baca

See also: Appendix:Variations of "baca"

Aragonese

Etymology

From Latin vacca.

Noun

baca f (plural bacas)

1. Superseded spelling of vaca (“cow”).

Azerbaijani

Etymology 1

From Persian باجه.

Noun

baca (definite accusative bacanı, plural bacalar)

1. chimney
2. smokehole or a hole the ceiling through which air and light can enter a countryside building
3. a hatchway (e.g. leading to a sewer)
4. (Bilasuvar, Tabriz, Yardimli) window

   Synonym: pəncərə

5. (Julfa) niche

   Synonym: taxça

Etymology 2

Noun

baca (definite accusative bacanı, plural bacalar)

1. (Balakan) synonym of bacanaq

Declension

Declension of baca

	singular	plural
nominative	baca	bacalar
definite accusative	bacanı	bacaları
dative	bacaya	bacalara
locative	bacada	bacalarda
ablative	bacadan	bacalardan
definite genitive	bacanın	bacaların

Possessive forms of baca

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	bacam	bacalarım
sənin (“your”)	bacan	bacaların
onun (“his/her/its”)	bacası	bacaları
bizim (“our”)	bacamız	bacalarımız
sizin (“your”)	bacanız	bacalarınız
onların (“their”)	bacası or bacaları	bacaları
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	bacamı	bacalarımı
sənin (“your”)	bacanı	bacalarını
onun (“his/her/its”)	bacasını	bacalarını
bizim (“our”)	bacamızı	bacalarımızı
sizin (“your”)	bacanızı	bacalarınızı
onların (“their”)	bacasını or bacalarını	bacalarını
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	bacama	bacalarıma
sənin (“your”)	bacana	bacalarına
onun (“his/her/its”)	bacasına	bacalarına
bizim (“our”)	bacamıza	bacalarımıza
sizin (“your”)	bacanıza	bacalarınıza
onların (“their”)	bacasına or bacalarına	bacalarına
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	bacamda	bacalarımda
sənin (“your”)	bacanda	bacalarında
onun (“his/her/its”)	bacasında	bacalarında
bizim (“our”)	bacamızda	bacalarımızda
sizin (“your”)	bacanızda	bacalarınızda
onların (“their”)	bacasında or bacalarında	bacalarında
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	bacamdan	bacalarımdan
sənin (“your”)	bacandan	bacalarından
onun (“his/her/its”)	bacasından	bacalarından
bizim (“our”)	bacamızdan	bacalarımızdan
sizin (“your”)	bacanızdan	bacalarınızdan
onların (“their”)	bacasından or bacalarından	bacalarından
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	bacamın	bacalarımın
sənin (“your”)	bacanın	bacalarının
onun (“his/her/its”)	bacasının	bacalarının
bizim (“our”)	bacamızın	bacalarımızın
sizin (“your”)	bacanızın	bacalarınızın
onların (“their”)	bacasının or bacalarının	bacalarının

Further reading

• “baca” in Obastan.com.

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from French bâche (“tarpaulin”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈba.kə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈba.ka]
• Rhymes: -aka
• Hyphenation: ba‧ca
• Homophone: vaca (Central Catalan)

Noun

baca f (plural baques)

1. luggage rack, roof rack (of a car)
2. Synonym of lona

Further reading

• “baca” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
• “baca”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], 2007 April
• “baca”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025.

Cia-Cia

Etymology

Borrowed from Indonesian baca.

Verb

baca (Hangul spelling 바짜)

1. to read

Dalmatian

Noun

baca f

1. Alternative form of vaca

Fijian

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *bayan (cognate with Tongan pā, Maori pā and Hawaiian pā) from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bayan (“bait”).

Noun

baca

1. bait (both of literal fishing sense & metaphorical i.e. enticement)

References

• Gatty, Ronald (2009) “baca”, in Fijian-English Dictionary, Suva, Fiji: Ronald Gatty, →ISBN, page 10
• Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “paa.3a”, in “POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 50, number 2, pages 551-559

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay baca, from Sanskrit वाचा (vācā, “speech, word”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈbat͡ʃa/ [ˈba.t͡ʃa]
• Rhymes: -at͡ʃa
• Syllabification: ba‧ca

Verb

baca (active membaca, passive dibaca)

1. to read (to look at and interpret letters or other information)

   Dia sedang membaca koran di teras.

   He is reading a newspaper on the terrace.

2. to read (to speak aloud words or other information that is written)

   Synonym: bacakan

   Setiap hari di kelas akan disuruh bergiliran membaca.

   Every day in class we will be asked to take turns reading.

Derived terms

• baca-baca (“to read repeatedly; to read unseriously”)
• bacaan (“reading, reading material”)
• (uncommon) bacai (“to read repeatedly; to learn; to make fun of”)
• (colloquial) bacain (“to read, speak aloud; to read (for)”)
• bacakan (“to read, speak aloud; to read (for)”)
• (informal) kebaca (“having been read; readable; predictable”)
• kepembacaan (“readership”)
• keterbacaan (“readability”)
• pembaca (“reader”)
• pembacaan (“reading”)
• terbaca (“having been read; readable; predictable”)

Descendants

• → Cia-Cia: baca

Further reading

• “baca” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Interlingua

Noun

baca (plural bacas)

1. berry

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈba.ka/
• Rhymes: -aka
• Hyphenation: bà‧ca

Verb

baca

1. inflection of bacare:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Latin

Alternative forms

• bacca

Etymology

Unknown. Possibly:

• If from Proto-Indo-European, it may be connected to Lithuanian bapkas (“berry, laurel”), which renders a sound-symbolic root *bab- (“to be round; small fruit”), evolving into *bab-ca and finally bā̆(c)ca (with compensatory lengthening or gemination). This etymology suffers from phonological problems as well as the paucity of cognates, but for the alternation compare the pairs cippus : cīpus and littera : lītera.
• Somehow related to Ancient Greek Βάκχος (Bákkhos, “Bacchus; twig used as a symbol of Bacchus?”), which cannot be inherited and may be Pre-Greek or Anatolian in origin.
• More likely, from a local substrate source perhaps shared with Proto-Berber *bqā (“blackberry, mulberry, shrub berry”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈbaː.ka]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈbaː.ka]

Noun

bāca f (genitive bācae); first declension

1. various small fruit of trees and shrubs: a berry, stone fruit (including olives, cherries)
   • 23 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia 16.219:

     Et hāctenus sint speciēs ac genera pōmōrum: nātūrās artius colligī pār est. alia siliquīs distinguntur, ipsīs dulcibus sēmenque conplexīs amārum, cum in plūribus sēmina placeant, in siliquā damnentur; alia bācīs, quārum intus lignum et extrā carō, ut olīvīs, cerasīs; aliquōrum intus bācae, forīs lignum, ut iīs quae in Aegyptō dīximus gignī. quae bācīs nātūra, eadem et pōmīs.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. an olive fruit in particular, an olive-berry

   Synonyms: olīva, olea

3. a pearl

   Synonyms: margarīta, margarītum

4. a coral bead or piece

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	bāca	bācae
genitive	bācae	bācārum
dative	bācae	bācīs
accusative	bācam	bācās
ablative	bācā	bācīs
vocative	bāca	bācae

Derived terms

• bācālis
• bacar
• bācātus
• baccalaureus
• bacciballum
• bācifer
• bacriō
• bacula
• quadribaccium
• tribacca

Descendants

• Italian: bacca, vago (Romanesco)
  • → Romanian: bacă
• Old French: baie
  • French: baie
  • → Catalan: baia
  • → Middle English: baye, baie
    • English: bay (leaf)
  • → Middle Dutch: baye
    • Dutch: bei
  • → Spanish: baya
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Asturian: baga
  • Old Galician-Portuguese:
    • Galician: baga
    • Portuguese: baga
  • Spanish: baca

Further reading

• “baca”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “baca”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "baca", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• baca in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Malay

Etymology

From Sanskrit वाचा (vācā).

Pronunciation

• (Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /bat͡ʃə/
• (Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /bat͡ʃa/
• Rhymes: -at͡ʃə, -t͡ʃə, -ə

• Audio (Malaysia, Johor-Selangor):

  (file)

Verb

baca (Jawi spelling باچ)

1. to read

Derived terms

• bacaan
• membaca
• membacakan
• pembaca

Descendants

• Indonesian: baca
• → Cebuano: basa
• → Hiligaynon: bása
• → Ilocano: bása
• → Minangkabau: baco
• → Sundanese: baca
• → Tagalog: basa
• → Urak Lawoi': บาจา (baca)

Further reading

• “baca” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbɑkɑ/

Noun

baca

1. genitive plural of bæc
2. genitive plural of bæċ

Polish

baca

Alternative forms

• bacza (archaic)

Etymology

Borrowed from Romanian baci, further etymology disputed. Originally bacza, but was changed to the current form due to mazurzenie.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈba.t͡sa/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -at͡sa
• Syllabification: ba‧ca

Noun

baca m pers

1. an elder shepherd from Karpaty

   Hypernym: pasterz

   Coordinate term: juhas

Declension

Declension of baca

	singular	plural
nominative	baca	bacowie
genitive	bacy	baców
dative	bacy	bacom
accusative	bacę	baców
instrumental	bacą	bacami
locative	bacy	bacach
vocative	baco	bacowie

Derived terms

adjective

• bacowski

noun

• bacówka

verb

• bacować

Further reading

• baca in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• baca in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Romanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈbaka]

Noun

baca f

1. definite nominative/accusative singular of bacă

Salar

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bāča.

Pronunciation

• (Jiezi, Gaizi, Xunhua, Qinghai, Ili, Yining, Xinjiang) IPA^(key): [pɑʝɑ]

Noun

baca (3rd person possessive [please provide], plural [please provide])

1. brother-in-law

References

• Ma, Chengjun, Han, Lianye, Ma, Weisheng (December 2010) “baca”, in 米娜瓦尔 艾比布拉 (Minavar Abibra), editor, 撒维汉词典 (Sāwéihàncídiǎn) [Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 31
• Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “paǰa”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 435
• Yakup, Abdurishid (2002) “bɑʝɑ”, in An Ili Salar Vocabulary: Introduction and a Provisional Salar-English Lexicon‎^[1], Tokyo: University of Tokyo, →ISBN, page 53

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

baca m

1. genitive singular of bac

Serbo-Croatian

Verb

baca (Cyrillic spelling баца)

1. third-person singular present of bacati

Slavomolisano

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bǎːtsḁ/

Noun

baca m

1. older brother

Declension

Declension of baca (series-2a masc a-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	baca	bace
genitive	baca	baci
dative	bacu	baci
accusative	baca	bace
locative	bacu	bace
instrumental	bacom, bacam	baci

References

• Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso (Parte grammaticale).

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbaka/ [ˈba.ka]
• Rhymes: -aka
• Syllabification: ba‧ca
• Homophone: vaca

Etymology 1

Borrowed from French bâche (“tarpaulin”).

Noun

baca f (plural bacas)

1. (Spain) luggage rack

   Synonyms: portaequipajes, parrilla

Etymology 2

From Latin bacca, variant of bāca.

Noun

baca f (plural bacas)

1. laurel berry

Further reading

• “baca”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

Sundanese

Etymology

From Malay baca, from Sanskrit वाचा (vācā, “speech, voice”).

Verb

baca (Sundanese script ᮘᮎ)

1. to read

Ternate

Etymology

From Malay baca.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈba.t͡ʃa]

Verb

baca

1. (transitive) to read

Conjugation

Conjugation of baca

		singular	plural
			inclusive	exclusive
1st person		tobaca	fobaca	mibaca
2nd person		nobaca	nibaca
3rd person	masculine	obaca	ibaca yobaca (archaic)
	feminine	mobaca
	neuter	ibaca

References

• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Turkish

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish باجه, borrowed from Persian باجه (bâje).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /badʒa/

Noun

baca (definite accusative bacayı, plural bacalar)

1. chimney

Declension

Declension of baca

singular plural nominative baca bacalar definite accusative bacayı bacaları dative bacaya bacalara locative bacada bacalarda ablative bacadan bacalardan genitive bacanın bacaların Possessive forms nominative singular plural 1st singular bacam bacalarım 2nd singular bacan bacaların 3rd singular bacası bacaları 1st plural bacamız bacalarımız 2nd plural bacanız bacalarınız 3rd plural bacaları bacaları definite accusative singular plural 1st singular bacamı bacalarımı 2nd singular bacanı bacalarını 3rd singular bacasını bacalarını 1st plural bacamızı bacalarımızı 2nd plural bacanızı bacalarınızı 3rd plural bacalarını bacalarını dative singular plural 1st singular bacama bacalarıma 2nd singular bacana bacalarına 3rd singular bacasına bacalarına 1st plural bacamıza bacalarımıza 2nd plural bacanıza bacalarınıza 3rd plural bacalarına bacalarına locative singular plural 1st singular bacamda bacalarımda 2nd singular bacanda bacalarında 3rd singular bacasında bacalarında 1st plural bacamızda bacalarımızda 2nd plural bacanızda bacalarınızda 3rd plural bacalarında bacalarında ablative singular plural 1st singular bacamdan bacalarımdan 2nd singular bacandan bacalarından 3rd singular bacasından bacalarından 1st plural bacamızdan bacalarımızdan 2nd plural bacanızdan bacalarınızdan 3rd plural bacalarından bacalarından genitive singular plural 1st singular bacamın bacalarımın 2nd singular bacanın bacalarının 3rd singular bacasının bacalarının 1st plural bacamızın bacalarımızın 2nd plural bacanızın bacalarınızın 3rd plural bacalarının bacalarının