鯉

See also: 鲤

鯉	U+9BC9, 鯉 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9BC9

← 鯈
[U+9BC8]

CJK Unified Ideographs

鯊 →
[U+9BCA]

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

Stroke order (Japan)

鯉 (Kangxi radical 195, 魚+7, 18 strokes, cangjie input 弓火田土 (NFWG), four-corner 2631₄, composition ⿰魚里)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1471, character 17
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 46182
Dae Jaweon: page 2003, character 34
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4691, character 9
Unihan data for U+9BC9

Chinese

trad.		鯉
simp.		鲤

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (里) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
埋	*mrɯː
霾	*mrɯː
薶	*mrɯː
榸	*ʔr'ɯː
厘	*rɯ
狸	*rɯ
貍	*p·rɯ
梩	*rɯ
艃	*rɯ
里	*rɯʔ
理	*rɯʔ
鯉	*rɯʔ
俚	*rɯʔ
悝	rɯʔ, km̥ʰlɯː
娌	*rɯʔ
裏	*rɯʔ
荲	r̥ʰɯɡ, l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯʔ) : semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 里 (OC *rɯʔ).

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) considers connection to Proto-Tai *plaːᴬ (“fish”) to be unlikely.

Norman (2014) compares it to Proto-Kam-Tai *mbləi (“carp”), suggesting that it may be an early loan from Chinese; compare Thai ปลาไน (nai, “common carp”), Lakkia [script needed] (-plai⁴, “carp”).

See the entry 雙鯉魚 for the figurative senses.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): lǐ (li³)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˇ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ni³
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lei⁵

(Taishan, Wiktionary): lei⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): li³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lî

(Meixian, Guangdong): li¹
Jin (Wiktionary): li²
Northern Min (KCR): dì / lǐ
Eastern Min (BUC): lī
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lí / lē / lě / tāi / tai / tâi / tǎi

(Teochew, Peng'im): li²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶li
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): li³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lǐ
  - Wade–Giles: li³
  - Yale: lǐ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lii
  - Palladius: ли (li)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ni³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: li
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: lei⁵
  - Yale: léih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lei⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: léi⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lei̯¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: lei⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lei²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: li³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lî
  - Hakka Romanization System: li´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: li¹
  - Sinological IPA: /li²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: li¹
  - Sinological IPA: /li⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: li²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /li⁵³/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dì / lǐ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti⁴²/, /li²¹/

Note:

dì - vernacular;
lǐ - literary.

Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃i³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Hsinchu, Kinmen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lí
  - Tâi-lô: lí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lie
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /li⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kinmen): /li⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /li⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yilan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lē
  - Tâi-lô: lē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: le
  - IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /le³³/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lě
  - Tâi-lô: lě
  - IPA (Lukang): /le³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Sanxia, Yilan, Magong)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tāi
  - Tâi-lô: tāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dai
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /tai³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tai²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tai
  - Tâi-lô: tai
  - Phofsit Daibuun: day
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tai⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Jinjiang, Taichung, Hsinchu)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tâi
  - Tâi-lô: tâi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: daai
  - IPA (Jinjiang): /tai²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tǎi
  - Tâi-lô: tǎi
  - IPA (Lukang): /tai³³/

Note:

lí - literary;
lē/lě, tāi/tai/tâi/tǎi - vernacular (often written as 鮘 or 𩸙).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: li²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lí
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /li⁵²/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶li
  - MiniDict: li^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³li
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /li²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: li³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: liX

Rime
Character	鯉
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	良士切
Baxter	liX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/lɨ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/lie^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɨ^X/
Li Rong	/liə^X/
Wang Li	/lĭə^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/li^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lei⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mə-rəʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*rɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鯉
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ li^X ›
Old Chinese	/*mə-rəʔ/
English	carp (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鯉
Reading #	1/1
No.	7828
Phonetic component	里
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	里
Old Chinese	/*rɯʔ/

Definitions

鯉

carp, especially the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
(literary, figuratively) letter; correspondence
(literary, figuratively) messenger

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 鯉魚 (“carp”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		鯉
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		鯉魚, 鯉
Taxonomic name		鯉
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	鯉魚
	Taiwan	鯉魚
	Harbin	鯉子, 鯉魚
	Singapore	鯉魚
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	拐子
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	鯉魚
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	鯉魚
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	鯉魚
	Xi'an	鯉魚
	Xining	鯉魚
	Xuzhou	鯉魚, 紅魚
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	鯉魚
	Lanzhou	鯉魚
	Ürümqi	鯉魚
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	鯉魚
	Wuhan	鯉魚
	Guiyang	鯉魚
	Liuzhou	鯉魚
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	鯉魚
	Yangzhou	鯉魚, 龍魚, 花魚
	Hefei	鯉魚
Cantonese	Guangzhou	鯉魚
	Hong Kong	鯉魚
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	鯉魚
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	鯉魚
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	鯉魚
	Dongguan	鯉魚
	Yangjiang	鯉魚
Gan	Nanchang	鯉魚
	Lichuan	鯉魚
	Pingxiang	鯉魚
Hakka	Meixian	鯉魚, 鯉仔
	Yudu	鯉魚, 鯉子
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	鯉仔, 鯉嫲
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	鯉仔, 鯉嫲
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	鯉仔, 鯉嫲
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	鯉魚, 鯉嫲
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	鯉仔, 鯉嫲
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	鯉
	Hong Kong	鯉嫲
Huizhou	Jixi	鯉魚
Jin	Taiyuan	鯉魚
Jin	Xinzhou	鯉魚
Northern Min	Jian'ou	鯉仔
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	鯉魚
Southern Min	Xiamen	鯉魚, 鮘魚
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	鮘魚
	Quanzhou	鯉魚
	Jinjiang	鮘魚
	Yongchun	鮘魚
	Zhangzhou	鮘仔魚, 鮘仔, 鯉魚
	Taipei	鮘魚
	Taipei (Wanhua)	鮘仔
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	鮘仔
	Kaohsiung	鮘仔, 鯉魚, 鮘仔魚
	Yilan	鮘魚, 鯉魚, 鮘仔魚
	Changhua (Lukang)	鮘魚, 鯉魚
	Taichung	烏鮘仔, 鯉魚, 鮘仔魚
	Taichung (Wuqi)	鮘仔魚
	Tainan	鮘仔魚, 鯉魚, 鮘仔
	Taitung	鮘仔
	Hsinchu	鯉魚, 鮘仔, 鮘仔魚
	Kinmen	鯉魚
	Penghu (Magong)	鮘魚, 鯉魚
	Chaozhou	鯉魚
	Haikou	鯉魚
Puxian Min	Putian	鯉魚
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	鯉魚
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	鯉魚
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	鯉魚
	Xianyou	鯉魚
	Xianyou (Fengting)	鯉魚
	Xianyou (Youyang)	鯉魚
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	鯉魚
Wu	Shanghai	鯉魚, 元寶魚
	Shanghai (Chongming)	鯉魚
	Suzhou	鯉魚
	Danyang	鯉魚
	Hangzhou	鯉魚, 鯉拐兒
	Ningbo	元寶魚, 鯉魚
	Wenzhou	鯉魚
	Jinhua	鯉魚
Xiang	Changsha	鯉魚, 鯉滑子
	Loudi	鯉魚
	Shuangfeng	鯉魚

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

鯉

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

Readings

Go-on: り (ri)
Kan-on: り (ri)
Kun: こい (koi, 鯉)^{←こひ (kofi, 鯉, historical)}

Compounds

養(よう)鯉(り) (yōri, “carp farming”)

Etymology

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

コイ

Wikipedia ^ja

Kanji in this term
鯉
こい Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

/ko₁pi₁/ → /kopi/ → /kofi/ → */kowi/ → /koi/

From Old Japanese, attested in the Nihon Shoki.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こい [kóꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ko̞i]

Noun

鯉(こい) or 鯉(コイ) • (koi) ^{←こひ (kofi) or コヒ (kofi)^?}

carp, specifically, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as コイ.

Synonyms

カープ (kāpu)
こ文字(もじ) (komoji, nyōbō kotoba)

Derived terms

鯉口(こいぐち) (koiguchi, “mouth of a (sword's) sheath”)
鯉(こい)のぼり, 鯉(こい)幟(のぼり) (koinobori, “carp streamer”)
伊勢(イセ)鯉(ゴイ) (Ise-goi)
寒(かん)鯉(ごい) (kangoi)
銀(ギン)湯(ユ)鯉(ゴイ) (gin'yu-goi)
似(ニ)鯉(ゴイ) (nigoi)
錦(にしき)鯉(ごい) (nishikigoi, “coloured carp”)
緋(ひ)鯉(ごい) (higoi)
真(ま)鯉(ごい) (ma-goi, “black carp”)
俎板(まないた)の鯉(こい) (manaita no koi)

Proper noun

鯉(こい) • (Koi) ^{←こひ (kofi)^?}

a surname

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

鯉 • (ri>i) (hangeul 리>이, revised ri>i, McCune–Reischauer ri>i, Yale li>i)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

鯉: Hán Nôm readings: lí

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]