Wiktionary

瓦

瓦 U+74E6, 瓦
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-74E6
← 瓥
[U+74E5] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 瓧 →
[U+74E7]
⽡ U+2F61, ⽡
KANGXI RADICAL TILE
← ⽠
[U+2F60] 		Kangxi Radicals ⽢ →
[U+2F62]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

See images of
Radical 98 瓦

瓦 (Kangxi radical 98, 瓦+0, 5 strokes in Chinese in traditional Chinese, 4 strokes in mainland China, 5 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 一女弓戈 (MVNI), four-corner 10717, composition ⿵⿸⿱一𠄌㇈丶(G) or ⿵⿸⿱丅㇀㇈丶(HTJKV))

  1. Kangxi radical #98, ⽡.

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 747, character 36
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21438
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1156, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1421, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+74E6

ChineseEdit

trad. 瓦
simp. # 瓦
alternative forms 𪜂

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 瓦
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
     
Characters in the same phonetic series (瓦) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
瓦 *ŋʷraːlʔ, *ŋʷraːls
邷 *ŋʷraːlʔ

Pictogram (象形) – fired earthenware pottery, or a tile.

Etymology 1Edit

Possibly derived from 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) by eliminating causative devoicing and adding an endoactive rising tone (上聲), literally “that which has transformed (through fire)” (Schuessler, 2007).

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • nguâ - vernacular;
  • nguā - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • hiā/hiǎ/hōa/hǒa - vernacular;
    • góa - literary;
    • óa - literary (Zhangzhou, Taiwan), common variant (Xiamen, Quanzhou).
    Note:
    • hia6 - vernacular;
    • ua1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 瓦
    Mandarin Beijing /ua²¹⁴/
    Harbin /ua²¹³/
    Tianjin /vɑ¹³/
    Jinan /va⁵⁵/
    Qingdao /va⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /ua⁵³/
    Xi'an /ua⁵³/
    Xining /ua⁵³/
    Yinchuan /va⁵³/ ～房
    Lanzhou /va⁴⁴²/
    Ürümqi /va⁵¹/
    Wuhan /ua⁴²/
    Chengdu /ua⁵³/
    Guiyang /ua⁴²/
    Kunming /ua̠⁵³/
    Nanjing /uɑ²¹²/
    Hefei /ua²⁴/
    Jin Taiyuan /va⁵³/ 磚～
    Pingyao /uɑ⁵³/ 名詞
    Hohhot /va⁵³/
    Wu Shanghai /ŋo²³/
    Suzhou /ŋo³¹/
    Hangzhou /ʔuɑ⁵³/
    Wenzhou /ŋo³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /ua³⁵/
    /ŋa³⁵/
    Tunxi /ŋɔ²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /ua⁴¹/
    Xiangtan /uɒ⁴²/
    Gan Nanchang /uɑ²¹³/
    Hakka Meixian /ŋa³¹/
    Taoyuan /ŋɑ³¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋa²³/
    Nanning /ŋa²⁴/
    Hong Kong /ŋa¹³/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /gua⁵³/
    /hia²²/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ua³²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ua⁴²/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /ua⁵³/
    /hia³⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /hia³³/
    Rime
    Character 瓦
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 麻 (99)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 五寡切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋˠuaX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋʷᵚaX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋuaX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋwaɨX/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋuaX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋwaX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋwaX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		wǎ
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ngaa5
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 瓦
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		wǎ
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ngwæX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*C.ŋʷˁra[j]ʔ/
    English roof tile

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 瓦
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 12601
    Phonetic
    component         		瓦
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		瓦
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋʷraːlʔ/

    DefinitionsEdit

    瓦

    1. earthenware; earthenware pottery
    2. tile (roof covering)
    3. (historical) back of shield (arching, as if it is covered by tile)
    4. (historical) amusement park; market
    5. (historical, dialectal) protecting plate of wheel
    6. (music) Alternative name for 土 (tǔ, “earth”).
    7. Ancient placename in modern Hua County, Henan.
    8. a surname.

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 瓦

    DescendantsEdit

    • → Proto-Hmong-Mien: *ŋʷæX (“tile”)
    • → Vietnamese: ngói (“tile”)
    • → Zhuang: vax (“tile”)

    Etymology 2Edit

    Derived from etymology 1 with denominal verbalization.

    PronunciationEdit

    Note:
    • hiā - vernacular;
    • gōa - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 瓦
    Mandarin Beijing
    Harbin /ua⁵³/
    Tianjin
    Jinan
    Qingdao
    Zhengzhou
    Xi'an
    Xining
    Yinchuan /va¹³/ ～刀
    Lanzhou
    Ürümqi
    Wuhan
    Chengdu
    Guiyang
    Kunming
    Nanjing
    Hefei
    Jin Taiyuan /va⁴⁵/ 泥～匠
    Pingyao /uɑ³⁵/ 動詞
    Hohhot
    Wu Shanghai
    Suzhou
    Hangzhou
    Wenzhou
    Hui Shexian
    Tunxi
    Xiang Changsha
    Xiangtan
    Gan Nanchang
    Hakka Meixian
    Taoyuan
    Cantonese Guangzhou
    Nanning
    Hong Kong
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan)
    Fuzhou (Min Dong)
    Jian'ou (Min Bei)
    Shantou (Min Nan)
    Haikou (Min Nan)
    Rime
    Character 瓦
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 麻 (99)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 五化切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋˠuaH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋʷᵚaH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋuaH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋwaɨH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋuaH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋwaH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋwaH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		wà
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ngaa6
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 瓦
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 12603
    Phonetic
    component         		瓦
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		瓦
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋʷraːls/

    DefinitionsEdit

    瓦

    1. † to tile; to cover with tiles

    CompoundsEdit

    Etymology 3Edit

    PronunciationEdit

    DefinitionsEdit

    瓦

    1. Used in transcription.
    2. Short for 瓦特 (wǎtè, “watt”).
    SynonymsEdit
    Dialectal synonyms of 瓦特 (“watt”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 瓦特, 瓦
    Mandarin Taiwan 瓦
    Wuhan 支光
    Guiyang 支光, 瓦
    Guilin 瓦
    Dagudi (Maliba) 瓦
    Reshuitang (Longling) 瓦
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 瓦
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 瓦
    Cantonese Guangzhou 火, 𡆇
    Hong Kong 火, 𡆇
    Taishan (Guanghai) 瓦
    Beihai 瓦
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 瓦, 火
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 瓦
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 瓦
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 瓦
    Móng Cái 瓦
    Mandalay (Taishan) 度
    Hakka Meixian 𡆇
    Min Nan Shantou 瓦
    Wu Hangzhou 支光
    Ningbo 支光

    CompoundsEdit

    ReferencesEdit

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    瓦

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. tile
    2. gram, gramme

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1Edit

     
    Kanji in this term
    瓦
    かわら
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    /kapara/ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/

    Probably from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “cup, bowl, skull”),[1][2] possibly via Middle Chinese 迦波羅 (MC kˠa puɑ lɑ). Along with Buddhism, roof tiles came to Japan in the Asuka period.

    Cognate with 骨, 䯊 (kawara, “a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap”).

    Folk etymologies include:

    • From 変わら (kawara), the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 変わる (kawaru, “to change”), from the idea that tiles were produced by changing the clay into pottery through firing

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    瓦(かわら) • (kawara) ←かはら (kafara)?

    1. roof tile

    Etymology 2Edit

    Kanji in this term
    瓦
    グラム
    Grade: S
    irregular

    Abbreviation of transliterated ateji (当て字) spelling 瓦(グ)蘭(ラ)姆(ム) (guramu), attested in the Meiji period. The term グラム (guramu) itself was borrowed from either English gram or French gramme.[1][2]

    Once considered a 国字 (kokuji, “national character”, a kanji coined in Japan), another example being 瓲(トン) (ton, “ton, tonne”).

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    瓦(グラム) • (guramu) 

    1. (dated) symbol for gram, gramme

    Derived termsEdit

    Terms derived from グラム

    Etymology 3Edit

    Kanji in this term
    瓦
    が
    Grade: S
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 瓦 (MC ŋˠuaX, ŋˠuaH).

    PronunciationEdit

    AffixEdit

    瓦(が) • (ga) ←ぐわ (gwa)?

    1. roof tile
    2. Used phonetically.
      瓦斯(ガス) (gasu): gas

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    KoreanEdit

    EtymologyEdit

    From Middle Chinese 瓦 (MC ŋˠuaX).

    Historical readings

    PronunciationEdit

    HanjaEdit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    瓦 (eumhun 기와 와 (giwa wa))

    1. Hanja form? of 와 (“roof tile”).

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    ReferencesEdit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    瓦: Hán Nôm readings: ngõa/ngoã, ngói, ngoa

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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