User:Justinrleung/PSM/patterns

Regular reflexes

Finals

PSM		XM	QZ	ZZ	DT	JY	CY	LZ	HK	WC	Notes
*a		[a]	[a]	[a]	[a]	[a]	[a]	[a]	[a]	[a]
*ai		[ai]	[ai]	[ai]	[ɛ]	[ai]	[ai]	[ai]	[ai]	[ai]
*au		[au]	[au]	[au]	[ɔ]	[au]	[au]	[au]	[au]	[au]
*ia		[ia]	[ia]	[ia]	[ia]	[ia]	[ia]	[ia]	[ia]	[ia]
*ua		[ua]	[ua]	[ua]	[ua]	[ua]	[ua]	[ua]	[ua]	[ua]
*iau		[iau]	[iau]	[iau]	[iɔ]	[iau]	[iau]	[iau]	[iau]	[iau]
*uai		[uai]	[uai]	[uai]	[uɛ]	[uai]	[uai]	[uai]	[uai]	[uai]
*ã		[ã]	[ã]	[ã]	[ã]	[ã]	[ã]	[a]	[a]	[a]
*ãi		[ãi]	[ũi]	[ãi]	[ɛ]	[ãi]	[ãi]	[ai]	[ai]	[ai]
*iã		[iã]	[iã]	[iã]	[iã]	[iã]	[iã]	[ia]	[ia]	[ia]
*uã		[uã]	[uã]	[uã]	[uã]	[uã]	[uã]	[ua]	[ua]	[ua]
*am		[am]	[am]	[am]	[aŋ]	[am]	[am]	[am]	[am]	[am]
*iam		[iam]	[iam]	[iam]	[iaŋ]	[iam]	[iam]	[iam]	[iam]	[iam]
*uam		[uan]	[uan]	[uan]	[aŋ]?	[uaŋ]	[uam]	[uaŋ]?	[aŋ]?	[am]?
*an		[an]	[an]	[an]	[aŋ]	[aŋ]	[aŋ]	[aŋ]	[aŋ]	[an]
*ian		[ian]	[ian]	[ian]	[iaŋ]	[iaŋ]	[iaŋ]	[ieŋ]	[in]	[in]
*uan		[uan]	[uan]	[uan]	[uaŋ]	[uaŋ]	[uaŋ]	[uaŋ]	[uaŋ]	[uan]
*aŋ		[aŋ]	[aŋ]	[aŋ]	[aŋ]	[aŋ]	[aŋ]	[aŋ]	[aŋ]	[aŋ]
*aʔ		[aʔ]	[aʔ]	[aʔ]	[a]	[aʔ]	[aʔ]	[a]	[a]	[aʔ]
*iaʔ		[iaʔ]	[iaʔ]	[iaʔ]	[ia]	[iaʔ]	[iaʔ]	[ia]	[ia]	[iaʔ]
*uaʔ		[uaʔ]	[uaʔ]	[uaʔ]	[ua]	[uaʔ]	[uaʔ]	[ua]	[ua]	[uaʔ]
*ap		[ap]	[ap]	[ap]	[aʔ]	[ap]	[ap]	[ap]	[ap]	[ap]
*iap		[iap]	[iap]	[iap]	[iaʔ]	[iap]	[iap]	[iap]	[iap]	[iap]
*uap		[uat]	[uat]	[uat]	[uaʔ]	[uak]	[uap]	[uak]?	[ak]?	[at]?
*at		[at]	[at]	[at]	[aʔ]	[ak]	[ak]	[ak]	[ak]	[at]
*iat		[iat]	[iat]	[iat]	[iaʔ]	[iak]	[iak]	[iek]	[it]	[it]
*uat		[uat]	[uat]	[uat]	[uaʔ]	[uak]	[uak]	[uak]	[uak]	[uat]
*ak		[ak]	[ak]	[ak]	[aʔ]	[ak]	[ak]	[ak]	[ak]	[ak]
*e		[e]	[e]	[ɛ]	[a]	[e]	[e]	[ɛ]	[ɛ]	[e]
*ue	velar, glottal, zero	[ue]	[ue]	[ua]	[ua]	[ue]	[ue]	[uɛ]	[ue]	[ue]
	elsewhere			[ue]	[ue]
*ẽ		[ĩ]	[ĩ]	[ɛ̃]	[ã]	[ẽ]	[ẽ]	[ɛ]	[ɛ]	[e]
*uẽ		[uãi]	[uĩ]	[uã]	[uã]	[uẽ]	[uẽ]	[uɛ]	[ue]	[ue]
*en		[in]	[in]	[in]	[eŋ]	[eŋ]	[eŋ]	[iŋ]	[in]	[in]
*eʔ		[eʔ]	[eʔ]	[ɛʔ]	[a]	[eʔ]	[eʔ]	[ɛ]	[ɛ]	[eʔ]
*ueʔ		[uiʔ]	[uiʔ]	[ueʔ]	[ue]	[ueʔ]	[ueʔ]	[uɛ]	[ue]	[ueʔ]
*et		[it]	[it]	[it]	[eʔ]	[ek]	[ek]	[ik]	[ek]?	[ek]?
*ø		[e]	[ə]	[e]	[ue]	[o]	[o]	[ɛ]	[e]	[e]
*uø		[e]	[ə]	[ue]	[ue]	[ue]	[ue]	[uɛ]	[ue]	[ue]
*øm		[im]?	[əm]	[ɔm]	[aŋ]	[im]?	[im]?	[im]?	?	?
*øʔ		[eʔ]	[əʔ]	[eʔ]	[ue]	[oʔ]	[oʔ]	[ɔi]	[e]	[oiʔ]
*uøʔ		[eʔ]	[əʔ]	[ueʔ]	[ue]	[ueʔ]	[ueʔ]	[uɛ]	[ue]	[ueʔ]
*i		[i]	[i]	[i]	[i]	[i]	[i]	[i]	[i]	[i]
*ui		[ui]	[ui]	[ui]	[ui]	[ui]	[ui]	[ui]	[ui]	[ui]
*ĩ		[ĩ]	[ĩ]	[ĩ]	[iŋ]	[ĩ]	[ĩ]	[i]	[i]	[i]
*uĩ	bilabial	[ŋ]	[ŋ]	[uĩ]	[ŋ]	[uŋ]	[ɯŋ]	[ui]	[ui]	[ui]
	glottal, zero				[uŋ]	[ŋ]	[ŋ]
	elsewhere					[ɯŋ]	[ɯŋ]
*im		[im]	[im]	[im]	[eŋ]	[im]	[im]	[im]	[im]	[im]
*in		[in]	[in]	[in]	[eŋ]	[eŋ]	[iŋ]	[ieŋ]	[in]	[in]
*iŋ		[iŋ]	[iŋ]	[iŋ]	[eŋ]	[eŋ]	[eŋ]	[iŋ ~ eŋ]	[eŋ]	[eŋ]
*iʔ		[iʔ]	[iʔ]	[iʔ]	[i]	[iʔ]	[iʔ]	[i]	[i]	[iʔ]
*ip		[ip]	[ip]	[ip]	[eʔ]	[ip]	[ip]	[ip]	[ip]	[ip]
*it		[it]	[it]	[it]	[eʔ]	[ek]	[ik]	[iek]	[it]	[it]
*ik		[ik]	[iak]	[ik]	[eʔ]	[ek]	[ek]	[ik ~ ek]	[ek]	[ek]
*ɿ		[u]	[ɯ]	[u]	[ɤ]	[ɯ]	[u]	[u]	[i]?	[e]?
*o		[o]	[o]	[o]	[ɤ]	[o]	[o]	[ɔ]	[o]	[o]
*oi		[ue]	[ue]	[e]	[e]	[oi]	[oi]	[ɔi]	[ɔi]	[oi]
*ou		[ɔ]	[ɔ]	[ɔ]	[u]	[ou]	[ou]	[ɛu]	[ɔu]	[ou]
*io		[io]	[io]	[io]	[iɤ]	[io]	[io]	[iɔ]	[io]	[io]
*uo		[o]	[o]	[o]	[ɔ]	[o]	[o]	[ɔ]	[o]	[o]
*ioi		[ue]	[ue]	[e]	[iɔ]?	[iu]	[iu]	[ɔi]	[iu]	[iu]
*õ	nasal	[ŋ]	[ŋ]	[ɔ̃]	[ŋ]	[o]	[o]	[ɔ]	[o]	[o]
	zero			[ŋ]		[ŋ]	[ŋ]
	elsewhere					[ɯŋ]	[ɯŋ]
*õi	labial, alveolar	[iŋ]	[uĩ]	[an]	[iŋ]	[ãi]	[ãi]	[ai]	[ai]	[ai]
	velar						[õi]
	elsewhere			[iŋ]
*iõ	nasal	[iũ]	[iũ]	[iɔ̃]	[iŋ]	[io]	[io]	[iɔ]	[io]	[io]
	elsewhere					[iõ]	[iõ]
*uõi		[uãi]	[uĩ]	[uãi]	[uŋ]	[uĩ]	[uãi]	[uai]	[ɔi]	[uai]
*oŋ		[ɔŋ]	[ɔŋ]	[ɔŋ]	[oŋ]	[oŋ]	[oŋ]	[ɔŋ]	[oŋ]	[oŋ]
*ioŋ	alveolar sibilant	[iɔŋ]	[iɔŋ]	[iɔŋ]	[oŋ]	[oŋ]	[oŋ]	[ɔŋ]	?	?
	elsewhere				[ioŋ]	[ioŋ]	[ioŋ]	[iɔŋ]	?	?
*uoŋ		[ɔŋ]	[uaŋ ~ ɔŋ]	[ɔŋ]	[uaŋ ~ oŋ]	[uaŋ]	[uaŋ]	[uaŋ]	[uaŋ]	[uaŋ]
*oʔ		[oʔ]	[oʔ]	[oʔ]	[ɤ]	[oʔ]	[oʔ]	[ɔ]	[o]	[oʔ]
*oiʔ		[ueʔ]	[ueʔ]	[eʔ]	[e]	[oiʔ]	[oiʔ]	[ɔi]	[ɔi ~ e]	[oiʔ]
*ioʔ		[ioʔ]	[ioʔ]	[ioʔ]	[iɤ]	[ioʔ]	[ioʔ]	[iɔ]	[io]	[ioʔ]
*ok		[ɔk]	[ɔk]	[ɔk]	[oʔ]	[ok]	[ok]	[ɔk]	[ok]	[ok]
*iok		[iɔk]	[iɔk]	[iɔk]	[oʔ]	[ok]	[ok]	[ɔk]	?	?
*uok	alveolar sibilant	[ɔk]	[ɔk]	[ɔk]	[oʔ]	[uak]	[uak]	[uak]	?	[ok]
	elsewhere					[ak]	[ak]	[ɔk]
*ɯ	alveolar stop	[u]	[ɯ]	[i]	[ui]	[ɯ]	[u]	[u]	[u]	[u]
	elsewhere				[i]
*ɯn		[un]	[un]	[in]	[eŋ]	[eŋ]	[iŋ]	[ieŋ]	[in]	[in]
*ɯŋ	zero	[iŋ]	[iŋ]	[iŋ]	[ioŋ]	[eŋ]	[eŋ]	[iaŋ]	[iaŋ]	[iaŋ]
	elsewhere				[oŋ]
*ɯk	zero	[ik]	[iak]	[ik]	[ioʔ]	[ek]	[ek]	[iak]	[iak]	[iak]
	elsewhere				[oʔ]
*u		[u]	[u]	[u]	[u]	[u]	[u]	[u]	[u]	[u]
*iu		[iu]	[iu]	[iu]	[iu]	[iu]	[iu]	[iu]	[iu]	[iu]
*un		[un]	[un]	[un]	[ueŋ]	[uŋ]	[uŋ]	[uŋ]	[un]	[un]
*uʔ		[uʔ]	[uʔ]	[uʔ]	[oʔ]?	[oʔ ~ uʔ]?	[oʔ]?	[ɔ ~ u]?	[u]	[uʔ]	[oʔ] or [ɔ] are probably from *oʔ rather than from *uʔ
*ut		[ut]	[ut]	[ut]	[oʔ]	[uk]	[uk]	[uk]	[ut]	[ut]
*m		[m]	[m]	[m]	[ŋ]	[m]	[m]	?	?	?
*iaŋ		[iaŋ]	?	[iaŋ]	?	?	?	[iaŋ]	[iaŋ]	[iaŋ]	Not listed as a rime in chapter 3, but used in the reconstruction of 雙／双

*S(i)-

Character	Gloss	PSM	XM	QZ	ZZ	DT	JY	CY	LZ	HK	WC
雙	pair (of shoes)	*s(i)aŋ¹	[siaŋ¹]	[saŋ¹]	[siaŋ¹]	[saŋ¹]	[saŋ¹]	[saŋ¹]	[siaŋ¹]	[tiaŋ¹]	[tiaŋ¹]
鉎	rust	*s(i)an¹	[sian¹]	[san¹]	[sian¹]	?	[saŋ¹]	?	[saŋ¹]	[taŋ¹]	[tan¹]
相同	same	*sio¹ taŋ²	[siaŋ²]	[saŋ²]	---	?	?	?	?	?	?
齊	complete, regular	*ts(i)au²	[tsiau²]	[tsau²]	[tsiau²]	[tsɔ²]	[tsau²]	?	[tsiau²]	[tsiau²]	?
撨	to adjust	*tsʰ(i)au²	[tsʰiau²]	[tsʰau²]	[tsʰiau²]	?	[tsʰau²]	?	[tsʰiau²]	?	?

*-i(a)n

Character	Gloss	PSM	XM	QZ	ZZ	DT	JY	CY	LZ	HK	WC
煙	smoke	*i(a)n¹	[ian¹]	[ian¹]	[ian¹]	?	[eŋ¹]	?	[ieŋ¹]	[in¹]	[in¹]
沿	layer, pile	*i(a)n²	[ian²]	?	[ian²]	?	[eŋ²]	?	?	[in²]	?
免*	to avoid	*mi(a)n³ (*mian³ in Kwok)	[bian³]	[bian³]	[bian³]	[biaŋ³]	[miaŋ³ ~ meŋ³]	[miaŋ³]	[mieŋ³]	[min³]	[min³]
現*	now	*hi(a)n⁶	[hian⁶]	[hian⁵]	[hian⁶]	?	[heŋ⁶]	[hiaŋ⁶]	[hieŋ¹]	[hin¹]	?
輦*	wheel	*li(a)n³	[lian³]	[lian³]	[lian³]	?	[leŋ³]	?	?	?	?
腎	gizzard	*ki(a)n⁴ *kɯn⁴ ~ *kian⁴	[kian⁶]	[kian⁴]	[kin⁶]	?	[keŋ⁴]	?	[kieŋ⁴]	[kin⁶]	[kin⁶]

Yue loans in Leizhou and Hainanese

Character	Gloss	Leizhou	Haikou	Cantonese
禁	durable	[kʰam⁷]	-	[kʰɐm¹]
啱	suitable	[ŋam⁷]	[ŋam⁷]	[ŋam¹]
踭	elbow	[tsaŋ⁷]	-	[tsaŋ¹]
燶	burnt	[nɔŋ⁷]	-	[nʊŋ¹]
壅	bury	[ɔŋ⁷]	-	[ʊŋ¹]
打	dozen	[ta⁷]	[ta⁷]	[ta¹]
褸	coat	[lau⁷]	[lau⁷]	[lɐu¹]
嘥	waste	[sai⁷]	[sai⁷]	[sai¹]
慳	conserve	[haŋ⁷]	-	[han¹]
呃	deceive	[ŋak⁷]	-	[ŋak¹]
炆	to braise	[maŋ⁷]	-	[mɐn¹]
闊佬	rich man	[pʰuk⁸ lau³]	-	[fut⁷ᴮ lou³]
冷	woollen yarn	[laŋ⁷]	[laŋ⁷]	[laŋ¹]

Leizhou-Hainan connections

Character	Gloss	Leizhou	Haikou	Wenchang
戇	foolish; dull-witted	[ŋaŋ³]	[ŋaŋ³]	[ŋaŋ³]
弄	to play	[lam⁵]	[nam⁵]	[nam⁵]
嗎	sunken	[ma⁷]	[ma⁸ᶫ]	?
嗎	to approach	[ma⁷]	[ma⁸ᶫ]	?
膽	to wind around	[ta³]	[ɗa³]	?
覓	to seek	[tuɛ⁵]	[ɗue⁵]	[ɗue⁵]
杖	stick; staff; rod	[tʰɔ⁴]	?	[xoʔ⁸]
孧	small	[niau⁷]	[niau⁸ᶫ]	[niau⁶]
雹	hail	[tʰak⁸]	?	[ɦak⁸]

Si- in Qiong-Lei

Character	Gloss	PSM	Leizhou	Haikou	Wenchang
厝	house	*tsʰu⁵	[tsʰu⁵]	[siu⁵]	[su⁵]
鼠	rat	*tsʰɯ³	[tsʰu³]	[siu³]	[siu³]
臭	smelly	*tsʰau⁵ ~ *tsʰiau⁵	[tsʰiau⁵]	[siau⁵]	[siau⁵]