Wiktionary

役

See also: 伇
役 U+5F79, 役
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F79
← 彸
[U+5F78] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 彺 →
[U+5F7A]

Translingual

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Han character

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役 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 竹人竹弓水 (HOHNE), four-corner 27247, composition ⿰彳殳)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 365, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10057
  • Dae Jaweon: page 685, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 814, character 23
  • Unihan data for U+5F79

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 役

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 役
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
   
Characters in the same phonetic series (役) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
椺 *ɦmluːʔ, *ɢʷeːɡs, *ɢeːɡ
役 *ɢʷeɡ
疫 *ɢʷeɡ
垼 *ɢʷeɡ
炈 *ɢʷeɡ
鈠 *ɢʷeɡ
豛 *ɢʷeɡ
坄 *doː, *leɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): semantic 彳 (“movement; action”) + semantic 殳 (“a weapon, like a spear”). The character originally depicted guarding a border with a weapon in hand, and by extension, it came to represent the idea of performing a duty or task.[1]

Etymology

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From 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to do”) with k-extension (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note: ia̍h - vernacular, e̍k/ia̍k - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 役
Mandarin Beijing /i⁵¹/
Harbin /i⁵³/
Tianjin /i⁵³/
Jinan /i²¹/
Qingdao /i⁴²/
Zhengzhou /i⁴²/
Xi'an /i²⁴/
Xining /ji²⁴/
Yinchuan /i¹³/
Lanzhou /i⁵³/
Ürümqi /i²¹³/
Wuhan /y²¹³/
Chengdu /yo³¹/
Guiyang /iu²¹/
Kunming /i³¹/
Nanjing /ʐuʔ⁵/
Hefei /yəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /iəʔ²/
Pingyao /yʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /i⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ɦioʔ¹/
/ɦyɪʔ¹/
Suzhou /ɦyəʔ³/
Hangzhou /ɦioʔ²/
Wenzhou /jy²¹³/
Hui Shexian /yʔ²¹/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /y²⁴/
Xiangtan /y²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /yʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /it̚⁵/
Taoyuan /ʒït̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jek̚²/
Nanning /jek̚²²/
Hong Kong /jik̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ik̚⁵/
/iaʔ⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /iʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /i²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /hiaʔ⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ia³³/
/zi³⁵/ 俗
Rime
Character 役
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 昔 (124)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 營隻切
Baxter ywek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/jwiᴇk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/jʷiɛk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/iuæk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/jwiajk̚/
Li
Rong 		/iuɛk̚/
Wang
Li 		/jĭwɛk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/i̯wɛk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wik6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 役
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ywek ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷek/
English war expedition; service

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 役
Reading # 1/1
No. 15006
Phonetic
component 		役
Rime
group 		錫
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		役
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷeɡ/

Definitions

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役

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to guard the borders
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) soldier
  3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) matter; event; incident
  4. war; military campaign
  5. forced labour
  6. military service
  7. labourer
  8. servant
  9. to use as a servant
  10. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to attract
  11. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) student; disciple
  12. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) duty; responsibility
  13. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) low-ranking official
  14. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to arrange into rows
  15. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to help; to aid
  16. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to be; to act as
  17. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to practise; to act with

Compounds

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References

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  1. ^ Digital Shinjigen 2017

Japanese

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Kanji

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役

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. duty, office
  2. service
  3. role, part

Readings

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
役
やく
Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 役 (MC ywek). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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役(やく) • (yaku) 

  1. role, service, use
  2. (card games, mahjong) hand, scoring combination

Suffix

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役(やく) • (-yaku) 

  1. playing the role of...
    涼(すず)宮(みや)ハルヒ役(やく)の平(ひら)野(の)綾(あや)さん
    Suzumiya Haruhi-yaku no Hirano Aya-san
    Aya Hirano, who voices Haruhi Suzumiya

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
役
えき
Grade: 3
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 役 (MC ywek).

The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation 1

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Noun

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役(えき) • (eki) 

  1. war; battle
  2. (archaic) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Affix

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役(えき) • (eki) 

  1. duty; service
  2. put to work, labor
  3. war; battle

Pronunciation 2

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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
役
えだち
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

⟨edati⟩ → /edat͡ɕi/

According to Kadokawa Old Japanese Dictionary (角川古語大辞典), on surface analysis, it is a combination of native fossilised reading 役(え) (e, “duty, labour”) and a rendaku form of 立(た)ち (tachi, “founding”), denoting a sense of "government appointed or designated labour and duty".

First witnessed as a verb in a variant reading 欲太知 (よだつ, yodatu) at Manyōshū 3480 (万葉･三四八〇) quote "欲太知来ぬかも ". Also appeared in Engishiki (延喜式) or earlier Kojiki (古事記) and Nihon Shoki (日本書紀) rendering the reading 役(え). Myōgishō (名義抄) glossed 役 reading as え alongside another variant glyph 繇(えだち) (edachi, “forced labour”). Wamyō Ruijushō (和名類聚抄), an important Heian dictionary, also lists え as the Japanese reading for 役.

Regarding the ultimate etymology of the Old Japanese reading え and its dialectal variant よ, a scholar named Alexander Vovin (2003) wrote A Reference Grammar of Classical Japanese Prose noting that よ > え alternation is an evidence of native roots in some grammatical and lexical items. The fact that it exists in Kojiki (古事記) and Manyōshū (万葉集) proves that this reading predates Chinese loanwords and is found in part of the Ritsuryō (律令) system vocabulary and therefore a native Japanese reading (although obsolete nowadays).

Noun

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  1. (historical) labour service
    • 720, Nihon Shoki (日本書紀･顕宗訓):
      役を罷めしめたまふ
      えだちをやめしめたまふ
      The Emperor made him stop the labour duty.
    • 1185, Kōsanjihon Myōgishō (高山寺本名義抄･鎌倉初):
      役
      エタス
      labour
    • 1241, Kanchiinhon Myōgishō (観智院本名義抄):
      繇
      エタス
      labour
  2. (historical) war service, armament, enlisting
    • 720, Nihon Shoki (日本書紀･神武訓):
      此の役に至りて意に窮誅さむと欲す
      このえだちにいたりてみこころにころさむとおもほす
      As this campaign commenced, the Emperor's intention was to mete out harsh chastisement.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 役 (MC ywek).

Recorded as Middle Korean ᄋᆑᆨ〮 (Yale: yuyek) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

Recorded as Middle Korean 역〮 (yék) (Yale: yek) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

役 (eumhun 부릴 역 (buril yeok))

  1. hanja form? of 역 (“duty; role”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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役: Hán Việt readings: dịch[1][2][3][4][5][6]
役: Nôm readings: dịch[1][2][3], việc[1][2][3][7], diếc[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of dịch (“service, work”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of việc (“work, job, business, matter, affair”)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Trần (1999).
  5. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
  6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
  7. ^ Hồ (1976).
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