Wiktionary

免

See also: 兔
免 U+514D, 免
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-514D
← 兌
[U+514C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 兎 →
[U+514E]

免 U+FA32, 免
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA32
← 僧
[U+FA31] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 勉 →
[U+FA33]

免 U+2F80E, 免
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80E
← 𠘺
[U+2F80D] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 兔 →
[U+2F80F]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 
Japanese 免
Simplified 免
Traditional 免

Alternative forms edit

A variant form with 刀 rather than ⺈ on top exists.

There is another variant, in which the left-handed stroke ㇓ is written as two separate components. This variant is adopted by Japanese shinjitai.

Han character edit

免 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+5 in Chinese, 儿+6 in Japanese, 7 strokes in Chinese, 8 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓日竹山 (NAHU), four-corner 27416, composition ⿱⺈⿸⿻口丿乚(GHTK) or ⿳⺈𫩏儿(JV) or ⿱刀⿸⿻口丿乚(U+FA32))

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 124, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1358
  • Dae Jaweon: page 264, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 270, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+514D

Derived characters edit

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
 免

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 免
Shang Western Zhou Warring States
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script
       
Bronze inscriptions
 

b12515

 

b12516

 

b12517

 

b12518

 

b12519

 

b12520

Transcribed ancient scripts
 

L34720

 

L34721

 

L34722

 

L34723

 

L34724

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (免) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
免 *mronʔ
娩 *mronʔ, *mronʔ, *m̥ʰons, *monʔ, *mons, *muns
勉 *mronʔ
俛 *mronʔ
鮸 *mronʔ
冕 *mronʔ
絻 *mronʔ, *moːn, *muns
婏 *m̥ʰos
浼 *muːlʔ
鞔 *moːn
悗 *moːn
嬎 *m̥ʰons
晚 *monʔ
挽 *monʔ
輓 *monʔ, *mons
脕 *monʔ, *mons, *muns
莬 *muns

Pictogram (象形) – a man in a hat. Borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 冕 (OC *mronʔ) refers to the original word.

Pronunciation 1 edit

Note:
  • miang2/miêng2 - literary (including “there is no need”, miêng2 - Chaozhou);
  • ming2/mêng2 - vernacular (mêng2 - Jieyang).
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 免
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 明 (4)
    Final (韻) 仙 (79)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 亡辨切
    Baxter mjenX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/mˠiᴇnX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/mᵚiɛnX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/miænX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/mianX/
    Li
    Rong         		/mjɛnX/
    Wang
    Li         		/mĭɛnX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/mi̯ɛnX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		miǎn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		min5
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 免
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		miǎn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ mjenX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*mr[o][r]ʔ/
    English avoid

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 免
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 9065
    Phonetic
    component         		免
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		免
    Old
    Chinese         		/*mronʔ/

    Definitions edit

    免

    1. to take off; to remove from the body
    2. to avoid; to escape; to evade
    3. to release; to set free
    4. to excuse from; to exempt
    5. to discharge; to waive; to forgive
    6. to remove; to dismiss (from office)
    7. to be not allowed; to be forbidden to
    8. (Min Nan) it is not necessary; there is no need
    9. (obsolete) Alternative form of 娩
    Synonyms edit
    • (to remove):
    • (to evade): 避開／避开 (bìkāi)
    • (it is not necessary):
    Dialectal synonyms of 不用 (“need not”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 不必, 無須, 毋庸
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 不必, 毋須, 無須, 無須乎, 不待
    Mandarin Beijing 甭, 不用, 甭用
    Taiwan 不用
    Shenyang 甭
    Jinan 甭
    Xi'an 不用
    Wuhan 不消, 用不著
    Chengdu 不消
    Kunming 不用
    Yangzhou 用不著
    Hefei 不用
    Malaysia 不用
    Singapore 不用, 不必
    Cantonese Guangzhou 唔使
    Hong Kong 唔使
    Macau 唔使
    Taishan 唔使, 冇使
    Dongguan 唔使
    Yangjiang 無使, 使乜
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 冇使
    Hepu (Shatian) 冇使
    Beihai 冇使
    Beihai (Nankang) 冇使
    Beihai (Yingpan) 冇使
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冇使
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冇使
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冇使
    Singapore (Guangfu) 唔使
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 唔使
    Gan Nanchang 不消, 用不著
    Hakka Meixian 唔使
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 唔使
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 唔使
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 唔使
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 唔使
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 唔使
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 唔使
    Kuching (Hepo) 唔使
    Jin Taiyuan 不用
    Min Bei Jian'ou 伓讓
    Min Dong Fuzhou 伓使
    Matsu 伓使
    Singapore (Fuqing) 伓使
    Min Nan Xiamen 毋免, 免, 毋使
    Quanzhou 毋免, 免
    Zhangzhou 毋免, 免, 毋使
    Taipei 毋免, 免
    Kaohsiung 毋免, 免
    Penang (Hokkien) 毋免, 免
    Singapore (Hokkien) 毋免, 免
    Manila (Hokkien) 毋免, 免
    Chaozhou 免, 免用
    Shantou 免, 免用
    Shantou (Chenghai) 免
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 免
    Jieyang 免, 免用
    Singapore (Teochew) 免
    Pontianak (Teochew) 免
    Wenchang 無用
    Singapore (Hainanese) 無用
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 唔使
    Wu Shanghai 勿要
    Suzhou 用勿著
    Wenzhou 覅用, 否用
    Xiang Changsha 不消
    Shuangfeng 不消, 不要

    Compounds edit

    Pronunciation 2 edit

    Definitions edit

    免

    1. (historical) Alternative form of 絻／𰬜 (wèn, “a kind of mourning apparel”)
    2. bud

    Compounds edit

    Further reading edit

    Japanese edit

    Shinjitai 免
    Kyūjitai
    [1]
    免
    &#xFA32;
    or
    免+&#xFE00;?         		 
    免󠄁
    免+&#xE0101;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    免󠄄
    免+&#xE0104;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji edit

    免

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. to avoid, to escape
    2. to release, to set free, to discharge
    3. to exempt
    4. to forgive
    5. to dismiss, to discharge
      Antonyms : 任

    Readings edit

    Compounds edit

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    免(めん) • (men) 

    1. dismissal, being made to quit

    References edit

    1. ^ “免”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2023
    2. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean edit

    Hanja edit

    免 (eumhun 해산할 문 (haesanhal mun))

    1. Hanja form? of 문 (“dismiss, discharge, disband”).

    免 (eumhun 면할 면 (myeonhal myeon))

    1. Hanja form? of 면 (“spare, excuse from, evade”).

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    免: Hán Nôm readings: miễn, mấy, mến, mém, mễm

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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