-ke
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ke"
DutchEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From earlier -ken, from Middle Dutch -ken, -kin, -kijn, apparently representing Proto-Germanic *-ukīną, a double diminutive, from *-ukaz. The standard Dutch -tje and its variants are derived from -ke(n) through palatalization. Cognate with German -chen, Low German -ken, English -kin, -ock.
PronunciationEdit
Audio (file)
SuffixEdit
-ke n (plural -kes)
- Appended to a noun, making it diminutive.
EstonianEdit
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-ke (genitive -kese, partitive -kest)
- A noun suffix that builds diminutives from nouns.
- kivi (stone) → kivike (a small stone)
Usage notesEdit
Diminutives can be stacked, yielding -kene, -keseke, -kesekene. The longer forms are rarely used.
DeclensionEdit
Inflection of -ke (ÕS type 12/oluline, no gradation)
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -ke | -kesed |
accusative | -kese | -kesed |
genitive | -kese | -keste |
partitive | -kest | -kesi |
illative | -kesse -kesesse |
-kestesse -kesisse |
inessive | -keses | -kestes -kesis |
elative | -kesest | -kestest -kesist |
allative | -kesele | -kestele -kesile |
adessive | -kesel | -kestel -kesil |
ablative | -keselt | -kestelt -kesilt |
translative | -keseks | -kesteks -kesiks |
terminative | -keseni | -kesteni |
essive | -kesena | -kestena |
abessive | -keseta | -kesteta |
comitative | -kesega | -kestega |
Inflection of -ke (ÕS type 10/soolane, no gradation)
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -ke | -kesed |
accusative | -kese | -kesed |
genitive | -kese | -keste |
partitive | -kest | -keseid |
illative | -kesesse | -kestesse -keseisse |
inessive | -keses | -kestes -keseis |
elative | -kesest | -kestest -keseist |
allative | -kesele | -kestele -keseile |
adessive | -kesel | -kestel -keseil |
ablative | -keselt | -kestelt -keseilt |
translative | -keseks | -kesteks -keseiks |
terminative | -keseni | -kesteni |
essive | -kesena | -kestena |
abessive | -keseta | -kesteta |
comitative | -kesega | -kestega |
FinnishEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ke
- Forms diminutive forms of nouns.
- Forms nouns from verbs, often to describe the result of an action.
- (rare) Forms nouns from adjectives.
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- § 257 ke-sanojen koostumus ja merkitys, Iso suomen kielioppi, 2004[1]
AnagramsEdit
German Low GermanEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- -ken (in other dialects)
EtymologyEdit
Compare German -chen, Dutch -ke.
SuffixEdit
-ke (noun plural -kes)
- (Low Prussian) Suffix used to form the diminutive of nouns and hypocoristic forms of proper nouns and other parts of speech.
- Brotke ― bread
- Anke ― Annie
- Gottke ― God
- kommke ― come (second-person singular present imperative, hypocoristic)
ReferencesEdit
- Erhard Riemann (et al.), Preußisches Wörterbuch: deutsche Mundarten Ost- und Westpreußens (1974)
- A. Treichel, Dialectische Räthsel, Reime und Märchen aus dem Ermlande, in Altpreussische Monatsschrift neue Folge. Der Preussischen Provinzial-Blätter vierte Folge, volume 27 (1890), edited by Rudolf Reicke and Ernst Wichert, pp. 327–332; on p. 332:
- Aus Braunsberg wird mir noch gemeldet (Pfr. Preuschoff), daß dort und in der Umgegend die Verkleinerungs-Endsilbe -chen und -lein, erstere in -ke verplattdeutscht, überaus häufig und überall angehängt werden, wie z. B. Jacke! nêke! kommke! Ebenso an Personennamen. Man hört die Schulkinder ihren Gefährten also zurufen: Albrechtke, Ehmke, Eadmannke (Erdmannchen), Wulfke u. s. w.
- H. Frischbier, Preußisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und westpreussische Provinzialismen, volume 1, A–K (1882)
- H. Frischbier, Preußisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und westpreussische Provinzialismen, volume 2, L–Z (1883)
HungarianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka and Estonian -ke.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ke
- (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.
Usage notesEdit
- (diminutive suffix) Harmonic variants:
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
ZuluEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-ke
Usage notesEdit
The suffix is usually affixed to the first word of the sentence.
ReferencesEdit
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972) , “-ke”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-ke”