亢

亢 U+4EA2, 亢 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA2 ← 亡 [U+4EA1] CJK Unified Ideographs 亣 → [U+4EA3]

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

亢 (radical 8 亠+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 卜竹弓 (YHN), four-corner 0021₇, composition ⿱亠几)

Derived charactersEdit

• 抗 杭 航 䶳

ReferencesEdit

• KangXi: page 88, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 288
• Dae Jaweon: page 185, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 280, character 1
• Unihan data for U+4EA2

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ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		亢

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 亢
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Bronze inscriptions b15195 b15196 b15197 b15198 b15199 b15200 b15201 b15202 Small seal script s07527 Transcribed ancient scripts L10045 L10046
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (亢) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
笐	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs
亢	*kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs
牨	*kaːŋ
苀	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
魧	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
迒	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
邟	*kʰaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
忼	*kʰaːŋʔ, *qʰaːŋ
骯	*kʰaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *qaːŋ
抗	*kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
炕	*kʰaːŋs, *qʰaːŋ
伉	*kʰaːŋs
閌	*kʰaːŋs
犺	*kʰaːŋs
蚢	*kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
砊	*kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ
阬	*kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ
頏	*kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
航	*ɡaːŋ
杭	*ɡaːŋ
沆	*ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
肮	*ɡaːŋ
吭	*ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs
秔	*kraːŋ
坑	*kʰraːŋ
劥	*kʰraːŋ

Etymology 1Edit

PronunciationEdit

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kàng (kang⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄤˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kong³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: kàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄤˋ
    • Wade-Giles: k'ang⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kanq
    • IPA ^(key): /kʰɑŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: kong³
    • Yale: kong
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kong³
    • Guangdong Romanization: kong³
    • IPA ^(key): /kʰɔːŋ³³/

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• Middle Chinese: /kʰɑŋ^H/▼

Rime
Character	亢
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦浪切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɑŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɑŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰaŋH/
Li Rong	/kʰɑŋH/
Wang Li	/kʰɑŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰɑŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kàng

• Old Chinese▼

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	亢
Reading #	2/2
No.	7367
Phonetic component	亢
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	抗
Old Chinese	/*kʰaːŋs/

DefinitionsEdit

亢

1. high; arrogant; haughty

   高亢  ―  gāokàng  ―  (of sound) loud and sonorous; excited; high spirits; (of appearance) haughty

   不卑不亢  ―  bùbēibùkàng  ―  neither obsequious nor supercilious

2. firm; resolute

   亢直  ―  kàngzhí  ―  upright and outspoken

3. dry; arid; drought

   亢旱  ―  kànghàn  ―  severe drought

4. extreme; too much
5. exceed; excessive
6. ridge of a roof
7. (～宿) Neck Mansion (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions)
8. A surname​.

Etymology 2Edit

Pronunciation 1Edit

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gāng (gang¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄤ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gong¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: gāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄤ
    • Wade-Giles: kang¹
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gang
    • IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gong¹
    • Yale: gōng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gong¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gong¹
    • IPA ^(key): /kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /kɑŋ/▼

Rime
Character	亢
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古郎切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaŋ/
Li Rong	/kɑŋ/
Wang Li	/kɑŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāng

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*k-ŋˤaŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːŋ/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	亢
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gāng
Middle Chinese	‹ kang ›
Old Chinese	/*k-ŋˤaŋ/
English	lift high
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	亢
Reading #	1/2
No.	7357
Phonetic component	亢
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	岡
Old Chinese	/*kaːŋ/

DefinitionsEdit

亢

1. ^† neck

   alt. forms: 頏／颃, 肮

2. ^† throat

   alt. forms: 頏／颃, 肮

Pronunciation 2Edit

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): háng (hang²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄤˊ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: háng
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄤˊ
    • Wade-Giles: hang²
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hangr
    • IPA ^(key): /xɑŋ³⁵/

DefinitionsEdit

亢

1. Variant pronunciation of sense “neck” above.
2. Variant pronunciation of sense “throat” above.

   alt. forms: 吭

3. ^† carotid artery
4. ^† footprint, mark, trace

   alt. forms: 迒

CompoundsEdit

• 不亢不卑
• 不卑不亢 (bùbēibùkàng)
• 亢奮／亢奋 (kàngfèn)
• 亢宗
• 亢旱 (kànghàn)

• 亢直 (kàngzhí)
• 亢禮／亢礼
• 亢身
• 亢進／亢进 (kàngjìn)
• 亢陽／亢阳

• 亢龍有悔／亢龙有悔
• 批亢擣虛／批亢擣虚
• 矯亢／矫亢
• 藏頭亢腦／藏头亢脑
• 高亢 (gāokàng)

ReferencesEdit

• 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.

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JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

亢

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

ReadingsEdit

• On (unclassified): こう (kō)
• Kun: たかぶる (takaburu, 亢る)

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KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

亢 • (hang) (hangeul 항, revised hang, McCune-Reischauer hang)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

亢 (cang, khảng)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

ReferencesEdit

• Nom Foundation