na-
AzerbaijaniEdit
Cyrillic | на- | |
---|---|---|
Perso-Arabic | ناـ |
EtymologyEdit
Borrowed from Persian ناـ (nâ-).
PronunciationEdit
PrefixEdit
na- (rarely productive)
Derived termsEdit
ChichewaEdit
PronunciationEdit
PrefixEdit
ná-
- Prefixed to a traditional Chewa clan name to denote a woman belonging to that clan.
CurripacoEdit
PrefixEdit
na-
- third person plural agent marker
ReferencesEdit
- Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN, page 398
CzechEdit
EtymologyEdit
From na.
PrefixEdit
na-
- a prefix, often used where English would use a phrasal verb with on
- (as an imperfective verb) (often used with se) intensification: added to mean a lot
- na- + představovat se (“present onself”) → napředstavovat se (“present oneself many times”)
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- na- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
Derived from the preposition na
PronunciationEdit
Audio (file)
PrefixEdit
na-
AntonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
GunwingguEdit
PronunciationEdit
PrefixEdit
na-
- male prefix added onto human words.
Related termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Steven and Narelle Etherington, Kunwinjku Kunwok: A Short Introduction to Kunwinjku Language and Society (third edition, 1998)
KamberaEdit
PronounEdit
na-
- third person singular nominative proclitic
See alsoEdit
MakasarEdit
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
na- (nominative proclitic, Lontara spelling ᨊ)
See alsoEdit
MwotlapEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Torres-Banks *na, from Proto-Oceanic *na (“noun article”)
ArticleEdit
na-
MorphophonologyEdit
- When followed by a noun starting with a vowel, the vowel of na- is elided:
- When followed by a noun starting with a single consonant, na- normally changes its vowel to a clone of the vowel in the next syllable:
- When followed by a noun starting with two underlying consonants, na- normally remains unchanged:
SemanticsEdit
- General determiner; does not encode definiteness.
- Forms the determinate form of most nouns.
- For [+human] referents, the number value is singular, contrasting with dual yoge, trial tēlge, plural ige.
- nalqōvēn (“a woman”)
- — opp. yoge lōqōvēn (“two women”), tēlge lōqōvēn (“three women”), ige lōqōvēn (“women”).
- For [-human] referents, the number value of the article is unspecified.
ReferencesEdit
- François, Alexandre. 2005. A typological overview of Mwotlap, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu. Linguistic typology 9 (1): 115–146. DOI:10.1515/lity.2005.9.1.115.
- François, Alexandre. 2007. Noun articles in Torres and Banks languages: Conservation and innovation. In Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (eds.), Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley, 313–326. (Creole Language Library 30) Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Old PolishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na-.
PrefixEdit
na-
- Added to verbs to make them perfective
- Added to verbs to mean onto
- Added to verbs to with various meanings
Derived termsEdit
PolishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Old Polish na-.
PronunciationEdit
PrefixEdit
na-
- Added to verbs to make them perfective
- Added to verbs to mean onto
- Added to verbs to with various meanings
Derived termsEdit
SloveneEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *na-. Prefixed form of the preposition na.
PronunciationEdit
PrefixEdit
na-
- Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
- (no change in meaning)
- onto, into
- a little, to begin to
- enough of, a sufficient amount of
- (reflexive) excessively, thoroughly
Derived termsEdit
TagalogEdit
PrefixEdit
na-
- Used to form complete aspects of verbs prefixed with ma-
PrefixEdit
ná-
- (Batangas) Used to form progressive aspects of verbs prefixed with um- or infixed with -um-
- Nakain siya ng isda.
- He/She is eating fish
Usage notesEdit
The Batangas dialect prefix, when written, is generally a source of confusion and mockery for the majority of Tagalog speakers, but the two actually differ by pronunciation. The na-, where it indicates a perfective aspect, is pronounced without stress, while the na- prefix, where it indicates a progressive aspect in the Batangas dialect, is pronounced with stress.
Derived termsEdit
TernateEdit
PronounEdit
na-
- first-person plural inclusive possessive prefix, our
- Synonym: nga-
- second-person plural possessive prefix, your
- Synonym: nia-
- (human) third-person plural possessive prefix, their
- Synonym: nga-
See alsoEdit
independent | subject proclitic | possessive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Informal | Formal | |||||
1st person singular | ngori | fangarem, fajaruf | to | ri | ||
2nd person singular | ngana | ngoni, jou ngoni | no | ni | ||
3rd person singular | unam, minaf | om, mof, inh | im, mif, manh | |||
1st person plural inclusive | ngone | fo | na, nga | |||
1st person plural exclusive | ngomi | fangare ngomim, fajaru ngomif, fara ngomi1 | mi | mi, mia | ||
2nd person plural | ngoni | ni | na, nia | |||
3rd person plural | anah, enanh | ih, nh, yoh, †, yanh, † | nah, ngah, manh |
- unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
- m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
- 1 - for mixed-gender groups
- † - archaic
ReferencesEdit
- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
TurkishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ناـ (nâ-), from Persian ناـ (nâ-).
PrefixEdit
na- (rarely productive)
Derived termsEdit
West MakianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Cognate with Ternate na- (“our”).
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
na-
- first-person plural inclusive possessive prefix, our
Usage notesEdit
The possessive prefix na- is subject to West Makian vowel harmony, and as such may surface as ne-, ni-, or no-.
Alternative formsEdit
See alsoEdit
independent | possessive prefix | |
---|---|---|
1st person singular | de | ti |
2nd person singular | ni | ni |
3rd person singular | me | mVan., dVinan. |
1st person plural inclusive | ene | nV |
1st person plural exclusive | imi | mi |
2nd person plural | ini | fi |
3rd person plural | eme | di |
- V indicates the expected assimilated vowel of the following noun, following standard West Makian vowel harmony.
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
na-
- second-person singular clitic, you
- noco ― you see
Usage notesEdit
The prefix na- follows West Makian vowel harmony, and as such may surface as ne-, ni-, no-, or nu-.
Alternative formsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours[1], Pacific linguistics
XhosaEdit
PrepositionEdit
na-
ConjunctionEdit
na-
- and (joining individual words)
ZuluEdit
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
na-
Usage notesEdit
The meaning "have" can be analysed more literally as "to be with". In the negative, a- is prefixed to the subject concord, and the initial vowel of the noun prefix is dropped:
- Nginekati. ― I have a cat.
- Anginakati. ― I don't have a cat.
ConjunctionEdit
na-
- and (joining individual words)
- Synonym: futhi
- also, too
- Synonym: futhi
- even (implying an extreme example)
ReferencesEdit
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “na-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “na-”