Wiktionary

免

See also: 兔
免 U+514D, 免
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-514D
← 兌
[U+514C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 兎 →
[U+514E]

免 U+FA32, 免
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA32
← 僧
[U+FA31] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 勉 →
[U+FA33]

免 U+2F80E, 免
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80E
← 𠘺
[U+2F80D] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 兔 →
[U+2F80F]

Translingual

edit
Stroke order
 
Japanese 免
Simplified 免
Traditional 免

Alternative forms

edit

A variant form with 刀 rather than ⺈ on top exists.

There is another variant, in which the left-handed stroke ㇓ is written as two separate components. This variant is adopted by Japanese shinjitai.

Han character

edit

免 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+5 in Chinese, 儿+6 in Japanese, 7 strokes in Chinese, 8 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓日竹山 (NAHU), four-corner 27416, composition ⿱⺈⿸⿻口丿乚(GHTK) or ⿳⺈𫩏儿(JV) or ⿱刀⿸⿻口丿乚(U+FA32))

Derived characters

edit
Additional Derived Characters

References

edit
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 124, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1358
  • Dae Jaweon: page 264, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 270, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+514D

Chinese

edit
simp. and trad.
 免

Glyph origin

edit
Historical forms of the character 免
Shang Western Zhou Warring States
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script
       
 
b12515
 
b12516
 
b12517
 
b12518
 
b12519
 
b12520
Transcribed ancient scripts
 
L34720
 
L34721
 
L34722
 
L34723
 
L34724
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (免) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
免 *mronʔ
娩 *mronʔ, *mronʔ, *m̥ʰons, *monʔ, *mons, *muns
勉 *mronʔ
俛 *mronʔ
鮸 *mronʔ
冕 *mronʔ
絻 *mronʔ, *moːn, *muns
婏 *m̥ʰos
浼 *muːlʔ
鞔 *moːn
悗 *moːn
嬎 *m̥ʰons
晚 *monʔ
挽 *monʔ
輓 *monʔ, *mons
脕 *monʔ, *mons, *muns
莬 *muns

Pictogram (象形) – a man wearing a ceremonial hat. Then borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 冕 (OC *mronʔ) refers to the original word.

See also 敖, 冒, and 美.

Pronunciation 1

edit
Note:
  • miang2/miêng2 - literary (including “there is no need”, miêng2 - Chaozhou);
  • ming2/mêng2 - vernacular (mêng2 - Jieyang).
Rime
Character 免
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 仙 (79)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 亡辨切
Baxter mjenX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/mˠiᴇnX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/mᵚiɛnX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/miænX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/mianX/
Li
Rong 		/mjɛnX/
Wang
Li 		/mĭɛnX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/mi̯ɛnX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		miǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		min5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 免
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		miǎn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ mjenX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mr[o][r]ʔ/
English avoid

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 免
Reading # 1/1
No. 9065
Phonetic
component 		免
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		免
Old
Chinese 		/*mronʔ/

Definitions

edit

免

  1. to take off; to remove from the body
  2. to avoid; to escape; to evade
  3. to release; to set free
  4. to excuse from; to exempt
  5. to discharge; to waive; to forgive
  6. to remove; to dismiss (from office)
  7. to be not allowed; to be forbidden to
  8. (Southern Min) it is not necessary; there is no need
  9. (obsolete) Alternative form of 娩
Synonyms
edit
  • (to remove):
  • (to evade): 避開／避开 (bìkāi)
  • (it is not necessary):
Dialectal synonyms of 不用 (“need not”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 不必, 無須, 毋庸
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 不必, 毋須, 無須, 無須乎, 不待
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 甭, 不用, 甭用
Taiwan 不用
Shenyang 甭
Malaysia 不用
Singapore 不用, 不必
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 甭
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 不用
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 不消
Wuhan 不消, 用不著
Kunming 不用
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 用不著
Hefei 不用
Cantonese Guangzhou 唔使
Hong Kong 唔使
Macau 唔使
Taishan 唔使, 冇使
Dongguan 唔使
Yangjiang 無使, 使乜
Hepu (Lianzhou) 冇使
Hepu (Shatian) 冇使
Beihai 冇使
Beihai (Nankang) 冇使
Beihai (Yingpan) 冇使
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冇使
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冇使
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冇使
Singapore (Guangfu) 唔使
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 唔使
Gan Nanchang 不消, 用不著
Hakka Meixian 唔使
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 唔使
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 唔使
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 唔使
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 唔使
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 唔使
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 唔使
Kuching (Hepo) 唔使
Jin Taiyuan 不用
Northern Min Jian'ou 伓讓
Eastern Min Fuzhou 伓使
Matsu 伓使
Singapore (Fuqing) 伓使
Southern Min Xiamen 毋免, 免, 毋使
Quanzhou 毋免, 免
Zhangzhou 毋免, 免, 毋使
Taipei 毋免, 免
Kaohsiung 毋免, 免
Penang (Hokkien) 毋免, 免
Singapore (Hokkien) 毋免, 免
Manila (Hokkien) 毋免, 免
Chaozhou 免, 免用
Shantou 免, 免用
Shantou (Chenghai) 免
Shantou (Chaoyang) 免
Jieyang 免, 免用
Singapore (Teochew) 免
Pontianak (Teochew) 免
Wenchang 無用
Singapore (Hainanese) 無用
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 唔使
Wu Shanghai 勿要, 覅, 用勿著, 勿用, 好勿要, 好覅
Suzhou 用勿著
Ningbo 甮, 好甮
Wenzhou 覅用, 否用
Xiang Changsha 不消
Shuangfeng 不消, 不要

Compounds

edit

Pronunciation 2

edit

Definitions

edit

免

  1. (historical) Alternative form of 絻 / 𰬜 (wèn, “a kind of mourning apparel”)
  2. bud

Compounds

edit

Further reading

edit

Japanese

edit
Shinjitai 免
Kyūjitai
[1]
免
&#xFA32;
or
免+&#xFE00;? 		 
免󠄁
免+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
免󠄄
免+&#xE0104;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

edit
免

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. to avoid, to escape
  2. to release, to set free, to discharge
  3. to exempt
  4. to forgive
  5. to dismiss, to discharge
    Antonyms : 任

Readings

edit

Compounds

edit

Pronunciation

edit

Noun

edit

免(めん) • (men) 

  1. dismissal, being made to quit

References

edit
  1. ^ “免”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

edit

Hanja

edit

免 (eumhun 해산할 문 (haesanhal mun))

  1. hanja form? of 문 (“dismiss, discharge, disband”)

免 (eumhun 면할 면 (myeonhal myeon))

  1. hanja form? of 면 (“spare, excuse from, evade”)

Vietnamese

edit

Han character

edit

免: Hán Nôm readings: miễn, mấy, mến, mém, mễm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=免&oldid=84257283"