il
Translingual edit
Alternative forms edit
Numeral edit
il
- (informal) A Roman numeral representing forty-nine (49).
See also edit
Akatek edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Mayan *il- Compare with Achi ilonik
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
il
- (transitive) to see, to watch, look at
References edit
Azerbaijani edit
Cyrillic | ил | |
---|---|---|
Abjad | ایل |
Etymology edit
From Proto-Turkic *yïl (“year”).[1] Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰘𐰃𐰞 (yïl).[2]
Pronunciation edit
Audio (file)
Noun edit
il (definite accusative ili, plural illər)
Declension edit
Declension of il | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||||||
nominative | il |
illər | ||||||
definite accusative | ili |
illəri | ||||||
dative | ilə |
illərə | ||||||
locative | ildə |
illərdə | ||||||
ablative | ildən |
illərdən | ||||||
definite genitive | ilin |
illərin |
Derived terms edit
References edit
- ^ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jɨl”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
- ^ Abuseitova, M. Kh, Bukhatuly, B., editors (2008), “𐰖𐰃𐰞”, in TÜRIK BITIG: Ethno Cultural Dictionary, Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of Republic of Kazakhstan
Bunak edit
Noun edit
il
Further reading edit
- A. Schapper, J. Huber, A. van Engelenhoven, The Historical Relation of the Papuan Languages of Timor and Kisar, Language and Linguistics in Melnesia, Special Issue : On the History, Contact and Classification of Papuan languages (2012) pp. 194-242
Danish edit
Noun edit
il c
Verb edit
il
- imperative of ile
Epigraphic Mayan edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Mayan *il-.
Verb edit
il
- to see
Faroese edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
il f (genitive singular iljar, plural iljar)
f8 | Singular | Plural | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | il | ilin | iljar | iljarnar |
Accusative | il | ilina | iljar | iljarnar |
Dative | il | ilini | iljum | iljunum |
Genitive | iljar | iljarinnar | ilja | iljanna |
French edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Middle French il, from Old French il, from Vulgar Latin *illī, which is derived from Classical Latin ille.[1]
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): /il/ IPA(key): (informal) /i/
- (Quebec, informal) IPA(key): (preconsonantal) /i/, (prevocalic) /j/
audio (file) - Homophones: ils, île, îles, y
- Rhymes: -il
Pronoun edit
il m (third-person singular, plural ils, accusative le, dative lui, emphatic lui, possessive determiner son)
- he (third-person singular masculine subject pronoun for human subject)
- Il est parti.
- He left.
- it (third-person singular subject pronoun for grammatically masculine objects)
- Je cherche mon livre. Où est-il ?
- I'm looking for my book. Where is it?
- (impersonal pronoun) Impersonal subject; it
- Il pleut.
- It’s raining.
Related terms edit
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | je, j’ | me, m’ | moi | |
Second | — | tu | te, t’ | toi | ||
Third | Masculine | il | le, l’ | lui | lui | |
Feminine | elle | la, l’ | elle | |||
Gender neutral5 | iel | lea | ellui | |||
Indeterminate | on1 | — | — | — | ||
Reflexive | — | se, s’4 | soi4 | |||
Plural | First | — | nous | nous | nous | |
Second | — | vous2 | vous2,3 | vous2 | ||
Third | Masculine | ils3 | les | leur | eux | |
Feminine | elles | elles | ||||
Gender neutral5 | iels | elleux |
- 1 Also used as the first person plural.
- 2 Also used as the polite singular form.
- 3 Also used when a group has both men and women.
- 4 Also used as third person plural reflexive.
- 5 Colloquial, and not in popular use.
References edit
- ^ Dauzat, Albert with Jean Dubois, Henri Mitterand (1964) chapter IL, in Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique (in French), Paris: Librairie Larousse
Further reading edit
- chapter IL, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams edit
Friulian edit
Friulian Definite Articles | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
masculine | il l' |
i |
feminine | la l' |
lis |
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Latin illum, ultimately from ille.
Article edit
il m sg (plural i)
See also edit
Haitian Creole edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
il
Icelandic edit
Etymology edit
From Old Norse il, from Proto-Germanic *iljō.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
il f (genitive singular iljar, nominative plural iljar)
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
Ido edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
il (plural ili, possessive ilua, possessive plural ilui)
See also edit
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Possessive | Nominative | Possessive | ||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
First person | me | mea | mei | ni | nia | nii | |
Second person | Formal | vu | vua | vui | vi | via | vii |
Familiar | tu | tua | tui | ||||
Third person | Masculine | ilu, il | ilua | ilui | ili | ilia | ilii |
Feminine | elu, el | elua | elui | eli | elia | elii | |
Neuter | olu, ol | olua | olui | oli | olia | olii | |
Common | lu | lua | lui | li | lia | lii | |
Reflexive | su | sua | sui | su | sua | sui | |
Indefinite | onu, on | onua | onui | onu, on | onua | onui | |
Notes | |||||||
The possessive plurals are seldom used. | |||||||
The shortened forms are preferred. | |||||||
The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered or neuter forms in most scenarios. |
Interlingua edit
Pronoun edit
il
- personal pronoun used with impersonal verbs
- Il ha multe arbores illac.
- There are many trees there.
Usage notes edit
Optional.
Irish edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Old Irish il, from Proto-Celtic *ɸilus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-.
Adjective edit
il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Adjective edit
il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)
- Alternative form of oll (“great; huge, vast, immense”)
Declension edit
Mutation edit
Irish mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Radical | Eclipsis | with h-prothesis | with t-prothesis |
il | n-il | hil | not applicable |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading edit
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) chapter IL, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- Entries containing “il” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
- Entries containing “il” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.
Italian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From earlier *ille, *elle, from Latin illum (and illud), ultimately from ille. The final vowel fell by apocope, and the /e/ (< Latin ⟨ē ĭ⟩) in monosyllable particles shifted to /i/ in Tuscan, compare in, di, ri-, mi. The form el is found in older texts and can still be heard regionally.
Patota claims this to be from the older form lo (from the same source), via an intermediate form l. The initial i would be a svarabhakti vowel added to the form l in order to make the pronunciation easier.[1]
Pronunciation edit
Article edit
Italian Definite Articles | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
masculine | il lo/l' |
i gli |
feminine | la/l' | le |
il m sg (plural i)
References edit
Anagrams edit
Middle French edit
Etymology edit
From Old French il.
Pronoun edit
il m
Descendants edit
- French: il
Norwegian Bokmål edit
Noun edit
il f or m (definite singular ila or ilen, indefinite plural iler, definite plural ilene)
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Etymology edit
From Old Norse il f, from Proto-Germanic *iljō f, *ili n.
Noun edit
il f (definite singular ila, indefinite plural iler, definite plural ilene)
Inflection edit
Historical inflection of il
Forms in italics are currently considered non-standard. Forms in [brackets] were official, but considered second-tier. Forms in (parentheses) were allowed under Midlandsnormalen. 1Nouns were capitalised for most of the 19th century. Like il, see also fet and hes. |
Related terms edit
References edit
- “il” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Old French edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Latin ille (masculine nominative).
Pronoun edit
il m sg (feminine ele)
- he (third-person masculine singular subject pronoun)
Descendants edit
Etymology 2 edit
From Vulgar Latin illī, nominative masculine plural of Latin ille.
Alternative forms edit
- ils (late, analogic)
Pronoun edit
il m pl (feminine eles)
- they (third-person masculine plural subject pronoun)
- c. 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:
- S'il vos poent ataindre, ja vos areient tué.
- If they could range you, they would have already killed you.
Descendants edit
Old Irish edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Celtic *ɸilus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-. Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu, “much”), Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “much”), Sanskrit पुरु (puru, “much”).
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
il (equative lir, comparative lia)
- much, many (usually as the first member of a compound, usually governs a plural noun)
- cosin taidbse il ― with much ostentation
- Is amlid do·rigéni Dia corp duini ó il-ballaib. ― Thus God has made man's body of many members.
- Is ferr precept oldaas labrad il-béelre. ― Preaching is better than speaking many languages.
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4d15
- In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc benir il-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.
- The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit on it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes
- c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26b7
- De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”
- Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.
Inflection edit
As a preposed adjective, usually uninflected, but the following forms are found occasionally:
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
Mutation edit
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
il | unchanged | n-il |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading edit
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 il”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Old Norse edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Germanic *iljō, *ili (“sole”).
Noun edit
il f (genitive iljar, plural iljar)
Declension edit
Descendants edit
References edit
“il”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Somali edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Cushitic *ʔil-. Cognates include Oromo ija, Sidamo ille and Jiiddu el.[1]
Noun edit
il
References edit
- “il” In: Abdullah Umar Mansur (1985) Qaamuska Afsoomaliga.
Swedish edit
Etymology edit
From ila (“to hurry”).
Noun edit
il c
Declension edit
Declension of il | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | il | ilen | ilar | ilarna |
Genitive | ils | ilens | ilars | ilarnas |
Derived terms edit
References edit
Turkish edit
Etymology edit
From Ottoman Turkish ایل (il), from Proto-Turkic *ēl (“realm”). Doublet of el.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
il (definite accusative ili, plural iller)
Declension edit
Inflection | ||
---|---|---|
Nominative | il | |
Definite accusative | ili | |
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | il | iller |
Definite accusative | ili | illeri |
Dative | ile | illere |
Locative | ilde | illerde |
Ablative | ilden | illerden |
Genitive | ilin | illerin |
Tzotzil edit
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
il
- (transitive) to see
References edit
- Laughlin, Robert M. [et al.] (1988) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, vol. I. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Yucatec Maya edit
Verb edit
il (transitive)
Conjugation edit
singular | plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
imperfective | kin wilik | ka wilik | ku yilik | k ilik | ka wilikeʼex | ku yilikoʼob |
perfective | tin wilaj | ta wilaj | tu yilaj | t k ilaj | ta wilajeʼex | tu yilajoʼob |
subjunctive | ka in wilej | ka a wilej | ka u yilej | ka k ilej | ka a wileʼex | ka u yiloʼob |
imperative | - | ilej | - | - | ileʼex | - |