|
Translingual
editStroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Han character
edit由 (Kangxi radical 102, 田+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中田 (LW), four-corner 50600, composition ⿻日丨 or ⿻囗十)
Derived characters
edit- 廸, 迪, 鼬, 邮, 頔(𬱖), 㐕, 甹, 㕀, 㽕, 畁, 冑, 胄, 宙, 峀, 苖, 笛, 届, 庙, 㾄, 寅, 黄, 黃, 㑹, 褏
- 伷, 妯, 岫, 㣙, 怞, 抽, 油, 㹨, 柚, 牰, 䄂, 秞, 袖, 粙, 紬(䌷), 舳, 蚰, 䛆, 䜬, 軸(轴), 釉, 鈾(铀), 䩜, 駎(𩧨), 鮋(鲉)
Descendants
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 757, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21724
- Dae Jaweon: page 1167, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2524, character 2
- Unihan data for U+7531
Chinese
editsimp. and trad. |
由 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 繇 |
Glyph origin
editHistorical forms of the character 由 |
---|
Western Zhou |
Bronze inscriptions |
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
袖 | *ljɯwɢs |
岫 | *ljɯwɢs |
牰 | *ljɯwɢs, *lɯwɢs |
抽 | *l̥ʰɯw |
妯 | *l̥ʰɯw, *l'ɯwɢ |
紬 | *l'ɯw |
怞 | *l'ɯw |
鮋 | *l'ɯw, *ɦljɯw, *lɯw |
菗 | *rlɯw |
宙 | *l'ɯwɢs |
胄 | *l'ɯwɢs |
冑 | *l'ɯwɢs |
伷 | *l'ɯwɢs |
駎 | *l'ɯwɢs |
油 | *lɯw, *lɯwɢs |
由 | *lɯw |
蚰 | *lɯw |
秞 | *lɯw |
邮 | *lɯw |
釉 | *lɯwɢs |
柚 | *lɯwɢs, *l'ɯwɢ |
鼬 | *lɯwɢs |
苖 | *l'ɯːwɢ, *l̥ʰɯwɢ |
笛 | *l'ɯːwɢ |
迪 | *l'ɯːwɢ |
頔 | *l'ɯːwɢ |
軸 | *l'ɯwɢ |
舳 | *l'ɯwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *lɯw): phonetic 十 (OC *ɡjub) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – a container with on top the pictogram of a needle (十, today 針), to indicate the ancient pronunciation. Compare the bottom part of the original version of 缶, an earthenware pot. In oracle bones, 由 was used as the original version of 怞 (yóu or, in the less conservative pronunciation, chóu). See also 俞.
Otherwise, according to Tang Lan (唐蘭), it's the pictogram of a helmet. If a helmet, may have been the same as or original character of 冑. However, this alternative interpretation is less likely.
Etymology 1
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to 遊?”)
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jau4 / jau4-2
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): iou1
- Northern Min (KCR): iǔ
- Eastern Min (BUC): iù
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): iu2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6yeu
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: yóu
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yóu
- Wade–Giles: yu2
- Yale: yóu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: you
- Palladius: ю (ju)
- Sinological IPA (key): /joʊ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jau4 / jau4-2
- Yale: yàuh / yáu
- Cantonese Pinyin: jau4 / jau4-2
- Guangdong Romanization: yeo4 / yeo4-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɐu̯²¹/, /jɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
- Hakka Romanization System: iuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yiu2
- Sinological IPA: /i̯u¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yiu2
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: rhiu
- Sinological IPA: /ʒiu⁵⁵/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: iou1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /iəu¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iǔ
- Sinological IPA (key): /iu²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: iù
- Sinological IPA (key): /ieu⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: iu2
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: iú
- Sinological IPA (key): /iu¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: iu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /iu²⁴/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: yuw
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*l[u]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*lɯw/
Definitions
edit由
- cause; reason
- from
- by; through; via
- (done) by
- because of; due to
- by means of
- to pass through
- 必由之路 ― bìyóuzhīlù ― the path that must be taken
- to follow; to let one determine
Compounds
edit- 不因不由
- 不由 (bùyóu)
- 不由人
- 不由分說 / 不由分说 (bùyóufēnshuō)
- 不由得 (bùyóude)
- 不由的
- 不由自主 (bùyóuzìzhǔ)
- 事由 (shìyóu)
- 事由兒 / 事由儿
- 人身自由 (rénshēn zìyóu)
- 任天由命
- 任由 (rènyóu)
- 何由 (héyóu)
- 來由 / 来由 (láiyóu)
- 俯仰由人
- 公海自由
- 兵不由將 / 兵不由将
- 出版自由
- 原由 (yuányóu)
- 咎由自取 (jiùyóuzìqǔ)
- 四大自由
- 因由 (yīnyóu)
- 夷由
- 奚由
- 妨害自由
- 妖由人興 / 妖由人兴
- 威福由己
- 婚姻自由
- 學術自由 / 学术自由 (xuéshù zìyóu)
- 宗教自由 (zōngjiào zìyóu)
- 尋由頭兒 / 寻由头儿
- 小大由之
- 居仁由義 / 居仁由义
- 居住自由
- 情由 (qíngyóu)
- 意見自由 / 意见自由
- 所由
- 摘由
- 故故由兒 / 故故由儿
- 新聞自由 / 新闻自由 (xīnwén zìyóu)
- 易知由單 / 易知由单
- 根由 (gēnyóu)
- 案由 (ànyóu)
- 沒來由 / 没来由
- 無由 / 无由 (wúyóu)
- 犯由
- 率由舊則 / 率由旧则
- 率由舊章 / 率由旧章
- 理由 (lǐyóu)
- 理由書 / 理由书
- 由不得
- 由中 (yóuzhōng)
- 由中之言
- 由人
- 由來 / 由来 (yóulái)
- 由博返約 / 由博返约
- 由得 (yóude)
- 由性
- 由於 / 由于 (yóuyú)
- 由旬 (yóuxún)
- 由是 (yóushì)
- 由櫱 / 由蘖
- 由此 (yóucǐ)
- 由淺入深 / 由浅入深 (yóuqiǎnrùshēn)
- 由由
- 由竇尚書 / 由窦尚书
- 由紀 / 由纪
- 由衷 (yóuzhōng)
- 由衷之言
- 由衷感激
- 由跋
- 由頭 / 由头
- 病由口入
- 祝由科
- 禍福由人 / 祸福由人
- 笑罵由他 / 笑骂由他
- 經由 / 经由 (jīngyóu)
- 緣由 / 缘由 (yuányóu)
- 聽天由命 / 听天由命 (tīngtiānyóumìng)
- 自由 (zìyóu)
- 自由世界 (zìyóu shìjiè)
- 自由中國 / 自由中国 (Zìyóu Zhōngguó)
- 自由主義 / 自由主义 (zìyóuzhǔyì)
- 自由公債 / 自由公债
- 自由刑 (zìyóuxíng)
- 自由城
- 自由報業 / 自由报业
- 自由市
- 自由市場 / 自由市场 (zìyóu shìchǎng)
- 自由心證 / 自由心证 (zìyóu xīnzhèng)
- 自由意志 (zìyóu yìzhì)
- 自由戀愛 / 自由恋爱
- 自由放任 (zìyóufàngrèn)
- 自由日
- 自由業 / 自由业
- 自由權 / 自由权
- 自由泳 (zìyóuyǒng)
- 自由港 (zìyóugǎng)
- 自由球
- 自由畫 / 自由画
- 自由稅率 / 自由税率
- 自由競爭 / 自由竞争 (zìyóu jìngzhēng)
- 自由經濟 / 自由经济
- 自由職業 / 自由职业 (zìyóu zhíyè)
- 自由能 (zìyóunéng)
- 自由自在 (zìyóuzìzài)
- 自由裁量
- 自由詞組 / 自由词组
- 自由詩 / 自由诗 (zìyóushī)
- 自由車 / 自由车 (zìyóuchē)
- 自由電子 / 自由电子 (zìyóu diànzǐ)
- 自由體操 / 自由体操 (zìyóu tǐcāo)
- 自由鬥士 / 自由斗士 (zìyóu dòushì)
- 著作自由
- 著甚來由 / 著甚来由
- 行不由徑 / 行不由径 (xíngbùyóujìng)
- 言不由中
- 言不由衷 (yánbùyóuzhōng)
- 言論自由 / 言论自由 (yánlùnzìyóu)
- 許由棄瓢 / 许由弃瓢
- 許由洗耳 / 许由洗耳
- 蹤由 / 踪由
- 身不由主
- 身不由己 (shēnbùyóujǐ)
- 通訊自由 / 通讯自由
- 遷徙自由 / 迁徙自由
- 頭由 / 头由 (tóuyóu)
- 鬼狐由
- 鬼胡由
Descendants
editEtymology 2
editFor pronunciation and definitions of 由 – see 甴. (This character is a variant form of 甴). |
References
edit- “由”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “由”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 288.
Japanese
editKanji
editReadings
edit- Go-on: ゆ (yu, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)←いう (iu, historical)
- Kan’yō-on: ゆい (yui, Jōyō †)
- Kun: よし (yoshi, 由, Jōyō)、よる (yoru, 由る)、より (yori, 由り)、なお (nao, 由)
Compounds
editKorean
editHanja
editOkinawan
editKanji
editReadings
editCompounds
edit- 自由 (jiyū)
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit- chữ Hán form of do (“cause; because of; due to”).
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han phono-semantic compounds
- Mandarin terms with audio pronunciation
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Jin lemmas
- Northern Min lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Puxian Min lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese hanzi
- Mandarin hanzi
- Cantonese hanzi
- Hakka hanzi
- Jin hanzi
- Northern Min hanzi
- Eastern Min hanzi
- Hokkien hanzi
- Teochew hanzi
- Puxian Min hanzi
- Wu hanzi
- Middle Chinese hanzi
- Old Chinese hanzi
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Jin nouns
- Northern Min nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Hokkien nouns
- Teochew nouns
- Puxian Min nouns
- Wu nouns
- Middle Chinese nouns
- Old Chinese nouns
- Chinese prepositions
- Mandarin prepositions
- Cantonese prepositions
- Hakka prepositions
- Jin prepositions
- Northern Min prepositions
- Eastern Min prepositions
- Hokkien prepositions
- Teochew prepositions
- Puxian Min prepositions
- Wu prepositions
- Middle Chinese prepositions
- Old Chinese prepositions
- Chinese verbs
- Mandarin verbs
- Cantonese verbs
- Hakka verbs
- Jin verbs
- Northern Min verbs
- Eastern Min verbs
- Hokkien verbs
- Teochew verbs
- Puxian Min verbs
- Wu verbs
- Middle Chinese verbs
- Old Chinese verbs
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 由
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Cantonese terms with usage examples
- Chinese variant forms
- Elementary Mandarin
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese third grade kanji
- Japanese kyōiku kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading ゆ
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading ゆう
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading いう
- Japanese kanji with kan'yōon reading ゆい
- Japanese kanji with kun reading よし
- Japanese kanji with kun reading よ・る
- Japanese kanji with kun reading よ・り
- Japanese kanji with kun reading なお
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Okinawan kanji
- Okinawan third grade kanji
- Okinawan kyōiku kanji
- Okinawan jōyō kanji
- Okinawan kanji with on reading ゆー
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán