Wiktionary

和

See also: 倭, 咊, and 龢
和 U+548C, 和
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-548C
← 咋
[U+548B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 咍 →
[U+548D]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character edit

和 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹木口 (HDR), four-corner 26900, composition ⿰禾口)

Derived characters edit

Descendants edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 185, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3490
  • Dae Jaweon: page 404, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 602, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+548C

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
 和
alternative forms 咊
龢
訸／𰵝

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 和
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script
       
Characters in the same phonetic series (禾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
科 *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls
萪 *kʰoːl
蝌 *kʰoːl
犐 *kʰoːl
禾 *ɡoːl
和 *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
咊 *ɡoːl
盉 *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
龢 *ɡoːl
鉌 *ɡoːl
俰 *ɡoːls

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony.

Etymology edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “see talk”)

“and; with”
Zhao (2018) suggests that hàn and hài may ultimately derive from the contractions of 還有／还有 (háiyǒu) in colloquial speech. On the other hand, Yu (1988) and Jiang (2012) argue hàn and hài derive from 喚／唤 (huàn, “to call”).
“Japanese”
Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 和(やまと) (Yamato).

Pronunciation 1 edit

Note: wo4-2 - used in names.
Note:
  • hô/hô͘ - literary;
  • hê/hêr/hôe - vernacular.
Note:
  • hua5 - literary;
  • huê5 - vernacular (used in 和尚).
Rime
Character 和
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 戸戈切
Baxter hwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦwa/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuɑ/
Wang
Li 		/ɣuɑ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		huó
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wo4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 和
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hé
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwa ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ˁoj/
English harmonious

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 和
Reading # 1/2
No. 4932
Phonetic
component 		禾
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		和
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡoːl/

Definitions edit

和

  1. peaceful; harmonious
    和平  ―  hépíng  ―  peace, peaceful
  2. gentle; kind
  3. warm; temperate
  4. sum; total
    五加四的和是九。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Wǔ jiā sì de hé shì jiǔ. [Pinyin]
    The sum of 5 and 4 is 9.
  5. to make peace; to become reconciled
  6. to tie
    和波 [Cantonese]  ―  wo4 bo1 [Jyutping]  ―  to tie a football match
  7. (music) An ancient mouth organ similar to the sheng, but smaller; no longer used.
  8. Japanese
    和服  ―  héfú  ―  kimono, Japanese traditional clothing
  9. a surname. He

Compounds edit

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic (和):
  • → Vietnamese: hoà (和)

Others:

Pronunciation 2 edit

Definitions edit

和

  1. and
    我和你  ―  wǒ hé nǐ  ―  me and you
    我想買些肉、魚、麵包和雞蛋。 [MSC, trad.]
    我想买些肉、鱼、面包和鸡蛋。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ xiǎng mǎi xiē ròu, yú, miànbāo hé jīdàn. [Pinyin]
    I want to buy some meat, fish, bread, and eggs.
  2. with
    他和流浪街頭的孩子交上了朋友。 [MSC, trad.]
    他和流浪街头的孩子交上了朋友。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā hé liúlàng jiētóu de háizǐ jiāo shàng le péngyǒu. [Pinyin]
    He has made friends with the kids on the street.
    他想和其他國家採取一致行動。 [MSC, trad.]
    他想和其他国家采取一致行动。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā xiǎng hé qítā guójiā cǎiqǔ yīzhì xíngdòng. [Pinyin]
    He wants to act in concert with other nations.
    和你的車比起來，我的車很小。 [MSC, trad.]
    和你的车比起来，我的车很小。 [MSC, simp.]
    Hé nǐ de chē bǐqǐ lái, wǒ de chē hěn xiǎo. [Pinyin]
    Compared with yours, my car is small.
    如果你把譯文和原文比較一下，你就會找到不準確的地方。 [MSC, trad.]
    如果你把译文和原文比较一下，你就会找到不准确的地方。 [MSC, simp.]
    Rúguǒ nǐ bǎ yìwén hé yuánwén bǐjiào yīxià, nǐ jiù huì zhǎo dào bù zhǔnquè de dìfang. [Pinyin]
    If you compare the translation with the original, you will find the inaccuracy.
    意思和日語的「ダメ」類似。 [MSC, trad.]
    意思和日语的「ダメ」类似。 [MSC, simp.]
    Yìsī hé rìyǔ de “dame” lèisì. [Pinyin]
    The meaning is similar to the Japanese dame.
Synonyms edit
Dialectal synonyms of 和 (“and”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 與, 及
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 和, 與, 及, 與及 Cantonese
Mandarin Beijing 跟, 和
Taiwan 跟, 和
Yantai (Muping) 和
Jinan 和, 跟, 給
Wanrong 和
Wanrong (Ronghe) 連
Xi'an 跟, 連
Yinchuan 連
Lanzhou 跟, 和
Xining 帶, 和
Ürümqi 跟, 連, 和
Wuhan 跟
Chengdu 跟, 給, 和
Guiyang 跟, 同, 和
Guilin 跟, 和
Liuzhou 跟, 同, 和
Xuzhou 給
Yangzhou 跟, 交
Nanjing 告, 跟
Hefei 跟
Malaysia 和, 跟
Singapore 和, 跟
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 帶
Cantonese Guangzhou 同, 同埋
Hong Kong 同, 同埋
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 同
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 同
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 同
Macau 同, 同埋
Taishan 同埋
Kaiping (Chikan) 同, 同埋
Dongguan 同, 同埋
Yangjiang 鄧, 同
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 同
Penang (Guangfu) 同
Singapore (Guangfu) 同
Gan Nanchang 跟, 同
Lichuan 和
Pingxiang 同, 跟
Hakka Meixian 同, 摎
Yudu 澗
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 摎
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 同
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 摎
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 同
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 摎
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 和
Hong Kong 摎
Kuching (Hepo) 佮
Huizhou Jixi 搭
Jin Taiyuan 和, 跟
Xinzhou 給
Northern Min Jian'ou 邀
Jian'ou (Dikou) 邀, 儉, 教
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 邀
Pucheng (Shibei) 邀, 跟
Eastern Min Fuzhou 共
Changle 共
Fuqing 共
Yongtai 共
Gutian 共
Fu'an 共
Ningde 共
Shouning 隨
Zhouning 傮, 共
Fuding 跟
Southern Min Xiamen 佮, 交
Xiamen (Tong'an) 佮
Quanzhou 佮, 交
Zhangzhou 佮
Tainan 佮
Penang (Hokkien) 佮
Singapore (Hokkien) 佮
Manila (Hokkien) 佮, 交
Chaozhou 佮, 共
Shantou 佮
Jieyang 佮
Singapore (Teochew) 佮
Pontianak (Teochew) 佮
Leizhou 共
Wenchang 共
Haikou 共
Qionghai 共
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 同, 同埋
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 跟, 邀
Wu Shanghai 脫, 脫仔, 得, 得仔, 搭, 搭仔, 交, 幫, 同, 跟
Shanghai (Chongming) 脫
Shanghai (Songjiang) 搭
Suzhou 搭, 搭仔
Danyang 同, 跟
Hangzhou 同
Ningbo 搭, 搭仔
Wenzhou 伉
Jinhua 亨, 跟
Xiang Changsha 跟
Loudi 跟
Shuangfeng 跟, 同

Pronunciation 3 edit

Rime
Character 和
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡卧切
Baxter hwaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦuɑH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦuɑH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣuɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦwaH/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuɑH/
Wang
Li 		/ɣuɑH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣuɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		huò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wo6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 和
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwaH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ˁoj-s/
English tune (instruments); respond in singing

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 和
Reading # 2/2
No. 4937
Phonetic
component 		禾
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡoːls/

Definitions edit

和

  1. † to make sounds in concert with; to echo
    附和  ―  fùhè  ―  to second, to echo
    唱和  ―  chànghè  ―  antiphon, sung reply
    應和／应和  ―  yìnghè  ―  to echo, to correspond
    酬和  ―  chóuhè  ―  to respond to a poem with a poem

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 4 edit

Definitions edit

和

  1. to mix with water to make something stick together; to knead
    和麵／和面  ―  huómiàn  ―  to knead dough

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 5 edit

Note: gwo3 - variant pronunciation for the classifier.
Note: classifier.

Definitions edit

和

  1. to mix (usually substances in powder or grain form)
    攪和／搅和  ―  jiǎohuo  ―  to stir, to mix
  2. to add water to make something less thick
  3. Classifier for the number of rinses when washing clothes.
  4. Classifier for the number of times a dose of traditional Chinese medicine is boiled.

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 6 edit

simp. and trad.
 和
alternative forms 糊 Cantonese
胡

Definitions edit

和

  1. (mahjong) to have a winning hand
    和牌  ―  húpái  ―  to win in mahjong
Usage notes edit
  • When playing mahjong, a player may say this word as a call when winning from another player's discard.

Compounds edit

Synonyms edit

  • (Cantonese) 食糊
  • (Taiwanese Hokkien) 到 (kàu)

See also edit

Pronunciation 7 edit

Definitions edit

和

  1. † warm
    暖和  ―  nuǎnhuo  ―  warm
    溫和／温和  ―  wēnhuo  ―  warm, lukewarm

Compounds edit

References edit

Japanese edit

 
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji edit

和

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Compounds

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
和
わ
Grade: 3
goon
 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

From Middle Chinese 和 (MC hwa, “harmonious”).

The “Japan” sense appears during the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715 CE), as this character 和(わ) (Wa) was chosen as a homophone with a more favorable meaning to replace the previous character 倭(わ) (Wa) then in use as the kanji name for Japan[1] (see the etymology at 大和(やまと) (Yamato) for more details). The “Japan” sense was usually read with a kun'yomi of yamato, until some time in the Muromachi period, when the {{glink/ja|go'on]] reading of Wa became more common.[2]

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

和(わ) • (wa) 

  1. peace, harmony, tranquillity, serenity.
  2. (arithmeti) sum
    Antonym: (difference) 差 (sa)
See also edit

Affix edit

和(わ) • (wa) 

  1. Japan, Japanese, Nippo-
    和(わ)露(ろ)辞(じ)典(てん)
    Wa-Ro jiten
    Japanese-Russian dictionary
    和(わ)食(しょく)
    washoku
    Japanese-style food, Japanese cuisine
    和(わ)室(しつ)
    washitsu
    a Japanese-style room with tatami flooring and usually sliding doors
    和(わ)映(えい)画(が)
    wa-eiga
    Japanese films, Japanese cinema

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
和
やまと
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

See Etymology 1.

In modern Japanese, the Yamato reading is more commonly spelled 大和.

Definitions edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 和 – see the following entry.
【大和やまと】
[proper noun] a town in the Shikinoshimo district in the Yamato Province of Japan, generally equivalent to modern Tenri area
[proper noun] A city in Kanagawa Prefecture
[proper noun] one of the old provinces that made up Japan, generally equivalent to modern Nara prefecture
[proper noun] the country of Japan
Alternative spelling
倭
(This term, 和, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
和
のど
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 和 – see the following entry.
【閑のど】S
[adjective] (archaic) tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful
(This term, 和, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4 edit

Kanji in this term
和
のどか
Grade: 3
nanori

Used as ateji in various names.

Proper noun edit

和(のどか) • (Nodoka) 

  1. a unisex given name

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese 和 (MC hwa).

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

和 (eumhun 화할 화 (hwahal hwa))

  1. Hanja form? of 화 (“harmony; peace”).
  2. Hanja form? of 화 (“a free-reed mouth organ with 13 bamboo pipes used in ancient times”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

和: Hán Việt readings: hòa/hoà[1], hồ[2]
和: Nôm readings: họa/hoạ[3], huề[3], hùa[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of hoà (“peace, harmony”).
  2. chữ Hán form of hoà; hoạ; hùa (“to mix or dissolve in water; to harmonize; to follow suit”).
  3. chữ Hán form of hoà, huề (“to draw, to tie, to make peace”).

References edit

  1. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. ^ Trần (1999).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Hồ (1976).
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