdit
-e (genitive -eda, partitive -edat)
- Derives adjectives.
DeclensionEdit
Inflection of -e (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -e | -edad |
| accusative | -eda | -edad |
| genitive | -eda | -edate |
| partitive | -edat | -edaid |
| illative | -edasse | -edatesse -edaisse |
| inessive | -edas | -edates -edais |
| elative | -edast | -edatest -edaist |
| allative | -edale | -edatele -edaile |
| adessive | -edal | -edatel -edail |
| ablative | -edalt | -edatelt -edailt |
| translative | -edaks | -edateks -edaiks |
| terminative | -edani | -edateni |
| essive | -edana | -edatena |
| abessive | -edata | -edateta |
| comitative | -edaga | -edatega |
Derived termsEdit
FinnishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finnic *-ek (from Proto-Uralic *-ek) and Proto-Finnic *-eh.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Used for forming nouns from verbs or adjectives.
DeclensionEdit
| Inflection of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -e | -eet | |
| genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
| partitive | -etta | -eita | |
| illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -e | -eet | |
| accusative | nom. | -e | -eet |
| gen. | -een | ||
| genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
| partitive | -etta | -eita | |
| inessive | -eessa | -eissa | |
| elative | -eesta | -eista | |
| illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
| adessive | -eella | -eilla | |
| ablative | -eelta | -eilta | |
| allative | -eelle | -eille | |
| essive | -eena | -eina | |
| translative | -eeksi | -eiksi | |
| instructive | — | -ein | |
| abessive | -eetta | -eitta | |
| comitative | — | -eineen | |
| Inflection of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -e | -eet | |
| genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
| partitive | -että | -eitä | |
| illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -e | -eet | |
| accusative | nom. | -e | -eet |
| gen. | -een | ||
| genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
| partitive | -että | -eitä | |
| inessive | -eessä | -eissä | |
| elative | -eestä | -eistä | |
| illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
| adessive | -eellä | -eillä | |
| ablative | -eeltä | -eiltä | |
| allative | -eelle | -eille | |
| essive | -eenä | -einä | |
| translative | -eeksi | -eiksi | |
| instructive | — | -ein | |
| abessive | -eettä | -eittä | |
| comitative | — | -eineen | |
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
FrenchEdit
Etymology 1Edit
PronunciationEdit
- Silent; causes previous silent consonant to become pronounced
SuffixEdit
-e f
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-e
GermanEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle High German -e, from Old High German -ī, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.
SuffixEdit
-e
- (now chiefly unproductive) used to form nouns from adjectives, sometimes with umlaut of the root vowel; the nouns express the quality of the adjective
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle High German -e, a merger of various Old High German vocalic endings.
SuffixEdit
-e
- used to form the plural of some nouns; in masculines and feminines, but not in neuters, usually triggering umlaut of the root vowel
- (chiefly dated) used to form the dative of strong masculine and neuter nouns ending in a stressed syllable
- used to form various declined adjective forms, notably the nominative/accusative feminine singular
- used to form the 1st person singular present indicative (and subjunctive) of a verb
- used to form the 3rd person singular present subjunctive of a verb
- gehen → er gehe
- used to form the 1st and 3rd person singular past subjunctive of a verb
Etymology 3Edit
SuffixEdit
-e
- (colloquial) contraction of du after 2nd person singular forms of a verb
HungarianEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-e
- (possessive suffix) his, her, its, -'s, of (third-person singular, single possession)
- (possessive suffix, after a plural possessor) -s', of…-s (third-person plural, single possession)
- élet (“life”) → a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives” [literally, “my parents’ life”, as each is assumed to have one life])
- élet (“life”) → a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books” [literally, “the books’ life”, as each is assumed to have one life])
- (with time expressions, referring to a point in time) ago
- (with time expressions, referring to a duration of time preceding the point of time in question) for
- Két éve várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for two years.
Usage notesEdit
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -a is added to back vowel words ending in a consonant
- -e is added to front vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ja is added to back vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
- -je is added to front vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.
- This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children's ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
DeclensionEdit
| Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -e | — |
| accusative | -ét | — |
| dative | -ének | — |
| instrumental | -ével | — |
| causal-final | -éért | — |
| translative | -évé | — |
| terminative | -éig | — |
| essive-formal | -eként | — |
| essive-modal | -éül | — |
| inessive | -ében | — |
| superessive | -én | — |
| adessive | -énél | — |
| illative | -ébe | — |
| sublative | -ére | — |
| allative | -éhez | — |
| elative | -éből | — |
| delative | -éről | — |
| ablative | -étől | — |
See alsoEdit
Etymology 2Edit
- From e (“this”).
- From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-ë (interrogative particle).
Alternative formsEdit
- -é (rare, mostly dialectal)
SuffixEdit
-e
- whether, if
- Nem tudom, hogy voltál-e már Budapesten. ― I don't know if you've ever been in Budapest.
- Suffix for tag (yes/no) questions.
- 1857, János Arany, A walesi bárdok (The Bards of Wales)
- Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? ― Is there a river and is its land good?
- Legelőin fű kövér ― Are the grasses rich on its meadows?
- Használt-e a megöntözés: ― Was the watering useful (i.e. to the meadows):
- A pártos honfivér? ― The rebel's blood?
- 1857, János Arany, A walesi bárdok (The Bards of Wales)
Usage notesEdit
Always written with a hyphen. Used in tag (yes/no) questions, but not all such questions use -e: in most cases a question is indicated only by emphasis and question mark. Always attached to the main word (usually the verb) of the predicate of the phrase.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
SuffixEdit
-e
- (personal suffix, archaic) Used to form an archaic past tense, in third-person singular, indefinite conjugation, for front-vowel verbs. The back vowel version is -a. The suffix currently used in this place is -t, -tt, -ett or -ött. For the full paradigm, see the usage template.
IdoEdit
EtymologyEdit
Borrowed from Esperanto -e, from Latin -ē.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- -ly; used to form adverbs
Usage notesEdit
Any adjective can be converted into an adverb by swapping the -a suffix by -e.
IrishEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Alternative form of -ne (used after -nn in pronouns)
SuffixEdit
-e f
- Used to form nouns from adjectives
DeclensionEdit
Declension of -e
|
Bare forms
|
Forms with the definite article
|
Derived termsEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Used to form the genitive singular of second-declension nouns
- Used to form the plural of certain nouns
ItalianEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Used with a stem to form the third-person present of regular -ere verbs and those -ire verbs that don't take "isco"
JapaneseEdit
LatinEdit
Etymology 1Edit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ē (comparative -ius, superlative -issimē)
- -ly; used to form adverbs from adjectives.
Usage notesEdit
The suffix -ē is usually added to a first/second-declension adjective stem to form an adverb of manner.
- Examples:
SynonymsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
A regularly declined form of -us.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
See alsoEdit
LatvianEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Used to derive feminine nouns from masculine nouns (like English -ess).
- Used to form (feminine) nouns from verb stems (e.g, iestādīt → iestāde, skatīt → skate).
SynonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
Femine suffixes that include -e:
MaquiritariEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Adverbalizing suffix for verbs which results in a participle form; it is always accompanied by the prefix t- and an indicator referring to one of the arguments of the verb (w-, n-, or ∅-)
- Marker of circumstantial subordination of movement which indicates the reason for the movement described by the main verb
ReferencesEdit
- Cáceres, Natalia. Grammaire Fonctionelle-Typologique du Ye'kwana.
Middle DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.
SuffixEdit
-e f
- Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives, mostly those expressing physical properties.
Usage notesEdit
This suffix originally triggered umlaut of the root vowel. This is seen in some words (kelde, from cout), but not in others (coude).
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Dutch: -e
Middle EnglishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Alternative form of -y.
ReferencesEdit
- “-i, (suf.)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 20 June 2018.
- “-i(e, (suf.2)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 20 June 2018.
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Alternative form of -yf
ReferencesEdit
- “-i(e, (suf.5)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 20 June 2018.
- “-if, -ive (suf.)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 20 June 2018.
Etymology 3Edit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Alternative form of -ie
ReferencesEdit
- “-i(e, (suf.4)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 20 June 2018.
Etymology 4Edit
From Old English -a.
SuffixEdit
-e
- (no longer productive) Forms agent nouns from verbal or nominal stems.
ReferencesEdit
- “-e (suf.(1))” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-24.
Old EnglishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From West Germanic *-ā, from Proto-Germanic *-ê, which survives otherwise only in Gothic (and possibly Old Norse).
SuffixEdit
-e
- forming adverbs from adjectives; -ly
Derived termsEdit
Old FrenchEdit
Old IrishEdit
EtymologyEdit
SuffixEdit
-e f
- Forms concrete or abstract nouns from adjectives.
Usage notesEdit
This suffix palatalises the preceding consonant.
InflectionEdit
| Feminine iā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -eL | -iL | -i |
| Vocative | -eL | -iL | -i |
| Accusative | -iN | -iL | -i |
| Genitive | -e | -eL | -eN |
| Dative | -iL | -ib | -ib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
| |||
Derived termsEdit
RomanianEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Latin -ae (“first-declension ending”)
SuffixEdit
-e
- (plural) -s (feminine/neuter)
Usage notesEdit
- This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for feminine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases which end in -ă, and some neuter nouns (with may or may not take plural -uri):
- mame, from mamă, fem.
- vise (also visuri), from vis, neut.
Alternative formsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Latin -e (“second-declension vocative ending”)
SuffixEdit
-e
- Vocative singular (masculine/neuter)
Usage notesEdit
- This suffix is absorbed in masculine and neuter definite nouns in -le:
Related termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
From Latin -ere, the ending of the present active infinitive form of third conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -er, Italian -ere, etc.
SuffixEdit
-e
- A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
Related termsEdit
See alsoEdit
Serbo-CroatianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Slavic *-ę.
SuffixEdit
-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)
- Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually denoting a young animal, plant, place name or is used as a collective noun.
DeclensionEdit
Nouns denoting inanimate objects
Nouns denoting animate objects
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)
- Suffix appended to the truncated stem (up to the second syllable) of a proper name to create a masculine or feminine hypocoristic.
Etymology 3Edit
From Proto-Slavic *-e, from Proto-Indo-European *-e, not a desinence per se but a thematic vowel in e-grade.
SuffixEdit
-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)
- Suffix appended to the nominal stem to create vocative singular. Used for masculine and neuter a-stems.
- vȗk — vȗče (vocative singular)
See alsoEdit
SpanishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Latin -et, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of second conjugation verbs, and Latin -it, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of third and fourth conjugation verbs.
SuffixEdit
-e
- suffix indicating the third-person singular (also used with usted) present indicative of -er and -ir verbs
Etymology 2Edit
From Latin -em, the first-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs, and Latin -et, the third-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.
SuffixEdit
-e
- suffix indicating the first- and third-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs
Etymology 3Edit
From Latin -ē, Latin -e, and Latin -ī, the second-person singular present active imperative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.
SuffixEdit
-e
Etymology 4Edit
Neologistic suffix between -a and -o.
SuffixEdit
-e
- (neologism) suffix used to form gender-neutral singular nouns
See alsoEdit
SwedishEdit
SuffixEdit
-e
- Conjugates verbs into the subjunctive mood (archaic except for the past subjunctive of vara: vore)
- Marker of definiteness on past participles ending in -ad
- Marker of plural on past participles ending in -ad
- Marker of definiteness on superlatives ending in -ast
- Marker of definiteness on adjectives describing nouns with masculine semantic gender (sex)
- Creates diminutives of given names and certain nouns, -ie, -y
TurkishEdit
TzotzilEdit
CliticEdit
-e
- Phrase-final clitic used when an article precedes at least one word.
ReferencesEdit
- Aissen, Judith (1987) Tzotzil Clause Structure, p. 3. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. ISBN 9027723656