Swahili

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Arabic ظَهَرَ (ẓahara).[1]

Pronunciation

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  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Verb

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-dhihiri (infinitive kudhihiri)

  1. to make clear

Conjugation

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Conjugation of -dhihiri
Positive present -nadhihiri
Subjunctive -dhihiri
Negative -dhihiri
Imperative singular dhihiri
Infinitives
Positive kudhihiri
Negative kutodhihiri
Imperatives
Singular dhihiri
Plural dhihirini
Tensed forms
Habitual hudhihiri
Positive past positive subject concord + -lidhihiri
Negative past negative subject concord + -kudhihiri
Positive present (positive subject concord + -nadhihiri)
Singular Plural
1st person ninadhihiri/nadhihiri tunadhihiri
2nd person unadhihiri mnadhihiri
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anadhihiri wanadhihiri
other classes positive subject concord + -nadhihiri
Negative present (negative subject concord + -dhihiri)
Singular Plural
1st person sidhihiri hatudhihiri
2nd person hudhihiri hamdhihiri
3rd person m-wa(I/II) hadhihiri hawadhihiri
other classes negative subject concord + -dhihiri
Positive future positive subject concord + -tadhihiri
Negative future negative subject concord + -tadhihiri
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -dhihiri)
Singular Plural
1st person nidhihiri tudhihiri
2nd person udhihiri mdhihiri
3rd person m-wa(I/II) adhihiri wadhihiri
other classes positive subject concord + -dhihiri
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sidhihiri
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngedhihiri
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singedhihiri
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalidhihiri
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalidhihiri
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -adhihiri)
Singular Plural
1st person nadhihiri twadhihiri
2nd person wadhihiri mwadhihiri
3rd person m-wa(I/II) adhihiri wadhihiri
m-mi(III/IV) wadhihiri yadhihiri
ji-ma(V/VI) ladhihiri yadhihiri
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chadhihiri vyadhihiri
n(IX/X) yadhihiri zadhihiri
u(XI) wadhihiri see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwadhihiri
pa(XVI) padhihiri
mu(XVIII) mwadhihiri
Perfect positive subject concord + -medhihiri
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshadhihiri
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jadhihiri
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kidhihiri
"If not" positive subject concord + -sipodhihiri
Consecutive kadhihiri / positive subject concord + -kadhihiri
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kadhihiri
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -nidhihiri -tudhihiri
2nd person -kudhihiri -wadhihiri/-kudhihirini/-wadhihirini
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mdhihiri -wadhihiri
m-mi(III/IV) -udhihiri -idhihiri
ji-ma(V/VI) -lidhihiri -yadhihiri
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kidhihiri -vidhihiri
n(IX/X) -idhihiri -zidhihiri
u(XI) -udhihiri see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kudhihiri
pa(XVI) -padhihiri
mu(XVIII) -mudhihiri
Reflexive -jidhihiri
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -dhihiri- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -dhihiriye -dhihirio
m-mi(III/IV) -dhihirio -dhihiriyo
ji-ma(V/VI) -dhihirilo -dhihiriyo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -dhihiricho -dhihirivyo
n(IX/X) -dhihiriyo -dhihirizo
u(XI) -dhihirio see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -dhihiriko
pa(XVI) -dhihiripo
mu(XVIII) -dhihirimo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -dhihiri)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yedhihiri -odhihiri
m-mi(III/IV) -odhihiri -yodhihiri
ji-ma(V/VI) -lodhihiri -yodhihiri
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chodhihiri -vyodhihiri
n(IX/X) -yodhihiri -zodhihiri
u(XI) -odhihiri see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kodhihiri
pa(XVI) -podhihiri
mu(XVIII) -modhihiri
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

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  • dhahiri (clear, evident, plain)

References

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  1. ^ Baldi, Sergio (2020 November 30) Dictionary of Arabic Loanwords in the Languages of Central and East Africa (Handbuch der Orientalistik; Erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten; 145), Leiden • Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 197 Nr. 1764