土
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TranslingualEdit
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Han characterEdit
土 (radical 32, 土+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 土 (G), four-corner 40100, composition ⿱十一)
- Kangxi radical #32, ⼟.
Derived charactersEdit
- Appendix:Chinese radical/土
- 𫡢, 吐, 𡚳, 𢎳, 𢓂, 𪫞, 扗, 汢, 肚, 杜, 𣧅, 灶, 牡, 𤣰, 社, 𨑒, 𥃾, 𥝟, 𬡃, 𫊥, 䝅, 𧺔, 𮛄, 𨑡, 釷(钍), 靯, 𩡶, 𩵚(𬶂), 𪐢, 𤬪, 壻, 䲧, 䵺
- 凷, 𫧀, 𫲵, 尘, 庄, 𢨫, 芏, 至, 𭎊, 𦉷, 𥤧, 㽵, 茔, 里, 𥫦, 𮓛, 䦌(𮤬), 𫕞, 𭎭, 𩫽, 烾, 𤍢, 𪔋, 墨, 皨, 䜃, 㐋, 去, 𠮷, 𡕟, 寺, 𢖽, 𭟯, 灻, 赤, 走, 赱, 幸, 𥸮, 𫅢, 𮤇, 𪔄, 𪔌
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 223, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4867
- Dae Jaweon: page 453, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 415, character 1
- Unihan data for U+571F
ChineseEdit
| simp. and trad. |
土 | |
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| alternative forms | 士 圡 𡈽 | |
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 土 | ||||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形): a lump of clay on a potter’s wheel.
Etymology 1Edit
There is no obvious cognate and etymology, unless it may be related to Proto-Austroasiatic *tiʔ (Proto-Monic *tiiʔ (“soil; ground consisting of earth”), Semnam tɛʔ (“soil; earth”)). However, this would require the assumption of a shift from front vowel to Old Chinese *a (Schuessler, 2007).
Probably related to 社 (OC *ɦljaːʔ, “god of soil; altar to god of soil”).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
土
- earth; soil
- clay
- crude opium
- dust
- local; native; indigenous
- 土著 ― tǔzhù ― aboriginal
- rustic; unsophisticated; uncouth; vulgar; tasteless; uncultured
- the Tujia ethnic group (土家族 (Tǔjiāzú))
- the Tu ethnic group; Monguor people; White Mongol (土族 (Tǔzú))
- Short for 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí, “Turkey”).
- A surname.
SynonymsEdit
Dialectal synonyms of 土 (“earth; soil (dry)”) [map]
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 土
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Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
土
- † Alternative form of 杜 (dù, “root”).
- 迨天之未陰雨、徹彼桑土、綢繆牖戶。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, circa 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Dài tiān zhī wèi yīnyǔ, chè bǐ sāngdù, chóumóu yǒuhù. [Pinyin]
- Before the sky was dark with rain,
I gathered the roots of the mulberry tree,
And bound round and round my window and door.
迨天之未阴雨、彻彼桑土、绸缪牖户。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † An ancient river
Etymology 3Edit
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
土
- † Only used in 土苴 (chǎzhǎ).
Etymology 4Edit
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
土
Etymology 5Edit
| For pronunciation and definitions of 土 – see 士 (“unmarried male; bachelor; man; etc.”). (This character, 土, is a variant form of 士.) |
ReferencesEdit
- “土”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00740
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00831-001
- “Entry #192”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
土
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: つ (tsu)
- Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)
- Kan’yō-on: ど (do, Jōyō)
- Kun: つち (tsuchi, 土, Jōyō)
- Nanori: ひじ (hiji)
CompoundsEdit
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
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| 土 |
| つち Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
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| 地 |
From Old Japanese.[1][2]
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
IdiomsEdit
- 土を踏む (tsuchi o fumu, “tread on the ground → enter a foreign country”)
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 土 |
| と Grade: 1 |
| kan’on |
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Proper nounEdit
Etymology 3Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 土 |
| ど Grade: 1 |
| kan’yōon |
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
ReferencesEdit
KoreanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Chinese 土 (MC tʰuoX).
| Historical Readings | ||
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| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 통〯 (Yale: thwǒ) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | ᄒᆞᆰ (Yale: hòlk) | 토〮 (Yale: thwó) |
PronunciationEdit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [tʰo̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [토]
HanjaEdit
- Hanja form? of 토 (“earth; soil”). [affix]
- Hanja form? of 토 (“Short for 토요일(土曜日) (toyoil, “Saturday”).”).
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
- 국토 (國土, gukto, “national territory”)
- 본토 (本土, bonto)
- 영토 (領土, yeongto, “territory”)
- 척토 (瘠土, cheokto, “barren soil”)
- 토기 (土器, togi, “earthenware”)
- 토대 (土臺, todae)
- 토성 (土星, Toseong, “Saturn”)
- 토양 (土壤, toyang)
- 토요일 (土曜日, Toyoil)
- 토종 (土種, tojong, “native species”)
- 토지 (土地, toji)
- 풍토 (風土, pungto)
- 향토 (鄕土, hyangto, “local; rural”)
- 황토 (黃土, hwangto)
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
土: Hán Việt readings: thổ (
土: Nôm readings: thổ[1][2][4], độ[2], thuở[2]