Wiktionary

ruga

See also: Ruga, rugá, rugă, rugą, ruĝa, and rũga

English

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈɹuː.ɡə/
    • Audio (US):(file)
  • Rhymes: -uːɡə

Noun

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ruga (plural rugae)

  1. (anatomy, zootomy, botany, usually in the plural) A fold, crease or wrinkle.
    • 1980, Joseph Kenneth Jonathan, The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), page 83:
      Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, rugae somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; […]
    • 1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon:
      the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the Rugæ of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky

Derived terms

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Translations

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References

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Anagrams

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Afar

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Ruga (1).

Pronunciation 1

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  • IPA(key): /ˈruɡa/ [ˈɾʊɡʌ]
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Noun

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rúga m (plural rugaagí f)

  1. male calf
Declension
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Declension of rúga
absolutive rúga
predicative rúga
subjective rugí
genitive rugí
Postpositioned forms
l-case rúgal
k-case rúgak
t-case rúgat
h-case rúgah
Derived terms
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Pronunciation 2

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  • IPA(key): /ruˈɡa/ [ɾʊˈɡʌ]
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Noun

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rugá f (plural rugaagí f)

  1. female calf
Declension
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Declension of rugá
absolutive rugá
predicative rugá
subjective rugá
genitive rugá
Postpositioned forms
l-case rugál
k-case rugák
t-case rugát
h-case rugáh

References

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  • E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 183
  • Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Catalan

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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ruga f (plural rugues)

  1. Alternative form of arruga (“wrinkle”)

Italian

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Etymology

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From Latin ruga, from Proto-Indo-European *krewp- (“to become encrusted”), extension of *krew- (“scab”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈru.ɡa/
  • Rhymes: -uɡa
  • Hyphenation: rù‧ga

Noun

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ruga f (plural rughe)

  1. wrinkle, line

Derived terms

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Anagrams

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Kikuyu

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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ruga (infinitive kũruga)

  1. to cook

Derived terms

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(Nouns)

(Verbs)

(Proverbs)

References

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  • Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).

Latin

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Etymology

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From Proto-Italic *rougā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂- (“wrinkle”), related to *h₁rewg- (“to roar, belch”), where the sense development would be "to belch" → "to undulate"[1] → "to be rugged" → "crease, wrinkle".[2] Compare ructo (“I belch, bring up noisily”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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rūga f (genitive rūgae); first declension

  1. (usually in the plural) a crease in the face, wrinkle
  2. (transferred sense) a crease, fold, plait, wrinkle, corrugation of any kind
    1. a female screw (nut (that fits on a bolt)) (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
  3. (Early Medieval Latin) a street[3]
  This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

Inflection

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First-declension noun.

Case Singular Plural
Nominative rūga rūgae
Genitive rūgae rūgārum
Dative rūgae rūgīs
Accusative rūgam rūgās
Ablative rūgā rūgīs
Vocative rūga rūgae

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Descendants of rūga in other languages
  • Aromanian: arugã
  • Catalan: arruga, ruga, rua
  • → English: ruga
  • → Italian: ruga
  • Old French: rue
    • French: rue
    • Norman: rue
    • → Old Galician-Portuguese: rua
  • Old Occitan:
  • Old Spanish: rua
  • Piedmontese: rùa
  • → Portuguese: ruga
  • → Spanish: ruga
  • → Venetian: ruga

References

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  • “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • ruga in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
  • “ruga”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2000 November) “Reconsidering Dutch rups, German Raupe 'caterpillar'”, in Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, volume 54, number 1, Brill Publishers, page 160:
    The connection between 'to belch' and 'caterpillar' may be the way in which a caterpillar moves forward, viz. by slowly pushing itself foward (sic), first with its hind legs, thus raising the central part of its body to a curve, which is lowered again when the front legs move forward. This movement may easily call into mind the lowering and raising of the Adam's apple when people belch, or retching movements of the throat when vomiting.
  2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ruga”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 528-29
  3. ^ Joan Coromines, José A. Pascual (1984) “arruga”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (in Spanish), volumes I (A–Ca), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 360

Polish

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈru.ɡa/
  • Rhymes: -uɡa
  • Syllabification: ru‧ga

Etymology 1

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Deverbal from rugać.

Noun

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ruga f

  1. (colloquial) scolding, slating (criticism)
    Synonym: reprymenda
Declension
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Declension of ruga
singular plural
nominative ruga rugi
genitive rugi rug
dative rudze rugom
accusative rugę rugi
instrumental rugą rugami
locative rudze rugach
vocative rugo rugi
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verbs

Etymology 2

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

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ruga

  1. third-person singular present of rugać

Further reading

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  • ruga in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

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Etymology 1

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From Latin ruga. Doublet of rua (“street”).

Pronunciation

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  • Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Noun

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ruga f (plural rugas)

  1. wrinkle
  2. crease
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Etymology 2

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Verb

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ruga

  1. inflection of rugar:
    1. third-person singular present indicative
    2. second-person singular imperative

Romanian

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Etymology

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Inherited from Latin rogāre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵ-, ablaut of *h₃reǵ-.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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a ruga (third-person singular present roagă, past participle rugat) 1st conj.

  1. (transitive) to politely ask
    Rugăm pasagerii să își pună centurile de siguranță.
    We ask the passengers to fasten their seatbelts.
  2. (reflexive) to pray [with la ‘deity’]
  3. (reflexive) to insistently or repeatedly ask [with de ‘person’]

Usage notes

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Ruga in the meaning of “ask (for)” expresses the request by a secondary clause and never through a prepositional object.

Conjugation

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    conjugation of ruga (first conjugation, no infix)
infinitive a ruga
gerund rugând
past participle rugat
number singular plural
person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative eu tu el/ea noi voi ei/ele
present rog rogi roagă rugăm rugați roagă
imperfect rugam rugai ruga rugam rugați rugau
simple perfect rugai rugași rugă rugarăm rugarăți rugară
pluperfect rugasem rugaseși rugase rugaserăm rugaserăți rugaseră
subjunctive eu tu el/ea noi voi ei/ele
present să rog să rogi să roage să rugăm să rugați să roage
imperative — tu — — voi —
affirmative roagă rugați
negative nu ruga nu rugați

Derived terms

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See also

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References

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Sardinian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology 1

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From Latin rūga.

Noun

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ruga f (plural rugas)

  1. street
Alternative forms
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Etymology 2

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From Latin eruca.

Noun

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ruga f (plural rugas)

  1. caterpillar

See also

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Spanish

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Verb

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ruga

  1. inflection of rugar:
    1. third-person singular present indicative
    2. second-person singular imperative

Veps

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Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *ruka

Noun

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ruga

  1. resin

Inflection

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Inflection of ruga (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing. ruga
genitive sing. rugan
partitive sing. rugad
partitive plur. rugid
singular plural
nominative ruga rugad
accusative rugan rugad
genitive rugan rugiden
partitive rugad rugid
essive-instructive rugan rugin
translative rugaks rugikš
inessive rugas rugiš
elative rugaspäi rugišpäi
illative rugaha rugihe
adessive rugal rugil
ablative rugalpäi rugilpäi
allative rugale rugile
abessive rugata rugita
comitative ruganke rugidenke
prolative rugadme rugidme
approximative I ruganno rugidenno
approximative II rugannoks rugidennoks
egressive rugannopäi rugidennopäi
terminative I rugahasai rugihesai
terminative II rugalesai rugilesai
terminative III rugassai —
additive I rugahapäi rugihepäi
additive II rugalepäi rugilepäi

References

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  • Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “смола”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎[2], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
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