Wiktionary

aby

See also: Aby and ABY

TranslingualEdit

SymbolEdit

aby

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Aneme Wake.

EnglishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle English abyen, abien, abiggen, from Old English ābyċġan (“to buy; pay for; buy off; requite; recompense; redeem; perform; execute”), from Proto-Germanic *uzbugjaną, equivalent to a- +‎ buy. Cognate with Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usbugjan).[1] Not related to abide.

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

aby (simple past and past participle abought, no other forms attested in Modern English)

  1. (transitive)
    1. (archaic) To pay the penalty for (something); to atone for, to make amends. [from 12th c.]
      Synonym: make up
    2. (archaic, figuratively) To pay (something) as a penalty; to suffer (something). [from 12th c.]
      Synonym: sustain
    3. (obsolete except Scotland) To endure or tolerate (something); to experience. [from 16th c.][2]
      Synonyms: brook, go on, hold on, put up with; see also Thesaurus:persist, Thesaurus:tolerate
    4. (obsolete) To pay for (something); to buy. [12th–16th c.]
      Synonyms: procure, purchase; see also Thesaurus:buy
  2. (intransitive, obsolete)
    1. To pay the penalty; to atone. [12th–16th c.]
      Synonyms: expiate, propitiate
    2. To endure; to remain. [14th–16th c.]

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ Lesley Brown, editor-in-chief; William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, editors (2002), “aby”, in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 5th edition, Oxford; New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 11.
  2. ^ “aby, v.” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.

AnagramsEdit

CzechEdit

PronunciationEdit

ConjunctionEdit

aby

  1. so that, in order to, so

Related termsEdit

Further readingEdit

  • aby in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
  • aby in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989

Lower SorbianEdit

EtymologyEdit

Univerbation of až (“that”) +‎ by (“would”)

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

aby (defective, invariable)

  1. that… would

Further readingEdit

  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “aby”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999), “aby”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Old PolishEdit

EtymologyEdit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *aby. By surface analysis, a univerbation of a +‎ by. First attested in the 15th century.

ConjunctionEdit

aby

  1. to, in order to, so that (connects sentences either to express the goal of a speaker, when the speaker wishes to communicate a command or wish) [+past tense = to do what]
  2. even though, although
  3. if

ParticleEdit

aby

  1. may, I wish, if only

DescendantsEdit

  • Polish: aby

ReferencesEdit

PolishEdit

EtymologyEdit

Inherited from Old Polish aby, from Proto-Slavic *aby. By surface analysis, a univerbation of a +‎ by. First attested in the 15th century.[1]

PronunciationEdit

ConjunctionEdit

aby

  1. to, in order to, so that (connects sentences either to express the goal of a speaker, when the speaker wishes to communicate a command or wish) [+past tense = to do what]
    Synonyms: by, żeby, ażeby
    Mówię po to, aby nie było cicho. ― I am speaking so that it isn't quiet.
    Chcę, abyś jutro przyszedł. ― I want you to come tomorrow.
  2. to (used to connect a sequence of actions) [+infintive = to do what]
    Synonyms: by, żeby, ażeby
    Usiadł, aby znowu wstać. ― He sat down to get right back up again.
  3. so long as (used to express a wish for anything) [+past tense = to do what]
    Zrób to byle jak, aby szybciej ― Do it any which way, as long as it's faster.
  4. (colloquial) introduces doubt from the speaker
    Aby tam będzie? ― Do you really think he'll be there?
  5. just to, for the sake of
    Czytał aby czytał ― He read just to read
singular plural
1st person abym abyśmy
2nd person abyś abyście
3rd person aby aby

Derived termsEdit

adverbs
conjunction
preposition

TriviaEdit

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), aby is one of the top 10,355 most used words in Polish, appearing 110 times in scientific texts, 81 times in news, 113 times in essays, 89 times in fiction, and 37 times in plays, totaling 430 times, making it the 108th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[2]

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ K. Nitsch, editor (1953), “aby”, in Słownik staropolski (in Old Polish), volume 1, Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences, page 10
  2. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990), “aby”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków; Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 1

Further readingEdit

  • aby in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • aby in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • “aby”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish], 2010-2022
  • “ABY”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 07.05.2008
  • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807-1814), “aby”, in Słownik języka polskiego, volume 1, page 3
  • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “aby”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
  • J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “aby”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 4

ScotsEdit

AdverbEdit

aby

  1. Doric form of abye (“ago, past”)

ReferencesEdit

  • “aby” in Eagle, Andy, editor, The Online Scots Dictionary[1], 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=aby&oldid=72435142"