歌

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Han characterEdit

歌 (radical 76, 欠+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一口弓人 (MRNO) or X一口弓人 (XMRNO), four-corner 1768₂, composition ⿰哥欠)

Derived charactersEdit

𫉸

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 571, character 7
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16167
Dae Jaweon: page 959, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2147, character 12
Unihan data for U+6B4C

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		歌
alternative forms		謌哥𡃭𣤑𣤒

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 歌
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
砢	*ɡ·raːlʔ
柯	*kaːl
菏	kaːl, ɡaːl
牁	*kaːl
滒	*kaːl
哥	*kaːl
歌	*kaːl
謌	*kaːl
鴚	*kaːl
哿	*kaːlʔ
舸	*kaːlʔ
笴	kaːlʔ, kaːnʔ
軻	kʰaːl, kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
珂	*kʰaːl
可	*kʰaːlʔ
岢	*kʰaːlʔ
坷	kʰaːlʔ, kʰaːls
蚵	kʰaːls, ɡaːl
呵	qʰaːl, qʰaːls
訶	*qʰaːl
抲	*qʰaːl
荷	qʰaːls, ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
何	ɡaːl, ɡaːlʔ
河	*ɡaːl
苛	*ɡaːl
魺	*ɡaːl
袔	*ɡaːls
阿	*qaːl
妸	qaːl, qaːlʔ
疴	qaːl, kʰraːls
鈳	*qaːl
娿	qaːl, qaːlʔ
痾	*qaːl
跒	*kʰraːlʔ
閜	*qʰraːlʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaːl): phonetic 哥 (OC *kaːl) + semantic 欠 (“blow”). Specialized form of 哥 (OC *kaːl, “to sing”).

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gaːr ~ *ga (“to dance; to sing; to leap; to stride”). Cognate with Burmese က (ka., “to dance”).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): gē (ge¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄜ

(Chengdu, SP): go¹

(Dungan, Cyrillic): гә (gə, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): go¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): go⁴, go^4*, go¹
Gan (Wiktionary): go¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kô

(Meixian, Guangdong): go¹
Jin (Wiktionary): ge¹
Min Bei (KCR): gó̤
Min Dong (BUC): gŏ̤
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): koa / ko / ko͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): gua¹ / go¹
Wu (Wiktionary): ku (T1)
Xiang (Wiktionary): go¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: gē
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄜ
  - Wade–Giles: ko¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ge
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ge
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɤ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (歌兒／歌儿)
  - Pinyin: gēr
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄜㄦ
  - Wade–Giles: kêrh¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gel
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ger
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɤɻ⁵⁵/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    哥兒／哥儿
    歌兒／歌儿
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: go¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: go
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ko⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic: гә (gə, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kə²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: go¹
  - Yale: gō
  - Cantonese Pinyin: go¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: go¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔː⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: go⁴, go^4*, go¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kᵘɔ²¹/, /kᵘɔ²¹⁻²¹⁵/, /kᵘɔ³³/

Note:

go4* - standalone or as the head of a compound;
go1 - variant for verb.

Gan

(Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: go¹
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ko⁴²/

Hakka

(Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kô
- Hakka Romanization System: go´
- Hagfa Pinyim: go¹
- Sinological IPA: /ko²⁴/
(Meixian)
- Guangdong: go¹
- Sinological IPA: /ko⁴⁴/

Jin

(Taiyuan)⁺
- Wiktionary: ge¹
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kɤ¹¹/

Min Bei

(Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gó̤
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔ⁵⁴/

Min Dong

(Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gŏ̤
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ko⁵⁵/

Min Nan

(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koa
- Tâi-lô: kua
- Phofsit Daibuun: koaf
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kua⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kua³³/
(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko
- Tâi-lô: ko
- Phofsit Daibuun: koy
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɤ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ko³³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /ko⁴⁴/
(Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘
- Tâi-lô: koo
- Phofsit Daibuun: kof
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³/

Note:

koa - vernacular;
ko, ko͘ - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: gua¹ / go¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kua / ko
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kua³³/, /ko³³/

Note:

gua1 - vernacular;
go1 - literary.

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: ku (T1)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kv̩ʷ⁵³/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: go¹
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ko³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 歌
Mandarin	Beijing	/kɤ⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/kɤ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/kɤ²¹/
	Jinan	/kə²¹³/
	Qingdao	/kə²¹³/ 新 /kuə²¹³/ 老
	Zhengzhou	/kɤ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/kɤ²¹/
	Xining	/kɔ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/kə⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/kə³¹/
	Ürümqi	/kɤ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/kuo⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/ko⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/ko⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/ko⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/ko³¹/
	Hefei	/kʊ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kɤ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/kɔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/kɤ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ku⁵³/
	Suzhou	/kəu⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ko³³/
	Wenzhou	/ku³³/
Hui	Shexian	/ko³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/ko¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ko³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ko³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/ko⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/ko⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ko²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kɔ⁵³/
	Nanning	/kɔ⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/kɔ⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/ko⁵⁵/ /kua⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ko⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/kɔ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ko³³/ /kua³³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ko²³/ /kua²³/

Middle Chinese: /kɑ/

Rime
Character	歌
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古俄切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ka/
Li Rong	/kɑ/
Wang Li	/kɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gē
Expected Cantonese Reflex	go¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤaj/

(Zhengzhang): /*kaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	歌
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gē
Middle Chinese	‹ ka ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˁaj/
English	sing, song
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	歌
Reading #	1/1
No.	7438
Phonetic component	可
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	歌
Old Chinese	/*kaːl/

DefinitionsEdit

歌

to sing; to chant
高歌 ― gāogē ― to sing loudly
- 心之憂矣，我歌且謠。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  心之忧矣，我歌且谣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, circa 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Xīn zhī yōu yǐ, wǒ gē qiě yáo. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)
- 與君歌一曲，請君爲我側耳聽。 [MSC, trad.]
  与君歌一曲，请君为我侧耳听。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 752, Li Bai, 《將進酒》
  Yǔ jūn gē yī qū, qǐng jūn wèi wǒ cè'ěr tīng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)
song; tune (Classifier: 首; 支; 隻／只 c; 條／条 h mn; 塊／块 mn; 闋／阕)
歌曲 ― gēqǔ ― song

民歌 ― míngē ― folk song
- 跛：這條歌真有意思。 [Hokkien, trad.]
  跛：这条歌真有意思。 [Hokkien, simp.]
  From: Chiok Sèng-tàn Ke̍k_01 祝聖誕劇_01, Peh-oe-ji Tai-gu-bun bang-cham 白話字台語文網站 written Taiwanese Southern-Min
  Pái: Chit tiâu koa chin ū ì-sù. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  Cripple: This song is really interesting.
to praise
- 求能讓我歌…一生一世未夠！ [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
  求能让我歌…一生一世未够！ [Literary Cantonese, simp.]
  From: 2015, 陳明恩 (Corinna Chamberlain), 誰被祢揀選
  kau⁴ nang⁴ joeng⁶ ngo⁵ go¹... jat¹ saang¹ jat¹ sai³ mei⁶ gau³! [Jyutping]
  I ask that You may allow me to praise You... my whole life would not be enough!

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 歌

村歌
校園民歌／校园民歌
校歌 (xiàogē)
桃葉歌／桃叶歌
棹歌
楚歌
榜歌
樂歌／乐歌 (yuègē)
樵歌
櫂歌／棹歌
歌五褲／歌五裤
歌仔戲／歌仔戏 (gēzǎixì)
歌伎 (gējì)
歌劇／歌剧 (gējù)
歌劇院／歌剧院 (gējùyuàn)
歌功頌德／歌功颂德 (gēgōngsòngdé)
歌友會／歌友会
歌吟
歌吹
歌唱 (gēchàng)
歌喉 (gēhóu)
歌壇／歌坛 (gētán)
歌女 (gēnǚ)
歌妓
歌姬
歌廳／歌厅 (gētīng)
歌德 (Gēdé)
歌扇
歌手 (gēshǒu)
歌星 (gēxīng)
歌曲 (gēqǔ)
歌板
歌樂／歌乐 (gēyuè)
歌樓舞館／歌楼舞馆
歌筵
歌聲／歌声 (gēshēng)
歌聲繞梁／歌声绕梁
歌臺舞榭／歌台舞榭 (gētáiwǔxiè)
歌舞 (gēwǔ)
歌舞伎 (gēwǔjì)
歌舞作樂／歌舞作乐
歌舞劇／歌舞剧 (gēwǔjù)
歌舞團／歌舞团
歌舞場／歌舞场
歌舞昇平／歌舞升平 (gēwǔshēngpíng)
歌舞片 (gēwǔpiàn)
歌行
歌訣／歌诀
歌詞／歌词 (gēcí)
歌詠／歌咏 (gēyǒng)
歌詩／歌诗 (gēshī)
歌誦／歌诵
歌調／歌调
歌謠／歌谣 (gēyáo)
歌譜／歌谱 (gēpǔ)
歌迷 (gēmí)
歌郎
歌鐘／歌钟
歌集
歌音
歌頌／歌颂 (gēsòng)
歌頭／歌头
歌風臺／歌风台
歌鶯舞燕／歌莺舞燕
正歌 (zhènggē)
正氣歌／正气歌 (Zhèngqìgē)
武城弦歌
民歌 (míngē)
民歌五褲／民歌五裤
民謠歌手／民谣歌手
民謠歌曲／民谣歌曲
民間歌舞／民间歌舞
流行歌曲 (liúxíng gēqǔ)
浩歌
清歌
清歌妙舞
漁歌／渔歌
燒餅歌／烧饼歌
燕歌行
牛角之歌
牧歌 (mùgē)
牽亡歌／牵亡歌

ReferencesEdit

“歌”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

歌

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
Kun: うたう (utau, 歌う, Jōyō)^{←うたふ (utafu, historical)}; うた (uta, 歌, Jōyō)

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

Etymology 1Edit

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

歌

Wikipedia ^ja

Kanji in this term
歌
うた Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Alternative spellings
唄詩謳

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *Uta.

PronunciationEdit

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) うた [ùtáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ᵝta̠]

NounEdit

歌(うた) • (uta)

(music) a song
氷(こおり)と炎(ほのお)の歌(うた)
Kōri to Honō no Uta
A Song of Ice and Fire
(poetry) poetry

Usage notesEdit

Despite 歌, 唄, and 詩 having the same kun-yomi reading of uta: 詩 refers to modern poetry, 歌 to songs and classical Japanese poetry (such as tanka), and 唄 is primarily used in shamisen songs.

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
歌
か Grade: 2
on’yomi

AffixEdit

歌(か) • (ka)

a song; to sing
Japanese poetry; waka

ReferencesEdit

^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
^ 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō