Franco-Provençal
editPronoun
editj'
French
editPronunciation
editPronoun
editj’
- clitic form of je
- J’ai sommeil. ― I’m sleepy.
- J’habite à Paris. ― I live in Paris.
- J’veux pas savoir. ― I don't wanna know. (informal, short for "Je ne veux pas savoir.")
- J’comprends. ― I understand. (informal, see usage notes for pronunciation
Usage notes
edit- Je in formal French only becomes j’ before a vowel or an unaspirated h, where this is mandatory in spelling.
- In informal French, j’ may optionally be used before consonants, and devoices before unvoiced consonants, thus producing a ʃ sound, as in sheep.
- Before voiced consonants:
- J'vais bien. ― Doing fine.
- J'descend tout de suite! ― Coming down!
- whereas before unvoiced consonants:
- Chais pas. (j'sais pas) ― Dunno.
- Ch'peux pas. (j'peux pas) ― I can't.
- Before voiced consonants:
- Note that the ch’ spelling (and the j’ spelling before a vowel) is purely oral, it is not used in any type of written content except if one wishes to emphasize the language register spoken or the form is in itself a fixed expression.
Related terms
editnumber | person | gender | nominative (subject) |
accusative (direct complement) |
dative (indirect complement) |
locative (at) |
genitive (of) |
disjunctive (tonic)1 |
emphatic reflexive |
relative | proximal | distal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | first | — | je, j’ | me, m’ | — | — | moi | moi-même | — | |||
second | — | tu | te, t’ | — | — | toi | toi-même | — | ||||
third | masculine | il2 | le, l’ | lui | y | en | lui | lui-même | celui | celui-ci | celui-là | |
feminine | elle | la, l’ | elle | elle-même | celle | celle-ci | celle-là | |||||
indeterminate | on3, l’on (formal), ce4, c’, ça | — | — | — | — | — | — | ce | ceci | cela, ça | ||
reflexive | — | se, s’5 | — | — | soi | soi-même | — | |||||
plural | first | — | nous | nous | — | — | nous | nous-mêmes | — | |||
second6 | — | vous | vous | — | — | vous | vous-mêmes, vous-même6 |
— | ||||
third | masculine | ils7 | les | leur | y | en | eux7 | eux-mêmes7 | ceux | ceux-ci | ceux-là | |
feminine | elles | elles | elles-mêmes | celles | celles-ci | celles-là |
1 The disjunctive (tonic) forms are also used after an explicit preposition (de/d‘, à, pour, chez, dans, vers, sur, sous, ...), instead the accusative, dative, genitive, locative, or reflexive forms, where a preposition is implied.
2 Il is also used as an impersonal nominative-only pronoun.
3 On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms).
4 The nominal indeterminate form ce (demonstrative) can also be used with the auxiliary verb être as a plural, instead of the proximal or distal gendered forms.
5 The reflexive third person singular forms (se or s’) for accusative or dative are also used as third person plural reflexive.
6 Vous is also used as the polite singular form, in which case the plural disjunctive tonic vous-mêmes becomes singular vous-même.
7 Ils, eux and eux-mêmes are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members.
Further reading
edit- “j'”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Neapolitan
editPronunciation
editPronoun
editj’
- Franco-Provençal non-lemma forms
- Franco-Provençal pronoun forms
- Franco-Provençal clippings
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio pronunciation
- French non-lemma forms
- French pronoun forms
- French personal pronouns
- French terms with usage examples
- Neapolitan terms with IPA pronunciation
- Neapolitan lemmas
- Neapolitan pronouns
- Neapolitan terms with usage examples