土
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Contents
TranslingualEdit
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han characterEdit
土 (radical 32 土+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 土 (G), four-corner 40100)
- Kangxi radical #32, ⼟.
Derived charactersEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 223, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4867
- Dae Jaweon: page 453, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 415, character 1
- Unihan data for U+571F
ChineseEdit
| simp. and trad. |
土 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 土
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bamboo and silk script | Large seal script | Small seal script |
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (土) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 社 | *ɦljaːʔ |
| 肚 | *ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ |
| 土 | *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ |
| 吐 | *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs |
| 芏 | *l̥ʰaːʔ |
| 杜 | *l'aːʔ |
| 靯 | *l'aːʔ |
| 荰 | *l'aːʔ |
Pictogram (象形): a lump of clay on a potter’s wheel.
PronunciationEdit
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): tou2
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thú
- Min Dong (BUC): tù
- Min Nan (POJ): thó͘
- Wu (Wiktionary): thu (T2)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ
- Wade-Giles: t'u3
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuu
- IPA (key): /tʰu²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: tou2
- Yale: tóu
- Cantonese Pinyin: tou2
- Guangdong Romanization: tou2
- IPA (key): /tʰou̯³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thú
- Hakka Romanization System: tu`
- Hagfa Pinyim: tu3
- IPA: /tʰu³¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: tù
- IPA (key): /tʰu⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: thu (T2)
- IPA (key): /tʰv̩ʷ³⁴/
- (Shanghainese)
-
Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 土 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /tʰu²¹⁴/ |
| Harbin | /tʰu²¹³/ | |
| Tianjin | /tʰu¹³/ | |
| Jinan | /tʰu⁵⁵/ | |
| Qingdao | /tʰu⁵⁵/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
| Xi'an | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
| Xining | /tʰv̩⁵³/ | |
| Yinchuan | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /tʰu⁴⁴²/ | |
| Ürümqi | /tʰu⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /tʰəu⁴²/ | |
| Chengdu | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
| Guiyang | /tʰu⁴²/ | |
| Kunming | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
| Nanjing | /tʰu²¹²/ | |
| Hefei | /tʰu²⁴/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /tʰu⁵³/ |
| Pingyao | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
| Hohhot | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /tʰu³⁵/ |
| Suzhou | /tʰəu⁵¹/ | |
| Hangzhou | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /tʰøy³⁵/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /tʰu³⁵/ |
| Tunxi | /tʰəu³¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /tʰəu⁴¹/ |
| Xiangtan | /tʰəɯ⁴²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /tʰu²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /tʰu³¹/ |
| Taoyuan | /tʰu³¹/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tʰou³⁵/ |
| Nanning | /tʰu³⁵/ | |
| Hong Kong | /tʰou³⁵/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /tʰɔ⁵³/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /tʰu³²/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /tʰu²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /tʰou⁵³/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /hɔu³¹/ 訓途 /hɔu²¹³/ ～產 |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 土 | 土 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 他魯切 | 徒古切 |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/tʰuoX/ | /duoX/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/tʰuoX/ | /duoX/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/tʰoX/ | /doX/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/tʰɔX/ | /dɔX/ |
| Li Rong |
/tʰoX/ | /doX/ |
| Wang Li |
/tʰuX/ | /duX/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/tʰuoX/ | /dʱuoX/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
tǔ | dù |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 土 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
tǔ |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ thuX › |
| Old Chinese |
/*tʰˤaʔ/ |
| English | earth |
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
|
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 土 | 土 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 12499 | 12503 |
| Phonetic component |
土 | 土 |
| Rime group |
魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
土 | 杜 |
| Old Chinese |
/*l̥ʰaːʔ/ | /*l'aːʔ/ |
DefinitionsEdit
土
- earth; soil
- clay
- crude opium
- local; native; indigenous
-
土著 ― tǔzhù ― aboriginal
-
- rustic; unsophisticated
- the Tujia ethnic group (土家族 (tǔjiāzú))
- A surname.
DescendantsEdit
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 土
ReferencesEdit
- “Entry #192”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
土
ReadingsEdit
- Goon: つ (tsu)
- Kan’on: と (to, Jōyō)
- Kan’yōon: ど (do, Jōyō)
- Kun: つち (tsuchi, 土, Jōyō)
- Nanori: ひじ (hiji)
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 土 |
| つち Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
EtymologyEdit
From Old Japanese.[1][2]
PronunciationEdit
Alternative formsEdit
NounEdit
土 (hiragana つち, rōmaji tsuchi)
Derived termsEdit
- 土狼 (tsuchiōkami): aardwolf
- 土豚 (tsuchibuta): aardvark
- 土を踏む (tsuchi o fumu): enter the foreign country
- 真土 (matsuchi): good quality soil suitable for cultivation
ReferencesEdit
- ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
- ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3
KoreanEdit
HanjaEdit
土 • (to, du)
- Compounds
- 土曜日 (toyoil): Saturday.
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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