From Proto-Indo-European *só.
*sa
- that
Declension of *sa (irregular)
Case
|
Masculine
|
Feminine
|
Neuter
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Nominative
|
*sa
|
*þai
|
*sō
|
*þôz
|
*þat
|
*þō
|
Accusative
|
*þanǭ
|
*þanz
|
*þǭ
|
*þōz
|
*þat
|
*þō
|
Genitive
|
*þas
|
*þaizǫ̂
|
*þaizōz
|
*þaizǫ̂
|
*þas
|
*þaizǫ̂
|
Dative
|
*þammai
|
*þaimaz
|
*þaizōi
|
*þaimaz
|
*þammai
|
*þaimaz
|
Instrumental
|
*þanō
|
*þaimiz
|
*þaizō
|
*þaimiz
|
*þanō
|
*þaimiz
|
- Nominative
- *sa (nominative singular masculine; OE and OS sē derive from related *sai)
- Proto-West Germanic:
- Proto-Norse: ᛋᛡ (sᴀ)
- Old Norse: sá
- Icelandic: sá
- Faroese: sá
- Old Swedish: sa
- Gothic: 𐍃𐌰 (sa)
- ⇒ (s- analogically replaced with þ- of the other forms)
- Proto-West Germanic:
- Old English: þē
- Old Frisian: thī, thā
- North Frisian: di
- Saterland Frisian: die
- West Frisian: de, dy
- Old Saxon: thē
- Old Dutch: thie
- Old High German: dēr (also influenced by adjective inflection)
- Middle High German: der
- Alemannic German: dr
- Swabian: d'r
- Bavarian: da
- Cimbrian: dèar, dar
- Mòcheno: der
- Central Franconian:
- Hunsrik: dää
- Kölsch: dä
- German: der
- Hessian: dè
- Yiddish: דער (der)
- *sō (nominative singular feminine) (see there for further descendants)
- *þat (nominative/accusative singular neuter) (see there for further descendants)
- *þai (nominative plural masculine) (see there for further descendants)
- *þôz (nominative/accusative plural feminine)
- *þō (nominative/accusative plural neuter)
- Accusative
For singular neuter, plural feminine, and plural neuter forms, see Nominative section above.
- *þanǭ (accusative singular masculine)
- Proto-West Germanic: *þanā
- Old English: þone, ðane — Kentish, þane, þæne, þene — Mercian, ðæne, ðene — Northumbrian, þonne, þon — Northumbrian
- Old Saxon: thana, thena
- Old Dutch: thana
- Old High German: then, den
- Old Norse: þann
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 (þana)
- *þǭ (accusative singular feminine)
- Proto-West Germanic: *þā
- Old English: þā
- Old Saxon: thia
- Old Dutch: thie-a
- Old High German: diu
- Middle High German: diu
- Alemannic German: d
- Cimbrian: dòi
- East Central German: de
- German: die
- Kölsch: die
- Luxembourgish: déi
- Yiddish: די (di)
- Old Norse: þá
- Icelandic: þá
- Faroese: ta
- Old Swedish: þā, þē
- Gothic: 𐌸𐍉 (þō)
- *þanz (accusative plural masculine)
- Old Norse: þá
- Icelandic: þá
- Faroese: tá (obsolete)
- Old Swedish: þā
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 (þans)
- Genitive
- *þas (genitive singular masculine/neuter)
- Proto-West Germanic: *þas
- Old English: þæs
- Old Saxon: thes
- Old Dutch: thes
- Old High German:
- Old Norse: þess
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐍃 (þis)
- *þaizōz (genitive singular feminine)
- *þaizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
- Dative
- *þammai (dative singular masculine/neuter)
- *þaizōi (dative singular feminine)
- *þaimaz (dative plural)
- Instrumental
- *þanō (instrumental singular masculine/neuter)
- *þaizō (instrumental singular feminine)
- *þaimiz (instrumental plural)