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Translingual
editHan character
edit役 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 竹人竹弓水 (HOHNE), four-corner 27247, composition ⿰彳殳)
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 365, character 18
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10057
- Dae Jaweon: page 685, character 12
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 814, character 23
- Unihan data for U+5F79
Chinese
editsimp. and trad. |
役 |
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Glyph origin
editHistorical forms of the character 役 | |
---|---|
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): semantic 彳 (“movement; action”) + semantic 殳 (“a weapon, like a spear”). The character originally depicted guarding a border with a weapon in hand, and by extension, it came to represent the idea of performing a duty or task.[1]
Etymology
editFrom 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to do”) with k-extension (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): yt6
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ieh4
- Northern Min (KCR): ià / ĭ
- Eastern Min (BUC): ĭk
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): yh7 / ih7 / oeh7
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 8yoq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): y6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: yì
- Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yì
- Wade–Giles: i4
- Yale: yì
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
- Palladius: и (i)
- Sinological IPA (key): /i⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: yuo2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: iuo
- Sinological IPA (key): /yo²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jik6
- Yale: yihk
- Cantonese Pinyin: jik9
- Guangdong Romanization: yig6
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɪk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: vet5
- Sinological IPA (key): /vet̚³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: yt6
- Sinological IPA (key): /yt̚⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi̍t
- Hakka Romanization System: id
- Hagfa Pinyim: yid6
- Sinological IPA: /it̚⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi̍t
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)id
- Hagfa Pinyim: yid6
- Sinological IPA: /(j)it̚⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: rhidˋ
- Sinological IPA: /ʒit²/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ieh4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /iəʔ²/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ià / ĭ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ia⁴²/, /i²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ĭk
- Sinological IPA (key): /iʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou, Youyang, Nanri)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: yh7
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ṳ̍h
- Sinological IPA (key): /yʔ⁴/
- (Nanri, Fengting)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: ih7
- Sinological IPA (key): /iʔ⁴/
- (Jiangkou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: oeh7
- Sinological IPA (key): /œʔ⁴/
- (Putian, Xianyou, Youyang, Nanri)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: e̍k
- Tâi-lô: i̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: ek
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iɪk̚⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɪk̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ia̍k
- Tâi-lô: ia̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: iak
- IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚²⁴/
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: ywek
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢʷek/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷeɡ/
Definitions
edit役
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to guard the borders
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) soldier
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) matter; event; incident
- war; military campaign
- forced labour
- military service
- labourer
- servant
- to use as a servant
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to attract
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) student; disciple
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) duty; responsibility
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) low-ranking official
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to arrange into rows
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to help; to aid
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to be; to act as
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to practise; to act with
Compounds
edit- 一身兩役 / 一身两役 (yīshēnliǎngyì)
- 丁役
- 伕役
- 侍役
- 停役
- 備役 / 备役
- 傜役 (yáoyì)
- 僕役 / 仆役 (púyì)
- 僱役 / 雇役
- 免役 (miǎnyì)
- 公役
- 兵役 (bīngyì)
- 兵役節 / 兵役节
- 兵役課 / 兵役课
- 力役
- 勞役 / 劳役 (láoyì)
- 募役
- 君子于役
- 國民兵役 / 国民兵役
- 執役 / 执役
- 外役監獄 / 外役监狱
- 夜役軍牢 / 夜役军牢
- 夫役
- 奴役 (núyì)
- 工役 (gōngyì)
- 差役 (chāiyì)
- 常備兵役 / 常备兵役
- 庚子之役
- 廝役 / 厮役
- 役使 (yìshǐ)
- 役使動物 / 役使动物
- 役別 / 役别
- 役夫
- 役子
- 役屬 / 役属
- 役役
- 役損 / 役损
- 役期
- 役物
- 役男 (yìnán)
- 役畜
- 役種 / 役种
- 役齡 / 役龄 (yìlíng)
- 復役 / 复役
- 徭役 (yáoyì)
- 惠州之役
- 戍役
- 戰役 / 战役 (zhànyì)
- 拘役 (jūyì)
- 捕役 (bǔyì)
- 斗筲役
- 服兵役
- 服役 (fúyì)
- 無能為役 / 无能为役
- 營營役役 / 营营役役 (yíngyíngyìyì)
- 物役
- 現役 / 现役 (xiànyì)
- 現役軍人 / 现役军人
- 甲申之役
- 番役
- 當役 / 当役
- 督役
- 祗役
- 禁役
- 罰役 / 罚役
- 義役 / 义役
- 茶役
- 行役
- 衙役 (yáyì)
- 補充兵役 / 补充兵役
- 課役 / 课役
- 貪官蠹役 / 贪官蠹役
- 賦役 / 赋役 (fùyì)
- 賤役 / 贱役 (jiànyì)
- 轉役 / 转役
- 退役 (tuìyì)
- 退除役
- 采石之役
- 長役夢魂 / 长役梦魂
- 門役 / 门役 (ményì)
- 除役
- 革役
- 預備役 / 预备役 (yùbèiyì)
- 頭役 / 头役
References
edit- ^ Digital Shinjigen 2017
- “役”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
editKanji
editReadings
edit- Go-on: やく (yaku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: えき (eki, Jōyō)
- Kun: つとめ (tsutome, 役)、えだち (edachi, 役)、いくさ (ikusa, 役)
- Nanori: え (e)、えん (en)、えんの (enno)、おうこ (ōko)、おうせ (ōse)、おおせ (ōse)、まもり (mamori)、まもる (mamoru)
Etymology 1
editKanji in this term |
---|
役 |
やく Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 役 (MC ywek). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editSuffix
edit- playing the role of...
- 涼宮ハルヒ役の平野綾さん
- Suzumiya Haruhi-yaku no Hirano Aya-san
- Aya Hirano, who voices Haruhi Suzumiya
- 涼宮ハルヒ役の平野綾さん
Etymology 2
editKanji in this term |
---|
役 |
えき Grade: 3 |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 役 (MC ywek).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.
Pronunciation 1
editNoun
edit- war; battle
- (archaic) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Affix
editPronunciation 2
editEtymology 3
editKanji in this term |
---|
役 |
えだち Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
⟨edati⟩ → /edat͡ɕi/
According to Kadokawa Old Japanese Dictionary (角川古語大辞典), on surface analysis, it is a combination of native fossilised reading 役 (e, “duty, labour”) and a rendaku form of 立ち (tachi, “founding”), denoting a sense of "government appointed or designated labour and duty".
First witnessed as a verb in a variant reading 欲太知 (よだつ, yodatu) at Manyōshū 3480 (万葉・三四八〇) quote "欲太知来ぬかも ". Also appeared in Engishiki (延喜式) or earlier Kojiki (古事記) and Nihon Shoki (日本書紀) rendering the reading 役(え). Myōgishō (名義抄) glossed 役 reading as え alongside another variant glyph 繇 (edachi, “forced labour”). Wamyō Ruijushō (和名類聚抄), an important Heian dictionary, also lists え as the Japanese reading for 役.
Regarding the ultimate etymology of the Old Japanese reading え and its dialectal variant よ, a scholar named Alexander Vovin (2003) wrote A Reference Grammar of Classical Japanese Prose noting that よ > え alternation is an evidence of native roots in some grammatical and lexical items. The fact that it exists in Kojiki (古事記) and Manyōshū (万葉集) proves that this reading predates Chinese loanwords and is found in part of the Ritsuryō (律令) system vocabulary and therefore a native Japanese reading (although obsolete nowadays).
Noun
edit- (historical) labour service
- 720, Nihon Shoki (日本書紀・顕宗訓):
- 役を罷めしめたまふ
えだちをやめしめたまふ- The Emperor made him stop the labour duty.
- 1185, Kōsanjihon Myōgishō (高山寺本名義抄・鎌倉初):
- 役
エタス- labour
- 1241, Kanchiinhon Myōgishō (観智院本名義抄):
- 繇
エタス- labour
- (historical) war service, armament, enlisting
- 720, Nihon Shoki (日本書紀・神武訓):
- 此の役に至りて意に窮誅さむと欲す
このえだちにいたりてみこころにころさむとおもほす- As this campaign commenced, the Emperor's intention was to mete out harsh chastisement.
References
editKorean
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Chinese 役 (MC ywek).
Recorded as Middle Korean ᄋᆑᆨ〮 (Yale: yuyek) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Middle Korean 역〮 (yék) (Yale: yek) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
editCompounds
editReferences
edit- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit役: Hán Việt readings: dịch[1][2][3][4][5][6]
役: Nôm readings: dịch[1][2][3], việc[1][2][3][7], diếc[1]
References
edit- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading いくさ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading え
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading えん
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading えんの
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading おうこ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading おうせ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading おおせ
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- Japanese kanji with nanori reading まもる
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