na-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "na"

Azerbaijani

Other scripts

Cyrillic		на-
Perso-Arabic		ناـ‎

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian ناـ‎ (nâ-).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [nɑ]

Prefix

na- (rarely productive)

1. un-, non-, in-

   Synonym: qeyri-

   ‎na- + ‎tamam (“complete”) → ‎natamam (“incomplete”)

2. -less

   Synonym: -siz

   ‎na- + ‎ümid (“hope”) → ‎naümid (“hopeless”)

Derived terms

Azerbaijani terms prefixed with na-

Chichewa

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ná/

Prefix

ná-

1. Prefixed to a traditional Chewa clan name to denote a woman belonging to that clan.

Curripaco

Prefix

na-

1. third person plural agent marker

References

• Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN, page 398

Czech

Etymology

From na.

Prefix

na-

1. a prefix, often used where English would use a phrasal verb with on

1. (as an imperfective verb) (often used with se) intensification: added to mean a lot

   ‎na- + ‎představovat se (“present onself”) → ‎napředstavovat se (“present oneself many times”)

Derived terms

• nalít
• naložit
• nanést
• nanosit
• napálit
• napravit
• napsat
• narodit
• nastavit
• nastoupit
• nasypat
• natřít
• nazvat

 

Czech terms prefixed with na-

Further reading

• na- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Dutch

Etymology

Derived from the preposition na

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

Prefix

na-

1. after

Antonyms

voor-

Derived terms

Category Dutch terms prefixed with na- not found

Gunwinggu

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /na-/

Prefix

na-

1. male prefix added onto human words.

Related terms

• ngal-

References

• Steven and Narelle Etherington, Kunwinjku Kunwok: A Short Introduction to Kunwinjku Language and Society (third edition, 1998)

Kambera

Pronoun

na-

1. third person singular nominative proclitic

See also

Kambera pronominal clitics

	Nominative	Genitive	Accusative	Dative
1sg	ku-	-nggu	-ka	-ngga
2sg	mu- (u-)	-mu	-kau	-nggau
3sg	na-	-na	-ya	-nya
1pl.incl	ta-	-nda	-ta	-nda
1pl.excl	ma-	-ma	-kama	-nggama
2pl	mi- (i-)	-mi	-kami (-kai)	-nggami (-nggai)
3pl	da-	-da	-ha	-nja

Makasar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [na]

Pronoun

na- (nominative proclitic, Lontara spelling ᨊ)

1. he, she, it, they (third person singular and plural)

See also

Makasar free and bound pronouns

	Independent	Absolutive	Nominative	Possessive
1st sg / 1st pl excl	nakke	-a'	ku-	-ku
1st pl excl (archaic)	kambe	-kang	ki-	-mang
1st pl incl / 2nd sg polite	katte	-ki'	ki-	-ta
2nd sg / pl familiar	kau	-ko	nu-	-nu
3rd sg / pl	ia	-i	na-	-na

Mwotlap

Etymology

From Proto-Torres-Banks *na, from Proto-Oceanic *na (“noun article”)

Article

na-

1. a, the (singular article for common nouns)

Morphophonology

• When followed by a noun starting with a vowel, the vowel of na- is elided:

na- +‎ ēm̄ → nēm̄ (“house”)

• When followed by a noun starting with a single consonant, na- normally changes its vowel to a clone of the vowel in the next syllable:

na- +‎ bē → nēbē (“water”)

na- +‎ vinhe → nivinhe (“bamboo”)

• When followed by a noun starting with two underlying consonants, na- normally remains unchanged:

na- +‎ l(ō)qōvēn → nalqōvēn (“woman”)

Semantics

• General determiner; does not encode definiteness.
• Forms the determinate form of most nouns.
• For [+human] referents, the number value is singular, contrasting with dual yoge, trial tēlge, plural ige.

nalqōvēn (“a woman”)

— opp. yoge lōqōvēn (“two women”), tēlge lōqōvēn (“three women”), ige lōqōvēn (“women”).

• For [-human] referents, the number value of the article is unspecified.

nēbē (“water”)

nēm̄ (“a house, houses; the house, the houses”)

References

• François, Alexandre. 2005. A typological overview of Mwotlap, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu. Linguistic typology 9 (1): 115–146. DOI:10.1515/lity.2005.9.1.115.
• François, Alexandre. 2007. Noun articles in Torres and Banks languages: Conservation and innovation. In Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (eds.), Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley, 313–326. (Creole Language Library 30) Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na-.

Prefix

na-

1. Added to verbs to make them perfective

   ‎na- + ‎pisać → ‎napisać

2. Added to verbs to mean onto

   ‎na- + ‎łożyć → ‎nałożyć

3. Added to verbs to with various meanings

   ‎na- + ‎mówić → ‎namówić

Derived terms

Old Polish terms prefixed with na-

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish na-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /na/

Prefix

na-

1. Added to verbs to make them perfective

   ‎na- + ‎pisać → ‎napisać

2. Added to verbs to mean onto

   ‎na- + ‎łożyć → ‎nałożyć

3. Added to verbs to with various meanings

   ‎na- + ‎mówić → ‎namówić

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with na-

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *na-. Prefixed form of the preposition na.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /na-/

Prefix

na-

1. Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
   1. (no change in meaning)

      ‎na- + ‎pisáti (“to write”) → ‎napisáti (“to write”)

   2. onto, into

      ‎na- + ‎líti (“to pour”) → ‎nalíti (“to pour in”)

   3. a little, to begin to

      ‎na- + ‎krivīti (“to bend”) → ‎nakrivīti (“to bend a little”)

      ‎na- + ‎gníti (“to rot”) → ‎nagníti (“to begin to rot”)

   4. enough of, a sufficient amount of

      ‎na- + ‎cepīti (“to chop”) → ‎nacepīti (“to chop enough of”)

   5. (reflexive) excessively, thoroughly

      ‎na- + ‎píti (“to drink”) → ‎napíti (“to drink one's fill, get drunk”)

Derived terms

Slovene terms prefixed with na-

Tagalog

Prefix

na-

1. Used to form complete aspects of verbs prefixed with ma-

Prefix

ná-

1. (Batangas) Used to form progressive aspects of verbs prefixed with um- or infixed with -um-

   Nakain siya ng isda.

   He/She is eating fish

Usage notes

The Batangas dialect prefix, when written, is generally a source of confusion and mockery for the majority of Tagalog speakers, but the two actually differ by pronunciation. The na-, where it indicates a perfective aspect, is pronounced without stress, while the na- prefix, where it indicates a progressive aspect in the Batangas dialect, is pronounced with stress.

Derived terms

Tagalog terms prefixed with na-

Ternate

Pronoun

na-

1. first-person plural inclusive possessive prefix, our

   Synonym: nga-

2. second-person plural possessive prefix, your

   Synonym: nia-

3. (human) third-person plural possessive prefix, their

   Synonym: nga-

See also

Ternate personal pronouns

	independent			subject proclitic		possessive
	Informal	Formal
1st person singular	ngori	fangarem, fajaruf		to		ri
2nd person singular	ngana	ngoni, jou ngoni		no		ni
3rd person singular	unam, minaf			om, mof, inh		im, mif, manh
1st person plural inclusive	ngone			fo		na, nga
1st person plural exclusive	ngomi	fangare ngomim, fajaru ngomif, fara ngomi1		mi		mi, mia
2nd person plural	ngoni			ni		na, nia
3rd person plural	anah, enanh			ih, nh, yoh, †, yanh, †		nah, ngah, manh

• unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
• m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
• 1 - for mixed-gender groups
• † - archaic

References

• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Turkish

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ناـ‎ (nâ-), from Persian ناـ‎ (nâ-).

Prefix

na- (rarely productive)

1. un-, non-, in-

   Synonym: gayri-

   ‎na- + ‎tamam (“complete”) → ‎natamam (“incomplete”)

2. -less

   Synonym: -siz

   ‎na- + ‎ümid (“hope”) → ‎naümid (“hopeless”)

Derived terms

Turkish terms prefixed with na-

West Makian

Etymology 1

Cognate with Ternate na- (“our”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /n̪a/

Pronoun

na-

1. first-person plural inclusive possessive prefix, our

Usage notes

The possessive prefix na- is subject to West Makian vowel harmony, and as such may surface as ne-, ni-, or no-.

Alternative forms

• ne-, ni-, no-

See also

West Makian personal pronouns

	independent	possessive prefix
1st person singular	de	ti
2nd person singular	ni	ni
3rd person singular	me	mVan., dVinan.
1st person plural inclusive	ene	nV
1st person plural exclusive	imi	mi
2nd person plural	ini	fi
3rd person plural	eme	di

• V indicates the expected assimilated vowel of the following noun, following standard West Makian vowel harmony.

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /na/

Pronoun

na-

1. second-person singular clitic, you

   noco ― you see

Usage notes

The prefix na- follows West Makian vowel harmony, and as such may surface as ne-, ni-, no-, or nu-.

Alternative forms

• ne-, ni-, no-, nu-

References

• Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[1], Pacific linguistics

Xhosa

Preposition

na-

1. with, in company of
2. (with subject concord) to have

Conjunction

na-

1. and (joining individual words)

Zulu

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /nʱa/

Preposition

na-

1. with, in company of
2. (with subject concord) to have

Usage notes

The meaning "have" can be analysed more literally as "to be with". In the negative, a- is prefixed to the subject concord, and the initial vowel of the noun prefix is dropped:

• Nginekati. ― I have a cat.
• Anginakati. ― I don't have a cat.

Conjunction

na-

1. and (joining individual words)

   Synonym: futhi

2. also, too

   Synonym: futhi

3. even (implying an extreme example)

References

• C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “na-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “na-”