歉

See also: 欠

歉	U+6B49, 歉 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6B49

← 歈
[U+6B48]

CJK Unified Ideographs

歊 →
[U+6B4A]

Translingual

Han character

歉 (Kangxi radical 76, 欠+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 廿金弓人 (TCNO) or 難廿金弓人 (XTCNO), four-corner 8728₂, composition ⿰兼欠)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 570, character 30
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16159
Dae Jaweon: page 958, character 30
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2148, character 11
Unihan data for U+6B49

Chinese

simp. and trad.		歉
2nd round simp.		倩

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 歉
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (兼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
譧	*r'eːms
賺	*r'eːms
尲	*kreːm
鹻	*kreːmʔ
歉	kʰreːms, kʰreːmʔ, kʰeːmʔ, kʰeːms
槏	*kʰreːmʔ
鰜	ɡreːm, keːm
稴	ɡreːm, ɡ·reːm, ɡ·reːmʔ, ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm
豏	ɡreːmʔ, ɡreːms
甉	ɡreːmʔ, ɡraːm
廉	*ɡ·rem
鎌	*ɡ·rem
鬑	ɡ·rem, ɡ·reːm
鐮	*ɡ·rem
簾	*ɡ·rem
薕	ɡ·rem, ɡ·reːm
蠊	*ɡ·rem
嬚	*ɡ·remʔ
溓	ɡ·remʔ, ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ
嵰	*kʰremʔ
隒	*ŋɡremʔ
熑	*ɡ·reːm
濂	*ɡ·reːm
燫	*ɡ·reːm
兼	keːm, keːms
縑	*keːm
鶼	*keːm
蒹	*keːm
搛	*keːm
謙	*kʰeːm
膁	*kʰeːmʔ
嗛	*kʰeːmʔ
慊	kʰeːmʔ, kʰeːb
傔	*kʰeːms
馦	*qʰeːm
嫌	*ɡeːm
鼸	*ɡeːmʔ
尷	*kreːm

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms) : phonetic 兼 (OC *keːm, *keːms) + semantic 欠 (“person with mouth open”)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiàn (qian⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hip³ / him³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiam
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khiàm / khiám / khiam

(Teochew, Peng'im): kiam²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciàn
  - Wade–Giles: chʻien⁴
  - Yale: chyàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiann
  - Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hip³ / him³
  - Yale: hip / him
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hip⁸ / him³
  - Guangdong Romanization: hib³ / him³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hiːp̚³/, /hiːm³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiam
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiam
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiam⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯am⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm
  - Tâi-lô: khiàm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiaxm
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kʰiam²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰiam¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiám
  - Tâi-lô: khiám
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiarm
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kʰiam⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiam⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiam
  - Tâi-lô: khiam
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiafm
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kiam²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiám
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiam⁵²/

Middle Chinese: khemX, kheamX, kheamH

Rime
Character	歉	歉	歉
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	添 (157)	咸 (151)	咸 (151)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	II	II
Fanqie	苦簟切	苦減切	口陷切
Baxter	khemX	kheamX	kheamH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰem^X/	/kʰˠɛm^X/	/kʰˠɛm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰem^X/	/kʰᵚæm^X/	/kʰᵚæm^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɛm^X/	/kʰɐm^X/	/kʰɐm^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɛm^X/	/kʰəɨm^X/	/kʰəɨm^H/
Li Rong	/kʰem^X/	/kʰɐm^X/	/kʰɐm^H/
Wang Li	/kʰiem^X/	/kʰɐm^X/	/kʰɐm^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰiem^X/	/kʰăm^X/	/kʰăm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiǎn	qiǎn	qiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	him²	haam²	haam³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤremʔ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰreːms/, /*kʰreːmʔ/, /*kʰeːmʔ/, /*kʰeːms/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	歉
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ khɛm^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰˁremʔ-s/
English	deficient, modest
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	歉	歉	歉	歉
Reading #	1/4	2/4	3/4	4/4
No.	6033	6034	6071	6075
Phonetic component	兼	兼	兼	兼
Rime group	談	談	談	談
Rime subdivision	2	2	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	歉	㦿	嗛
Old Chinese	/*kʰreːms/	/*kʰreːmʔ/	/*kʰeːmʔ/	/*kʰeːms/
Notes	校本右從攴

Definitions

歉

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

歉

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Readings

On (unclassified): けん (ken); かん (kan)
Kun: あきたりない (akitarinai)

Korean

Hanja

歉 • (gyeom) (hangeul 겸, revised gyeom, McCune–Reischauer kyŏm, Yale kyem)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

歉: Hán Nôm readings: gồm, khiểm, khiễm, khiệm

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.