per

See also Per, PER, për, and per-

English

Wikipedia

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA: /pɜː(ɹ)/, X-SAMPA: /p3:(r\)/
• (US) IPA: /pɝ/, X-SAMPA: /p3`/

  • Audio (US)

    (file)

• Rhymes: -ɜː(r)
• Homophone: purr

Etymology 1

From Latin per (“through, during”), from Proto-Indo-European *per.

Preposition

per

1. for each

   Admission is £10 per person.

2. to each, in each (used in expressing ratios of units)

   miles per gallon

   beats per minute

3. (medicine) via (the), by (the), through (the) (followed by Latin name for an orifice)

   Introduce the endoscope per nasum.

   The medication is to be administered per os.

4. in accordance with

   I parked my car at the curb per your request.

Usage notes

• The preposition per is typically followed by a singular noun phrase with no determiner.

  Take one pill per day. not Take one pill per a day.

• It is sometimes followed by plural noun phrases, almost always determined by 100, 1,000, 100,000, etc.

  The abortion rate in the U.S. has dropped since 1980 from nearly 30 per 1,000 women of childbearing age to less than 20.

Derived terms

• per accidens
• per annum
• per anum
• per capita
• per cent
• per consequens
• per contra
• per curiam
• per diem
• per fas et (aut) nefas
• per impossibile
• per incuriam
• per interim
• per maistrie
• per mensem
• per mil, per mille
• per minima
• per my et per tout
• per orem
• per pais, per pays
• per pares
• per primam
• per primam intentionem
• per procurationem
• per quod
• per saltum
• per se
• per stirpes

Related terms

• per- (as in perfect, perfection and perplex)

Translations

for each

• Czech: na (cs)
• Dutch: per (nl)
• Finnish: per (fi), jokaiselta (fi)
• French: par (fr)
• Hebrew: לכל (he) (l'khol)
• Macedonian: по (mk) (po), на (mk) (na)

• Persian: برای هر (fa)
• Portuguese: por (pt)
• Russian: на (ru) (na) (+ accusative case)
• Spanish: por (es)
• Swedish: per (sv)
• Turkish: başına (tr)

used in expressing ratios of units

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 每 (cmn) (měi)

• Czech: na (cs), za (cs)
• Finnish: per (fi), -ssa (fi) (inessive case)
• French: par (fr), à (fr), au (fr)
• German: pro (de)
• Greek: ανά (el) (aná), τοις (el) (tois)
• Japanese: 毎 (ja) (まい, mai)

• Macedonian: во (mk) (vo), на (mk) (na)
• Persian: در هر (fa)
• Portuguese: por (pt)
• Russian: в (ru) (v) (+ accusative case)
• Spanish: por (es)
• Swedish: per (sv)
• Thai: ละ (th) (lá)

via

• Finnish: kautta (fi)
• French: par (fr), par voie (fr), via (fr)
• German: durch (de)

• Macedonian: по (mk) (po)
• Russian: через (ru) (čérez) (+ accusative case)
• Spanish: por (es)

in accordance with

• Esperanto: graŭ (eo)
• Finnish: mukaisesti (fi)
• French: selon (fr), suivant (fr), d'après (fr)
• German: gemäß (de)
• Hebrew: על פי (he) (al pi)
• Macedonian: по (mk) (po)

• Portuguese: por (pt)
• Russian: согласно (ru) (soglásno) (+ dative case), по (ru) (po) (+ dative case)
• Spanish: por (es), según (es)
• Swedish: enligt (sv)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.

Translations to be checked

• Italian: per ogni (1); al + masculine noun, allo + masculine noun beginning with impure s, gn, pn, ps, x or z, alla + feminine noun beginning with a consonant, all' + noun beginning with a vowel (2)

  100 kilometres per hour — 100 chilometri all’ora

• Latin: per

• Norwegian: per (abbreviated pr.) (1,2)
• Spanish: por

Etymology 2

shortening of person, coined by Marge Piercy in Woman on the Edge of Time (1979)

Pronoun

per third-person singular, gender-neutral (reflexive perself)

1. (neologism) they (singular). Gender-neutral third-person singular subject pronoun, coordinate with gendered pronouns he and she.
   • 1997 April 22, "Anthony and Joy Hilbert" (username), "ASB: Info PDQ please re local group rules", in alt.sex.bondage, Usenet:

     This is the same place the Houghtons came from? The place where someone we interacted with thought of going into law as a profession, decided per couldn't because per was a bdsmer, and most of the USAmerican bdsmers per was discussing it with agreed with per?

2. (neologism) them (singular) Gender-neutral third-person singular object pronoun, grammatically equivalent to the gendered him and her.
   • 1997 April 22, "Anthony and Joy Hilbert" (username), "ASB: Info PDQ please re local group rules", in alt.sex.bondage, Usenet:

     This is the same place the Houghtons came from? The place where someone we interacted with thought of going into law as a profession, decided per couldn't because per was a bdsmer, and most of the USAmerican bdsmers per was discussing it with agreed with per?

   • 1998, Katherine Phelps, “Odysseus, She”, Storytronics:

     "Kalypso!" I call out as phe disappears on the horizon. I did not know it, but I loved per.

   • 2006 November 15, Richard Ekins, Dave King, The transgender phenomenon, Sage Publications, LCC HQ77.9.E55 2006, ISBN 9780761971634, LCCN 2006920988, page 160:

     Whereas Christie had flirted with a lesbian identity prior to surgery, following surgery Christie found perself able to pursue per attraction to men, provided they related to per as a non-gendered person.

Derived terms

• (neologism) perself

Synonyms

• (singular) they
• (neologism) ey, e, sie, shi, ze

Hyponyms

• (as subject): he, she
• (as object): him, her

Adjective

per

1. (neologism) Belonging to per, their (singular). Gender-neutral third-person singular possessive adjective, coordinate with gendered his and her.
   • 2006, Richard Ekins, Dave King, The transgender phenomenon, Sage Publications, LCC HQ77.9.E55 2006, ISBN 9780761971634, LCCN 2006920988, page 160:

     Whereas Christie had flirted with a lesbian identity prior to surgery, following surgery Christie found perself able to pursue per attraction to men, provided they related to per as a non-gendered person.

Derived terms

• (neologism) pers

Synonyms

• (singular) their
• (neologism) eir, hir

Hyponyms

• his, her

See also

• other attested and proposed gender-neutral pronouns

Statistics

• Most common English words before 1923: proper · writing · allowed · #760: per · result · formed · fight

Anagrams

• ERP, pre, Rep, rep, RPE

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Aromanian

Alternative forms

• peru

Etymology 1

From Latin pilus. Compare Daco-Romanian păr.

Noun

per

1. hair

Related terms

• piros

Etymology 2

From Latin pirus. Compare Daco-Romanian păr.

Noun

per

1. pear tree

Related terms

• pearã

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Asturian

Preposition

per

1. by means of, by way of, by
2. for

   per trés díes

   for three days

3. through

Derived terms

• pel
• pela
• peles

• pelo
• pelos

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Breton

Noun

per f (singulative perenn)

1. pears

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Catalan

Preposition

per

1. Through, via: used in indicating the medium through which passage occurs.
2. At, during, in: used in indicating the time at which an event occurs.
3. During, for: used in indicating the duration of time for which an event occurs.
4. Because, because of: used in indicating the reason an action was undertaken.
5. (when followed by a verbal noun) Used in indicating the activity one intends to do because of an action.

   El meu germà anirà a Tahití per vacar a la platja.

   My brother will go to Tahiti (in order) to vacation on the beach.

6. By: used in indicating the agent responsible for an action.
7. For each; for every.
8. A, for, per: used in indicating a rate of exchange.

Usage notes

• When the preposition per is followed by a masculine definite article, el (sg) or els (pl), it is contracted with it to the forms pel (sg) or pels (pl) respectively. If el would be elided to the form l’ becuse it is before a word beginning with a vowel, the elision to per l’ takes precedence over contracting to pel.

Derived terms

• per ara
• per caritat
• per casualitat
• per cert
• per exemple

• per favor
• per fi
• per poc
• per què
• per sort

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Cornish

Noun

per f (singulative peren)

1. pears

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Danish

Preposition

per (abbreviated pr.)

1. For each; for every

   Motoren roterer 1000 gange per minut.

   The engine rotates 1000 times per minute.

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Dutch

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -ɛr

Preposition

per

1. For each; for every; per

   De motor draait 1000 toeren per minuut.

   The engine goes 1000 revolutions per minute.

2. by means of

   Kom je per auto of per spoor?

   Are you coming by car or by rail?

Anagrams

• rep

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Esperanto

Preposition

per

1. by means of, with

   Li skribis per plumo.

   He wrote with a pen.

See also

• kun

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Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA: /ˈpɛr/

Noun

per (plural perek)

1. action, suit, lawsuit

Declension

declension of per singular plural nominative per perek accusative pert pereket dative pernek pereknek instrumental perrel perekkel causal-final perért perekért translative perré perekké terminative perig perekig essive-formal perként perekként essive-modal - - inessive perben perekben superessive peren pereken adessive pernél pereknél illative perbe perekbe sublative perre perekre allative perhez perekhez elative perből perekből delative perről perekről ablative pertől perektől

possessives of per possessor singular possession plural possession 1st person sing. perem pereim 2nd person sing. pered pereid 3rd person sing. pere perei 1st person plural perünk pereink 2nd person plural peretek pereitek 3rd person plural perük pereik

Derived terms

• alperes
• felperes
• perel
• peres
• pereskedik

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Ido

Preposition

per

1. with, by, by means of

   Ilu batis me per bastono.

   He beat me with a stick.

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Italian

Etymology

From Latin per.

Preposition

per

1. for
2. through
3. in or on
4. by
5. with
6. as

Usage notes

When followed by a definite article, per may optionally be combined with the article to give the following combined forms (old forms, very rarely used):

Per + article	Combined form
per + il	pel
per + lo	pello
per + l'	pell'
per + i	pei
per + gli	pegli
per + la	pella
per + le	pelle

Derived terms

• in tutto e per tutto
• per bene
• per carità
• per converso
• per di più
• per errore
• per esempio
• per favore
• per fortuna
• per forza
• per giunta
• per inciso
• per iscritto

• per lo meno
• per lo più
• per mezzo di
• per niente
• per opera di
• per ora
• per piacere
• per quanto riguarda
• per sbaglio
• per sempre
• su per giù

References

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Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *peri. Cognates include Ancient Greek περί (peri), Sanskrit परि (pári), Lithuanian per and English for.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA: /per/

Preposition

per (with accusative)

1. through
2. during

Derived terms

• per-
• per annum
• per capita
• per centum

• per contra
• per se
• per stirpes

Descendants

• English: per
• French: par
• Italian: per

• Portuguese: para, per, por
• Romanian: pe
• Spanish: por

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Lithuanian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *peri. Cognates include Ancient Greek περί (perí), परि (pári), Latin per and English for.

Pronunciation

• IPA: [pʲɛr]

Preposition

per (with accusative)

1. through
2. during

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Lojban

Rafsi

per

1. rafsi of perli.

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Norwegian

Etymology

From Latin per (related to native for).

Preposition

per (abbreviated pr.)

1. For each, for every, per.

   Motoren roterer 1000 ganger per minutt. — The engine rotates 1000 times per minute.

   per porsjon — for each portion

   per dag — per day

Synonyms

• (for each): for hver, i, om

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Romani

Etymology

From Armenian փոր (pʿor, “belly, abdomen”).

Noun

per f (plural pera)

1. abdomen, belly

Derived terms

• peréskero

References

• “փոր” in Hračʿeay Ačaṙean (1926–35), Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran (Yerevan: Yerevan State University), 2nd ed., 1971–79
• “per” in Paspatēs, A. G (1870), Études sur les Tchinghianés; ou, Bohémiens de l'Empire ottoman (Constantinople: Impr. A. Koroméla)

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Swedish

Pronunciation

• audio

  (file)

Preposition

per

1. For each; for every

   Motorn roterar 1000 varv per minut.

   The engine goes 1000 revolutions per minute.