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瓦

瓦 U+74E6, 瓦
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-74E6
← 瓥
[U+74E5] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 瓧 →
[U+74E7]

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

See images of
Radical 98 瓦

瓦 (radical 98, 瓦+0, 5 strokes in Chinese in traditional Chinese, 4 strokes in mainland China, 5 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 一女弓戈 (MVNI), four-corner 10717, composition ⿵⿸⿱一𠄌㇈丶(G) or ⿵⿸⿱丅㇀㇈丶(HTJKV))

  1. Kangxi radical #98, ⽡.

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 747, character 36
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21438
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1156, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1421, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+74E6

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 瓦
variant forms 𪜂

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 瓦
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
     
Characters in the same phonetic series (瓦) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
瓦 *ŋʷraːlʔ, *ŋʷraːls
邷 *ŋʷraːlʔ

Pictogram (象形) – fired earthenware pottery, or a tile.

EtymologyEdit

Possibly derived from 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) by eliminating causative devoicing and adding an endoactive rising tone (上聲), literally “that which has transformed (through fire)” (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1Edit

Note:
  • nguâ - colloquial (“tile”);
  • nguā - literary (“watt”).
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • hiā/huā/hiǎ/hǒa - vernacular;
    • góa - literary;
    • óa - literary (Zhangzhou, Taiwan), common variant (Xiamen, Quanzhou).
    Note:
    • hia6 - vernacular;
    • ua1 - literary.
  • Wu
    • Dialectal data▼
    Variety Location 瓦
    Mandarin Beijing /ua˨˩˦/
    Harbin /ua˨˩˧/
    /ua˥˧/
    Tianjin /vɑ˩˧/
    Jinan /va˥˥/
    Qingdao /va˥˥/
    Zhengzhou /ua˥˧/
    Xi'an /ua˥˧/
    Xining /ua˥˧/
    Yinchuan /va˥˧/ ～房
    /va˩˧/ ～刀
    Lanzhou /va˦˦˨/
    Ürümqi /va˥˩/
    Wuhan /ua˦˨/
    Chengdu /ua˥˧/
    Guiyang /ua˦˨/
    Kunming /ua̠˥˧/
    Nanjing /uɑ˨˩˨/
    Hefei /ua˨˦/
    Jin Taiyuan /va˥˧/ 磚～
    /va˦˥/ 泥～匠
    Pingyao /uɑ˥˧/ 名詞
    /uɑ˧˥/ 動詞
    Hohhot /va˥˧/
    Wu Shanghai /ŋo˨˧/
    Suzhou /ŋo˧˩/
    Hangzhou /ʔuɑ˥˧/
    Wenzhou /ŋo˧˥/
    Hui Shexian /ua˧˥/
    /ŋa˧˥/
    Tunxi /ŋɔ˨˦/
    Xiang Changsha /ua˦˩/
    Xiangtan /uɒ˦˨/
    Gan Nanchang /uɑ˨˩˧/
    Hakka Meixian /ŋa˧˩/
    Taoyuan /ŋɑ˧˩/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋa˨˧/
    Nanning /ŋa˨˦/
    Hong Kong /ŋa˩˧/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /gua˥˧/
    /hia˨˨/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ua˧˨/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ua˦˨/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /ua˥˧/
    /hia˧˥/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /hia˧˧/
    Rime
    Character 瓦
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 麻 (99)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 五寡切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋˠuaX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋʷᵚaX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋuaX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋwaɨX/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋuaX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋwaX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋwaX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		wǎ
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 瓦
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		wǎ
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ngwæX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*C.ŋʷˁra[j]ʔ/
    English roof tile

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 瓦
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 12601
    Phonetic
    component         		瓦
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		瓦
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋʷraːlʔ/

    DefinitionsEdit

    瓦

    1. earthenware; earthenware pottery
    2. tile (roof covering)
    3. (historical) back of shield (arching, as if it is covered by tile)
    4. (historical) amusement park; market
    5. (historical, dialectal) protecting plate of wheel
    6. (music) Alternative name for 土 (tǔ, “earth”).
    7. Ancient placename in modern Hua County, Henan.
    8. Short for 瓦特 (wǎtè, “watt”).
    9. A surname​.

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 瓦

    Pronunciation 2Edit

    Rime
    Character 瓦
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 麻 (99)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 五化切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋˠuaH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋʷᵚaH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋuaH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋwaɨH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋuaH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋwaH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋwaH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		wà
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 瓦
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 12603
    Phonetic
    component         		瓦
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		瓦
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋʷraːls/

    DefinitionsEdit

    瓦

    1. † to tile; to cover with tiles

    CompoundsEdit

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    瓦

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. tile
    2. gram, gramme

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1Edit

     
    Kanji in this term
    瓦
    かわら
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    /kapara/ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/

    Probably from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “cup, bowl, skull”),[1][2] possibly via 迦波羅 (MC kˠa puɑ lɑ). Along with Buddhism, roof tiles came to Japan in the Asuka period.

    Cognate with 骨, 䯊 (kawara, “a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap”).

    Folk etymologies include:

    • from 変わら (kawara), the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 変わる (kawaru, “to change”), from the idea that tiles were produced by changing the clay into pottery through firing

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    瓦 (hiragana かわら, rōmaji kawara, historical hiragana かはら)

    1. roof tile

    Etymology 2Edit

    Abbreviation of transliterated ateji (当て字) spelling 瓦 (グ)蘭 (ラ)姆 (ム) (guramu), attested in the Meiji period. The term グラム (guramu) itself was borrowed from either English gram or French gramme.[1][2]

    Once considered a 国字 (kokuji, “national character”, a kanji coined in Japan), another example being 瓲 (トン) (ton, “ton, tonne”).

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    瓦 (katakana グラム, rōmaji guramu)

    1. (dated) symbol for gram, gramme

    Derived termsEdit

    Terms derived from グラム

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    KoreanEdit

    HanjaEdit

    瓦 (eumhun 기와 와 (giwa wa))

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    瓦 (ngõa)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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