柔

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

柔 (radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹木 (NHD), four-corner 1790₄, composition ⿱矛木)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 519, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14622
Dae Jaweon: page 907, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1192, character 2
Unihan data for U+67D4

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		柔

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (矛) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
堥	muː, mu
蓩	muːʔ, moːɡ
猱	ml'uː, mljiwʔ, *ml'us
茅	*mruː
罞	mruː, muːŋ
蝥	mruː, mu, mo, moɡs
鶜	*mruː
瞀	moːɡs, mroːɡ
愗	*moːɡs
袤	*mus
雺	mus, mu, muːŋ, muːŋs
懋	*mus
楙	*mus
矛	*mu
蟊	*mu
髳	mu, muːŋ
鍪	*mu
鞪	mu, moːɡ
糅	*ml'us
腬	ml'us, mlju
柔	*mlju
揉	*mju
蹂	mju, mjuʔ, *mjus
鍒	*mju
騥	*mju
蝚	*mju
葇	mju, mjuʔ
鞣	mju, mjus
鰇	*mju
瑈	*mju
鶔	*mju
楺	*mjuʔ
煣	mjuʔ, mjus
輮	mjuʔ, mjus
韖	*mjuʔ
敄	moʔ, mos
務	*moɡs
鶩	moɡs, moːɡ
騖	*moɡs
婺	*moɡs
霚	moɡs, moːŋ
嵍	*moɡs
霧	moɡs, moːŋ
霿	moːŋ, moːŋs
楘	*moːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *mlju): phonetic 矛 (OC *mu) + semantic 木 (“tree”) – wood soft enough that it can easily be cut.

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *now (“tender; soft”), which has also been compared to 軟 (OC *njonʔ, “soft”), 弱 (OC *njewɢ, “weak”), 肉 (OC *njuɡ, “meat”), 懦 (OC *noːls, *njo, “cowardly”), 荏 (OC *njɯmʔ, “weak”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): róu (rou²)

(Zhuyin): ㄖㄡˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jau⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yù
Min Dong (BUC): iù
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): liû / jiû

(Teochew, Peng'im): riu⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: róu
  - Zhuyin: ㄖㄡˊ
  - Wade–Giles: jou²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rou
  - Tongyong Pinyin: róu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐoʊ̯³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: jau⁴
  - Yale: yàuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jau⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yeo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
  - Hakka Romanization System: iuˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yiu²
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯u¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iuˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yiu²
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: iù
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ieu⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liû
  - Tâi-lô: liû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liuu
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /liu²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jiû
  - Tâi-lô: jiû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: jiuu
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ʑiu¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ʑiu²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: riu⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jiû
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡ziu⁵⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 柔
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʐou³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʐou²⁴/
	Tianjin	/iou⁴⁵/ /ʐou⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ʐou⁴²/
	Qingdao	/iou⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʐou⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ʐou²⁴/
	Xining	/ʐɯ²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ʐəu⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ʐou⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʐɤu⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/nəu²¹³/
	Chengdu	/zəu³¹/
	Guiyang	/zəu²¹/
	Kunming	/ʐəu³¹/
	Nanjing	/ʐəɯ²⁴/
	Hefei	/ʐɯ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/zəu¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ʐəu¹³/
	Hohhot	/ʐəu³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/zɤ²³/
	Suzhou	/zɤ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/zei²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/jɤu³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/iu⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/iəu¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/iəɯ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/iu¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ʒiu¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jɐu²¹/
	Nanning	/jɐu²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jɐu²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/liu³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ieu⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/iu²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/zĩu⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ziu²¹³/

Middle Chinese: /ȵɨu/

Rime
Character	柔
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	耳由切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiu/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑiəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵuw/
Li Rong	/ȵiu/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	róu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*nu/

(Zhengzhang): /*mlju/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	柔
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	róu
Middle Chinese	‹ nyuw ›
Old Chinese	/*nu/
English	soft
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	柔
Reading #	1/1
No.	8825
Phonetic component	矛
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	柔
Old Chinese	/*mlju/

DefinitionsEdit

柔

soft; supple
to soften
gentle; pliant
to make gentle
(～州) Short for 柔佛 (Róufó, “Johor”).

DescendantsEdit

Sino-Xenic (柔):

→ Japanese: 柔(じゅう) (jū)
→ Korean: 유 (柔, yu)
→ Vietnamese: nhu (柔)

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 柔

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

柔

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: にゅう (nyū, Jōyō)^{←にう (niu, historical)}
Kan-on: じゅう (jū, Jōyō)^{←じう (ziu, historical)}
Kun: やわらか (yawaraka, 柔らか, Jōyō)^{←やはらか (yafaraka, historical)}; やわらかい (yawarakai, 柔らかい, Jōyō)^{←やはらかい (yafarakai, historical)}; やわらぐ (yawaragu, 柔らぐ)^{←やはらぐ (yafaragu, historical)}; やわらげる (yawarageru, 柔らげる)^{←やはらげる (yafarageru, historical)}
Nanori: とお (tō)^{←とほ (tofo, historical)}; なり (nari); やす (yasu); よし (yoshi)

CompoundsEdit

外(がい)柔(じゅう)内(ない)剛(ごう) (gaijūnaigō)
柔(やわ)柔(やわ) (yawayawa)

Etymology 1Edit

Kanji in this term
柔
じゅう Grade: S
kan’on

/d͡ʑɨu/ → /d͡ʑuː/ → /ʑuː/

From Middle Chinese 柔 (MC ȵɨu).

The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

PronunciationEdit

(Tokyo) じゅう [júꜜù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [d͡ʑɨᵝː]

AffixEdit

柔(じゅう) • (jū) ^{←じう (ziu)^?}

gentle, soft, supple
calm, gentle, mild, peaceful
calm, relieve, soften
martial art involving gentleness, such as jujitsu or judo

Derived termsEdit

Derived terms

NounEdit

柔(じゅう) • (jū) ^{←じう (ziu)^?}

gentleness, softness, suppleness; also, such an object

Derived termsEdit

Derived terms

IdiomsEdit

柔(じゅう)能(よ)く剛(ごう)を制(せい)す (jū yoku gō o seisu)
柔(じゅう)も亦(また)茹(くら)わず剛(ごう)も亦(また)吐(は)かず (jū mo mata kurawazu gō mo mata hakazu)

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
柔
にゅう Grade: S
goon

/nɨu/ → /ɲuː/

From Middle Chinese 柔 (MC ȵɨu).

The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the earlier borrowing from Middle Chinese.

PronunciationEdit

(Tokyo) にゅう [nyùú] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ɲ̟ɯ̟ᵝː]

AffixEdit

柔(にゅう) • (nyū) ^{←にう (niu)^?}

gentle, supple, weak
kindhearted

Derived termsEdit

柔(にゅう)弱(じゃく) (nyūjaku)
柔(にゅう)和(わ) (nyūwa)

Etymology 3Edit

Kanji in this term
柔
やわ Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
和

/jaɸa/ → /jawa/

Possibly a back-formation of 柔柔 (yawayawa, “soft, supple”).

PronunciationEdit

(Tokyo) やわ [yáꜜwà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ja̠ɰᵝa̠]

Adjectival nounEdit

柔(やわ) • (yawa) ^{←やは (yafa)^?} -na (adnominal 柔(やわ)な (yawa na), adverbial 柔(やわ)に (yawa ni))

weak

Derived termsEdit

柔(やわ)い (yawai)

Etymology 4Edit

Kanji in this term
柔
やわ(ら) Grade: S
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 柔 – see 柔ら. (This term, 柔, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.)

(The following entry is uncreated: 柔ら.)

ReferencesEdit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

柔 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

柔: Hán Nôm readings: nhu

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 2.0 ^2.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[1]

[2]