-li-
See also: Appendix:Variations of "li"
English edit
Pronunciation edit
Infix edit
-li-
- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix -lim-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation
Derived terms edit
Anagrams edit
Swahili edit
Etymology 1 edit
From -li, a stem of -wa (“to be”).[1]
Infix edit
-li-
- positive past tense marker
- Antonym: -ku-
- walikula ― they ate
- aliyelala ― the person who was asleep
- 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Dunianu kuna watu, page 3:
- Ilikuwa kiasi cha saa moja-unusu ya usiku Kasim alipopanda ngazi pana zilizotandikwa zulia au blanketi nene, zilizoongoza kufikia ghorofa akaayo baba yake, Bw. Hakimu Marjani.
- It was about half past seven in the night when Kasim went up the wide stairs covered with carpets or thick blankets, which led to the floor where resided his father, Mr Hakimu Marjani.
Usage notes edit
This marker can be used in both nonrelative and relative verbs.
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of -li-
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | nili- | tuli- | |
| 2nd person | uli- | mli- | |
| 3rd person | m-wa(I/II) | ali- | wali- |
| m-mi(III/IV) | uli- | ili- | |
| ji-ma(V/VI) | lili- | yali- | |
| ki-vi(VII/VIII) | kili- | vili- | |
| n(IX/X) | ili- | zili- | |
| u(XI) | uli- | see n(X) or ma(VI) | |
| ku(XV/XVII) | kuli- | ||
| pa(XVI) | pali- | ||
| mu(XVIII) | mli- | ||
| For more information, see Appendix:Swahili verbs. | |||
See also edit
| Swahili TAM markers | |
|---|---|
| Initial | |
| Positive infinitive | ku-/kw-1 |
| Negative infinitive | kuto- |
| Habitual | hu-1 |
| Telegrammic | ka-1 |
| Final | |
| General (positive indicative) | -a |
| Positive subjunctive | -e |
| Negative present | -i |
| Second person plural | -ni |
| Infix position positive subject concord | |
| Positive past | -li- |
| Positive present | -na- |
| Positive future | -ta- |
| Negative subjunctive | -si-1 |
| Positive present conditional | -nge- |
| Negative present conditional | -singe- |
| Positive past conditional | -ngali- |
| Negative past conditional | -singali- |
| Gnomic | -a-1 |
| Perfect | -me- |
| "Already" past | -lisha- |
| "Already" present | -mesha-/-sha- |
| "If/When" | -ki-1 |
| "If not" | -sipo- |
| Consecutive | -ka-1 |
| Infix position negative subject concord | |
| Negative past | -ku-1 |
| Negative future | -ta- |
| "Not yet" | -ja-1 |
| Negative present conditional | -nge- |
| Negative past conditional | -ngali- |
| Relative | |
| Past | -li- |
| Present | -na- |
| Future | -taka- |
| Negative | -si- |
| 1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs. | |
Etymology 2 edit
From Proto-Bantu *dɪ́-.
Infix edit
-li-
- it, ji class(V) object concord
See also edit
Swahili verbal concords (third person)
| Class | Subject concord | Object concord | Relative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| affirmative | negative | |||
| m(I) | a-, yu- | ha-, hayu- | -m-, -mw-, -mu- | -ye |
| wa(II) | wa- | hawa- | -wa- | -o |
| m(III) | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
| mi(IV) | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
| ji(V) | li- | hali- | -li- | -lo |
| ma(VI) | ya- | haya- | -ya- | -yo |
| ki(VII) | ki- | haki- | -ki- | -cho |
| vi(VIII) | vi- | havi- | -vi- | -vyo |
| n(IX) | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
| n(X) | zi- | hazi- | -zi- | -zo |
| u(XI) | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
| ku(XV/XVII) | ku- | haku- | -ku- | -ko |
| pa(XVI) | pa- | hapa- | -pa- | -po |
| mu(XVIII) | m-, mw-, mu- | ham-, hamw-, hamu- | -mu- | -mo |
| For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns. | ||||
References edit
- ^ John H. McWhorter (1992) “NI and the Copula System in Swahili: A Diachronic Approach”, in Diachronica, volume 9, number 1, , pages 15–46