哭

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Han characterEdit

哭 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 口口戈大 (RRIK), four-corner 6643₀, composition ⿱吅犬)

Shuowen Jiezi radical №25

DescendantsEdit

喪

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 190, character 25
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3658
Dae Jaweon: page 410, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 629, character 2
Unihan data for U+54ED

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		哭
alternative forms		𠴃𡘜

Wikipedia has an article on:

哭

哭

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (獄) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
嶽	*ŋroːɡ
鸑	*ŋroːɡ
哭	*ŋ̊ʰoːɡ
獄	*ŋoɡ

Shuowen interprets it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋ̊ʰoːɡ): semantic 吅 (“to speak loudly”) + abbreviated phonetic 獄 (OC *ŋoɡ), simplified to 犬.

Alternatively, it may be an ideogrammic compound (會意): 吅 (“to speak loudly”) + 犬 (“dog”) – a dog's bark > cry; weep.

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kuːk (“to weep; to wail”); cognate with Mizo kûk (“to shriek”) (STEDT).

This seems to be an area word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kuk ~ kuuk ~ kuək ~ kək (“to call”), Proto-Austronesian *-kuk (“sound of a sob”) (Schuessler, 2007).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): kū (ku¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨ

(Chengdu, SP): ku²

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): кў (kw, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): huk¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): huuk²
Gan (Wiktionary): kuh⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khuk

(Meixian, Guangdong): kug⁵
Jin (Wiktionary): kueh⁴
Min Bei (KCR): kŭ
Min Dong (BUC): kók
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): khàu / khok

(Teochew, Peng'im): kao³
Wu (Wiktionary): khoq (T4)
Xiang (Wiktionary): ku⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kū
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ku
  - Wade–Giles: kʻu¹
  - Yale: kū
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ku
  - Palladius: ку (ku)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ku²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ku
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: кў (kw, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: huk¹
  - Yale: hūk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: huk⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: hug¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊk̚⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: huuk²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɵk̚⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: kuh⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuʔ⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khuk
  - Hakka Romanization System: kug`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kug⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰuk̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kug⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰʊk̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: kueh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰxuəʔ²/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kŭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kók
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰouʔ²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khàu / khok
  - Tâi-lô: khàu / khok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qaux, qog
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰau²¹/, /kʰɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰau⁴¹/, /kʰɔk̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰau²¹/, /kʰɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰau¹¹/, /kʰɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰau²¹/, /kʰɔk̚³²/

Note:

khàu - vernacular;
khok - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: kao³
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khàu
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰau²¹³/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: khoq (T4)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊʔ⁵⁵/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: ku⁶
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 哭
Mandarin	Beijing	/kʰu⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/kʰu⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/kʰu²¹/
	Jinan	/kʰu²¹³/
	Qingdao	/kʰu⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/kʰu²⁴/
	Xi'an	/kʰu²¹/
	Xining	/kʰv̩⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/kʰu¹³/
	Lanzhou	/kʰu¹³/
	Ürümqi	/kʰu²¹³/
	Wuhan	/kʰu²¹³/
	Chengdu	/kʰu³¹/
	Guiyang	/kʰu²¹/
	Kunming	/kʰu³¹/
	Nanjing	/kʰuʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/kʰuəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kʰuəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/kʰuʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/kʰuəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/kʰoʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/kʰoʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/kʰoʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/kʰu²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰuʔ²¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/kʰu⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰu²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/kʰu²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰuʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰuk̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kʰuk̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hok̚⁵/
	Nanning	/huk̚⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/huk̚⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/kʰɔk̚³²/ /kʰau¹/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/kʰouʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/kʰu²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/kʰau²¹³/ 訓讀
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/xau³⁵/ 訓號

Middle Chinese: /kʰuk̚/

Rime
Character	哭
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	東 (3)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	空谷切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəwk̚/
Li Rong	/kʰuk̚/
Wang Li	/kʰuk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰuk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ku
Expected Cantonese Reflex	huk¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤok/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰoːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	哭
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kū
Middle Chinese	‹ khuwk ›
Old Chinese	/*[kʰ]ˁok/
English	weep
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	哭
Reading #	1/1
No.	16031
Phonetic component	獄
Rime group	屋
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	哭
Old Chinese	/*ŋ̊ʰoːɡ/
Notes	說文獄省聲

DefinitionsEdit

哭

to weep; to cry; to wail

SynonymsEdit

edit

Synonyms of 哭

出目汁 (Hakka)
咧咧 (liēlie) (dialectal, of a child)
哭泣 (kūqì)
哭鼻子 (kū bízi) (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial, often humorous)
啜泣 (chuòqì)
啼 (tí) (literary, or in compounds)
啼哭 (tíkū) (to cry loudly)
大哭 (dàkū) (to weep loudly)
忽喇 (Jin)

抽咽 (chōuyè)
抽噎 (chōuyē)
抽搭 (chōuda) (colloquial)
抽泣 (chōuqì)
泣 (qì) (literary, or in compounds)
流目屎 (Hokkien)
流目汁 (Teochew)
痛哭 (tòngkū) (to cry bitterly)
切氣／切气 (Min Nan)

哭訴／哭诉 (kūsù) (to recount tearfully)
嗚咽／呜咽 (wūyè)
流淚／流泪 (liúlèi) (to shed tears)
流眼淚／流眼泪 (liú yǎnlèi) (to shed tears)
眼淚出／眼泪出 (Wu)
落眼淚／落眼泪 (Wu)
號哭／号哭 (háokū) (to wail)
號啕／号啕 (háotáo) (to cry loudly)
飲泣／饮泣 (yǐnqì) (literary, to weep in silence)

Dialectal synonyms of 哭 (“to cry; to weep”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		泣, 哭
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		哭, 哭泣
Mandarin	Beijing	哭
	Taiwan	哭
	Harbin	哭, 哭鼻子 humorous
	Yantai (Muping)	哭
	Jinan	哭
	Luoyang	哭
	Wanrong	哭
	Xi'an	哭
	Yinchuan	哭, 哭鼻子
	Lanzhou	哭
	Xining	哭
	Ürümqi	哭
	Wuhan	哭
	Chengdu	哭
	Guiyang	哭
	Guilin	哭
	Xuzhou	哭
	Yangzhou	哭
	Nanjing	哭, 哭鼻子 humorous
	Hefei	哭
	Malaysia	哭
	Singapore	哭
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	哭
	Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	哭
Cantonese	Guangzhou	喊
	Hong Kong	喊
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	哭
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	哭
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	哭
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	哭
	Macau	喊
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	喊
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	叫
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	哭
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	哭
	Foshan	喊
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	喊
	Foshan (Shunde)	喊
	Foshan (Sanshui)	喊
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	喊
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	喊
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	哭
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	哭
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	哭
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	哭
	Taishan	哭
	Kaiping (Chikan)	哭
	Enping (Niujiang)	哭
	Heshan (Yayao)	哭
	Dongguan	哭
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	哭, 喊
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	哭
	Yangjiang	哭
	Nanning	哭
	Beihai	哭
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	哭
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	哭
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	哭
	Danzhou	哭
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	喊
	Penang (Guangfu)	喊
	Singapore (Guangfu)	喊
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	喊
	Móng Cái	哭
Gan	Nanchang	哭, 叫
	Lichuan	啼
	Pingxiang	哭
Hakka	Meixian	叫, 叫眵, 叫嘴
	Xingning	叫
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	哭
	Huiyang	叫
	Huidong (Daling)	叫
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	叫
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	叫
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	叫
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	叫
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	叫
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	叫, 叫嘴
	Wuhua (Changbu)	叫, 叫嘴
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	叫, 叫嘴
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	哭
	Wengyuan	叫
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	叫嘴
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	叫
	Liannan	叫
	Conghua (Lütian)	叫
	Jiexi	叫
	Luhe	叫
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	唩
	Changting	唩
	Wuping	叫嘴
	Wuping (Yanqian)	唩
	Wuping (Pingyu)	叫
	Liancheng	唩
	Ninghua	唩
	Yudu	叫
	Ningdu	唩
	Ruijin	叫
	Shicheng	唩
	Shangyou (Shexi)	叫
	Tonggu (Sandu)	叫嘴
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	叫
	Dayu	叫
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	叫, 叫眵
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	叫, 叫眵
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	叫, 叫眵
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	叫, 叫眵
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	唩, 唩眵
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	唩
	Hong Kong	叫
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	叫
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	叫
	Xinyi (Sihe)	叫
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	叫
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	叫, 喊
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	叫
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	叫
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	叫
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	叫
	Mengshan (Xihe)	叫
	Luchuan	叫
	Sabah (Bao'an)	叫
	Sabah (Longchuan)	叫, 叫嘴
	Senai (Huiyang)	叫
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	叫
	Singkawang	叫
Huizhou	Jixi	嚎
Jin	Taiyuan	哭
Jin	Xinzhou	哭
Min Bei	Jian'ou	啼
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	啼
	Songxi	啼
	Zhenghe	啼
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	啼
	Jianyang	啼
	Wuyishan	啼
	Pucheng (Shibei)	啼
Min Dong	Fuzhou	啼, 啼嘛
	Changle	啼
	Fuqing	啼
	Yongtai	啼
	Gutian	啼
	Fu'an	嚎
	Ningde	嚎
	Shouning	嚎
	Zhouning	嚎
	Fuding	啼, 哭
	Matsu	啼, 啼嘛
Min Nan	Xiamen	吼, 哭
	Quanzhou	吼, 哭
	Yongchun	吼
	Zhangzhou	吼, 哭
	Taipei	吼, 哭
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	吼, 哭
	Kaohsiung	吼, 哭
	Yilan	吼, 哭
	Changhua (Lukang)	吼, 哭
	Taichung	哭, 吼
	Taichung (Wuqi)	哭
	Tainan	吼, 哭
	Taitung	吼
	Hsinchu	哭, 吼
	Kinmen	吼
	Penghu (Magong)	哭, 吼
	Penang (Hokkien)	吼
	Singapore (Hokkien)	哭, 吼
	Manila (Hokkien)	吼, 哭
	Longyan	啼
	Zhangping	啼
	Datian	哭
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	吼
	Chaozhou	哭
	Raoping	哭
	Shantou	哭
	Jieyang	哭
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	哭
	Singapore (Teochew)	哭
	Leizhou	哭
	Wenchang	哭
	Haikou	啼
	Singapore (Hainanese)	哭
Puxian Min	Putian	吼
Puxian Min	Xianyou	吼
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	哭
Southern Pinghua	Binyang	哭
Shehua	Fu'an	叫
	Fuding	叫
	Luoyuan	叫
	Sanming	叫
	Shunchang	叫
	Hua'an	叫
	Guixi (Zhangping)	叫
	Cangnan	叫
	Jingning	叫
	Lishui	叫
	Longyou	叫
	Chaozhou	叫
	Fengshun	叫
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	啼
Waxiang	Yuanling (Shaojiwan)	啼
Wu	Shanghai	哭
	Shanghai (Chongming)	哭
	Suzhou	哭
	Wuxi	哭
	Danyang	哭
	Hangzhou	哭
	Ningbo	哭
	Wenzhou	哭
	Jinhua	哭
Xiang	Changsha	哭
	Loudi	哭
	Shuangfeng	哭
	Quanzhou	哭

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 哭

一家哭
一路哭
代哭
助哭
卒哭
反哭
哀哭 (āikū)
哭主
哭哭啼啼 (kūkutítí)
哭喊
哭嚎
哭奠
哭嫁 (kūjià)
哭庭
哭昭陵
哭枵 (Hokkien)
哭泣 (kūqì)
哭爸 (Min Nan)
哭爸哭母 (Min Nan)
哭秦庭
哭竹
哭竹棒
哭笑不得 (kūxiàobùdé)
哭鼻子 (kū bízi)
唐衢痛哭
啼哭 (tíkū)
啼哭郎君
啼啼哭哭
啼天哭地
嚎哭
嚎啕大哭
嚎啕痛哭
大哭 (dàkū)
崩城之哭
巷哭
悲哭
歌哭
止哭
泣哭
牛衣夜哭
生哭人
痛哭 (tòngkū)
痛哭流涕

DescendantsEdit

→ Vietnamese: khóc (哭, 泣)

ReferencesEdit

“哭”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

哭

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

to cry; to wail

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: こく (koku)
Kan-on: こく (koku)
Kun: なく (naku, 哭く)

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

哀哭(あいこく) (aikoku)
憂(う)き哭(ね) (ukine)
哭(おら)ぶ (orabu)
鬼哭(きこく) (kikoku): the wailing of a ghost, or the sound thereof
泣哭(きゅうこく) (kyūkoku)
号哭(ごうこく) (gōkoku)
哭(こく)す (kokusu)
哭(こく)する (kokusuru)
哭声(こくせい) (kokusei)
哭慟(こくどう) (kokudō)
哭泣(こっきゅう) (kokkyū)
痛哭(つうこく) (tsūkoku)
啼哭(ていこく) (teikoku)
慟哭(どうこく) (dōkoku)
哭(な)き女(め) (nakime)
御哭(みね) (mine)

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 哭 (MC kʰuk̚).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 콕〮 (Yale: khwók) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 곡〮 (kwók) (Yale: kwók) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

PronunciationEdit

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ko̞k̚]
Phonetic hangul: [곡]

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

哭

Wikisource

哭 (eumhun 울 곡 (ul gok))

Hanja form^? of 곡 (“cry”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

통곡 (痛哭, tonggok)
귀곡 (鬼哭, gwigok)
통곡 (慟哭, tonggok)
곡성 (哭聲, gokseong)

ReferencesEdit

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

哭: Hán Nôm readings: khốc, khóc

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.