sacīt
Latvian edit
Etymology edit
From *sakīti, from Proto-Baltic *sek-, *sak-, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sákīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to sniff out a trail, to chase, to look for”).
The meaning changes may have been: “to chase, to look for” > “to follow” > “to follow (with words, after what someone else said)” > “to say.”
Cognates include Lithuanian sakýti, Old Norse segja, German sagen (< *sokʷē-), Ancient Greek ἐν(ν)έπω (en(n)épō, “to narrate, to tell, to relate”) (< *en-sekʷ-), Latin inquam (“to say”).[1]
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
sacīt (transitive, 3rd conjugation, present saku, saki, saka, past sacīju)
- to say, tell (to express something, especially something short, orally)
- sacīt kaut ko klusā balsī ― to say something in a low voice
- sacīt patiesību ― to tell the truth
- sacīt labus vārdus ― to say good words
- nesacīt nekā ― to say nothing
- sacīt, teikt labrītu (labdienu, labvakaru) ― to say good morning (good day, good evening)
- sacīt, teikt paldies ― to say thank you
- “Ej vien”, Liene gribēja sacīt, bet mēle viņai nekustējās ― “Go alone,” Liene wanted to say, but (her) tongue did not move
- to say, to tell (to make something known, to inform about something)
- nesacīt nevienam savu adresi ― to not tell anyone (one's) address
- to say, to tell, to order, to warn
- nav divreiz jāsaka ― there is no need to say it twice (i.e., the order will be followed)
- ja tu man neatdosi parādu, no ciemata tevi ārā nelaidīšu, to es tev saku! ― if you don't pay me the debt, I won't let you leave the village, I'm telling you!
- to say (to have and/or express an opinion)
- sacīt savus vārdus ― to tell one's opinion (lit. to say one's words)
- ko tu par to saki? ― what do you say about that?
- to say (to express something in a work of art, or in a written text)
- dzejnieks, sakot savu sakāmo, katrreiz no jauna mēģina risināt arī mākslinieciskus mērķus ― the poet, saying what he has to say, every time tries again to get the artistic goals
- ieskatīsimies enciklopēdijā: tur skaidri un gaiši sacīts, ka... ― let's look in the enciclopedia: there it is said plainly and clearly that...
- (in the debitive 3rd person) it must be said, it must be admitted, I have to say (that...)
- jāsaka, reizēm dzejnieka lugās patiešām ir izšķērdīga dzejas tēlu bagātība ― I have to say, sometimes there really is a wealth of wasteful poetic images in the poet's plays
- (figuratively) to say (to express non-orally, with one's actions, facial expressions, etc.)
- ko tu man saki ar deju šo? ― what are you saying to me with this dance?
- barons paskatījās runātājā ar skatu, kas skaidri sacīja: “tārps” ― the baron looked at the speaker with a look that clearly said: “(you) worm”
- (figuratively) to say (to be, to happen in such a way that some conclusion or information can be deduced, obtained)
- šis lietus tagad sapurina visus, cilvēkus, kustoņus un augus, un saka: vasara ir vēl tikai pašā sākumā, skatieties un priecājieties ― this rain now cheers everything up, people, animals and plants, and says: summer is still only in the beginning, look and rejoice
- (in the combination nesacīt nekā, nesacīt neko) to not reproach, to not condemn, to not complain (lit. to say nothing)
- sieva nekā liela nesacīs pat tad, ja citi vedīs mājās lašus, bet viņš slaistīsies pa malu... viņa taču arī zina, ka labāktās zvejas vietas aizņemtas ― (his) wife won't say anything even if the others bring home salmon while he sits idly on the coast... she knows, after all, that the best fishing places are taken
- (dated sense) to call, to consider (something as something else)
- saka ozolu cietu koku ― (they) say, consider oak a solid tree
- Vasaraudzis liek visu Andra vainā, Andris atkal saka zirga vainu ― Vasaraudzis put all the blame in Andris, Andris in turn said, called the horse guilty (= said that the horse was to blame)
Usage notes edit
The verbs sacīt and teikt seem to be near-perfect synonyms. Note, however, that the present tense forms of teikt are not often used; the corresponding forms of sacīt are much more frequent.
Conjugation edit
conjugation of sacīt
| INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) | IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (tagadne) |
Past (pagātne) |
Future (nākotne) | |||
| 1st pers. sg. | es | saku | sacīju | sacīšu | — |
| 2nd pers. sg. | tu | saki | sacīji | sacīsi | saki |
| 3rd pers. sg. | viņš, viņa | saka | sacīja | sacīs | lai saka |
| 1st pers. pl. | mēs | sakām | sacījām | sacīsim | sacīsim |
| 2nd pers. pl. | jūs | sakāt | sacījāt | sacīsiet, sacīsit |
sakiet |
| 3rd pers. pl. | viņi, viņas | saka | sacīja | sacīs | lai saka |
| RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) | PARTICIPLES (divdabji) | ||||
| Present | sakot | Present Active 1 (Adj.) | sakošs | ||
| Past | esot sacījis | Present Active 2 (Adv.) | sacīdams | ||
| Future | sacīšot | Present Active 3 (Adv.) | sakot | ||
| Imperative | lai sakot | Present Active 4 (Obj.) | sakām | ||
| CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) | Past Active | sacījis | |||
| Present | sacītu | Present Passive | sakāms | ||
| Past | būtu sacījis | Past Passive | sacīts | ||
| DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) | NOMINAL FORMS | ||||
| Indicative | (būt) jāsaka | Infinitive (nenoteiksme) | sacīt | ||
| Conjunctive 1 | esot jāsaka | Negative Infinitive | nesacīt | ||
| Conjunctive 2 | jāsakot | Verbal noun | sacīšana | ||
Synonyms edit
Related terms edit
- prefixed verbs:
- other derived terms:
References edit
- ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “sacīt”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN