土

See also: 士, 圡, 𡈽, and ±

土	U+571F, 土 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-571F

← 圞
[U+571E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

圠 →
[U+5720]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han characterEdit

See images of
Radical 32 土

土 (radical 32, 土+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 土 (G), four-corner 4010₀, composition ⿱十一)

Kangxi radical #32, ⼟.

Derived charactersEdit

Index:Chinese radical/土
𫡢, 吐, 𡚳, 𢎳, 𢓂, 𪫞, 扗, 汢, 肚, 杜, 𣧅, 灶, 牡, 𤣰, 社, 𨑒, 𥃾, 𥝟, 𬡃, 𫊥, 䝅, 𧺔, 𮛄, 𨑡, 釷(钍), 靯, 𩡶, 𩵚(𬶂), 𪐢
凷, 𫧀, 𫲵, 尘, 庄, 𢨫, 芏, 𭎊, 𦉷, 𥤧, 㽵, 𥫦, 𮓛, 䦌(𮤬), 𫕞, 𭎭, 𩫽, 𤍢, 𪔋, 去, 𠮷, 𡕟, 寺, 𢖽, 𭟯, 灻, 𫅢, 𮤇, 𪔄, 𪔌

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 223, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4867
Dae Jaweon: page 453, character 23
Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 415, character 1
Unihan data for U+571F

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		土

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 土
Shang	Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu Slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (土) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
社	*ɦljaːʔ
肚	ʔl'aːʔ, l'aːʔ
土	l̥ʰaːʔ, l'aːʔ
吐	l̥ʰaːʔ, l̥ʰaːs
芏	*l̥ʰaːʔ
杜	*l'aːʔ
靯	*l'aːʔ
荰	*l'aːʔ

Pictogram (象形): a lump of clay on a potter’s wheel.

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): tǔ (tu³)

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ

(Dungan, Cyrillic): тў (II)
Cantonese (Jyutping): tou²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thú
Min Bei (KCR): tǔ
Min Dong (BUC): tù
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): thó͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): tou² / dou⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): thu (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: tǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ
  - Wade–Giles: t'u³
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuu
  - IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹⁴/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic: тў (II)
  - IPA ^(key): /tʰuː⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: tou²
  - Yale: tóu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tou²
  - Guangdong Romanization: tou²
  - IPA ^(key): /tʰou̯³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thú
  - Hakka Romanization System: tu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tu³
  - IPA: /tʰu³¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tǔ
  - IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tù
  - IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó͘
  - Tâi-lô: thóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tor
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tou² / dou⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóu / tŏu
  - IPA ^(key): /tʰou⁵²/, /tou³⁵/

Note: dou6 - “ground, dust”.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: thu (T2)
  - IPA ^(key): /tʰv̩ʷ³⁴/

Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 土
Mandarin	Beijing	/tʰu²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/tʰu²¹³/
	Tianjin	/tʰu¹³/
	Jinan	/tʰu⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/tʰu⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/tʰu⁵³/
	Xi'an	/tʰu⁵³/
	Xining	/tʰv̩⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/tʰu⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/tʰu⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/tʰu⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/tʰəu⁴²/
	Chengdu	/tʰu⁵³/
	Guiyang	/tʰu⁴²/
	Kunming	/tʰu⁵³/
	Nanjing	/tʰu²¹²/
	Hefei	/tʰu²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tʰu⁵³/
	Pingyao	/tʰu⁵³/
	Hohhot	/tʰu⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/tʰu³⁵/
	Suzhou	/tʰəu⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/tʰu⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/tʰøy³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/tʰu³⁵/
Hui	Tunxi	/tʰəu³¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/tʰəu⁴¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/tʰəɯ⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/tʰu²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/tʰu³¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/tʰu³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tʰou³⁵/
	Nanning	/tʰu³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/tʰou³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/tʰɔ⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/tʰu³²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/tʰu²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/tʰou⁵³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/hɔu³¹/ 訓途 /hɔu²¹³/ ～產

Middle Chinese: /tʰuo^X/, /duo^X/▼

Rime
Character	土	土
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	他魯切	徒古切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰuo^X/	/duo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰuo^X/	/duo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰo^X/	/do^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɔ^X/	/dɔ^X/
Li Rong	/tʰo^X/	/do^X/
Wang Li	/tʰu^X/	/du^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰuo^X/	/dʱuo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tǔ	dù

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːʔ/, /*l'aːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	土
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ thu^X ›
Old Chinese	/*tʰˤaʔ/
English	earth
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	土	土
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	12499	12503
Phonetic component	土	土
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	土	杜
Old Chinese	/*l̥ʰaːʔ/	/*l'aːʔ/

DefinitionsEdit

土

earth; soil
這兒的土夠肥的。 / 这儿的土够肥的。 ― Zhèr de tǔ gòu féi de. ― The soil here is quite fertile.
clay
crude opium
dust
(Teochew) ground
local; native; indigenous
土著 ― tǔzhù ― aboriginal
rustic; unsophisticated
the Tujia ethnic group (土家族 (tǔjiāzú))
A surname.

DescendantsEdit

Sino-Xenic (土):

Japanese: 土 (つ) (tsu); 土 (と) (to)
Korean: 토 (土, to)
Vietnamese: thổ (土)

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 土

土人 (tǔrén)
土俗
土偶
土包子 (tǔbāozi)
土匪 (tǔfěi)
土名
土地 (tǔdì)
土地廟／土地庙
土地改革 (tǔdì gǎigé)
土坎 (tǔkǎn)
土坎兒／土坎儿
土坡
土坡兒／土坡儿
土坯 (tǔpī)
土埂
土城 (Tǔchéng)
土城垸 (Tǔchéngyuàn)
土塊／土块
土壘／土垒
土壤 (tǔrǎng)
土壩／土坝
土家族 (tǔjiāzú)
土專家／土专家
土崗／土岗 (tǔgǎng)
土崩瓦解
土布
土庫曼／土库曼 (Tǔkùmàn)
土庫曼斯坦／土库曼斯坦 (Tǔkùmànsītǎn)

土建
土性
土房
土改 (tǔgǎi)
土政策
土方 (tǔfāng)
土方兒／土方儿
土族 (tǔzú)
土星 (Tǔxīng)
土木 (tǔmù)
土木工程 (tǔmù gōngchéng)
土木形骸
土模
土氣／土气 (tǔqì)
土法
土洋結合／土洋结合
土溫／土温
土牆／土墙
土牛木馬／土牛木马
土牢
土物
土特產／土特产 (tǔtèchǎn)
土生土長／土生土长 (tǔshēngtǔzhǎng)
土產／土产 (tǔchǎn)
土疙瘩
土皇帝
土石方
土笛

土糞／土粪
土紙／土纸
土老帽兒／土老帽儿
土老財／土老财
土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí)
土肥 (tǔféi)
土腥氣／土腥气
土色
土著 (tǔzhù)
土葬
土話／土话 (tǔhuà)
土語／土语 (tǔyǔ)
土豆 (tǔdòu)
土豆兒／土豆儿 (tǔdòur)
土豪 (tǔháo)
土財主／土财主
土貨／土货
土質／土质 (tǔzhì)
土造 (tǔzào)
土道
土里土氣／土里土气
土階茅茨／土阶茅茨
土音
土頭土腦／土头土脑
土黃／土黄
淨土／净土 (jìngtǔ)
陶土 (táotǔ)

ReferencesEdit

“Entry #192”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

ReadingsEdit

Goon: つ (tsu)
Kan’on: と (to, Jōyō)
Kan’yōon: ど (do, Jōyō)
Kun: つち (tsuchi, 土, Jōyō)
Nanori: ひじ (hiji)

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

苦 (く)土 (ど) (kudo): magnesia, magnesium oxide
土 (と)地 (ち) (tochi): ground; land
陶 (とう)土 (ど) (tōdo): potter's clay
土産 (みやげ) (miyage): a souvenir, a present
土竜 (もぐら) (mogura): mole (animal)
土 (ど)柱 (ちゅう) (dochū): hoodoo (landform)

Kanji in this term
土
つち Grade: 1
kun’yomi

EtymologyEdit

From Old Japanese.^[1]^[2]

PronunciationEdit

Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) つち [tsùchíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[2]^[3]
- IPA^(key): [t͡sɨ̥ᵝt͡ɕi]

Alternative formsEdit

地

NounEdit

土 (hiragana つち, rōmaji tsuchi)

earth; soil; mud
the ground

Derived termsEdit

土狼 (つちおおかみ) (tsuchiōkami): aardwolf
土豚 (つちぶた) (tsuchibuta): aardvark
土 (つち)を踏 (ふ)む (tsuchi o fumu): enter the foreign country
真土 (まつち) (matsuchi): good quality soil suitable for cultivation

ReferencesEdit

^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

KoreanEdit

Etymology 1Edit

HanjaEdit

土 (eumhun 흙 토 (heuk to))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

CompoundsEdit

土曜日 (toyoil): Saturday.

NounEdit

土 • (to) (hangeul 토)

earth
(as an abbreviation) Saturday

Etymology 2Edit

HanjaEdit

土 (eumhun 뿌리 두 (ppuri du))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.