土

See also: 士, 圡, 𡈽, and ±
土 U+571F, 土
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-571F
← 圞
[U+571E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 圠 →
[U+5720]
⼟ U+2F1F, ⼟
KANGXI RADICAL EARTH
← ⼞
[U+2F1E] 		Kangxi Radicals ⼠ →
[U+2F20]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

See images of
Radical 32 土

土 (radical 32, 土+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 土 (G), four-corner 40100, composition ⿱十一)

  1. Kangxi radical #32, ⼟.

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 223, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4867
  • Dae Jaweon: page 453, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 415, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+571F

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 土
alternative forms 士
圡
𡈽

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 土
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
             
Characters in the same phonetic series (土) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
社 *ɦljaːʔ
肚 *ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ
土 *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ
吐 *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs
芏 *l̥ʰaːʔ
杜 *l'aːʔ
靯 *l'aːʔ
荰 *l'aːʔ

Pictogram (象形): a lump of clay on a potter’s wheel.

Etymology 1Edit

There is no obvious cognate and etymology, unless it may be related to Proto-Austroasiatic *tiʔ (Proto-Monic *tiiʔ (“soil; ground consisting of earth”), Semnam tɛʔ (“soil; earth”)). However, this would require the assumption of a shift from front vowel to Old Chinese *a (Schuessler, 2007).

Probably related to 社 (OC *ɦljaːʔ, “god of soil; altar to god of soil”).

PronunciationEdit

Note: dou6 - “ground, dust”.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 土
Mandarin Beijing /tʰu²¹⁴/
Harbin /tʰu²¹³/
Tianjin /tʰu¹³/
Jinan /tʰu⁵⁵/
Qingdao /tʰu⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /tʰu⁵³/
Xi'an /tʰu⁵³/
Xining /tʰv̩⁵³/
Yinchuan /tʰu⁵³/
Lanzhou /tʰu⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /tʰu⁵¹/
Wuhan /tʰəu⁴²/
Chengdu /tʰu⁵³/
Guiyang /tʰu⁴²/
Kunming /tʰu⁵³/
Nanjing /tʰu²¹²/
Hefei /tʰu²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /tʰu⁵³/
Pingyao /tʰu⁵³/
Hohhot /tʰu⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /tʰu³⁵/
Suzhou /tʰəu⁵¹/
Hangzhou /tʰu⁵³/
Wenzhou /tʰøy³⁵/
Hui Shexian /tʰu³⁵/
Tunxi /tʰəu³¹/
Xiang Changsha /tʰəu⁴¹/
Xiangtan /tʰəɯ⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /tʰu²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /tʰu³¹/
Taoyuan /tʰu³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /tʰou³⁵/
Nanning /tʰu³⁵/
Hong Kong /tʰou³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /tʰɔ⁵³/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /tʰu³²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tʰu²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /tʰou⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /hɔu³¹/ 訓途
/hɔu²¹³/ ～產
Rime
Character 土
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 透 (6)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 他魯切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tʰuoX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/tʰuoX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/tʰoX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/tʰɔX/
Li
Rong 		/tʰoX/
Wang
Li 		/tʰuX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/tʰuoX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		tǔ
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 土
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		tǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ thuX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tʰˁaʔ/
English earth

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 土
Reading # 1/2
No. 12499
Phonetic
component 		土
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		土
Old
Chinese 		/*l̥ʰaːʔ/

DefinitionsEdit

土

  1. earth; soil
    這兒的土夠肥的。 / 这儿的土够肥的。  ―  Zhèr de tǔ gòu féi de.  ―  The soil here is quite fertile.
  2. clay
  3. crude opium
  4. dust
  5. local; native; indigenous
    土著  ―  tǔzhù  ―  aboriginal
  6. rustic; unsophisticated; uncouth; vulgar; tasteless; uncultured
    我覺得東北話實在太土了。 [MSC, trad.]
    我觉得东北话实在太土了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ juéde dōngběihuà shízài tài tǔ le. [Pinyin]
    I think that Northeastern Mandarin is too rustic.
  7. the Tujia ethnic group (土家族 (Tǔjiāzú))
  8. the Tu ethnic group; Monguor people; White Mongol (土族 (tǔzú))
  9. Short for 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí, “Turkey”).
  10. A surname​.
SynonymsEdit
Dialectal synonyms of 土 (“earth; soil (dry)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 土
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 土
Mandarin Beijing 土
Harbin 土
Jinan 土, 土拉
Wuhan 泥巴
Chengdu 泥巴
Guiyang 泥巴
Guilin 土
Liuzhou 泥, 泥巴
Yangzhou 泥, 爛泥
Hefei 土
Cantonese Guangzhou 泥
Hong Kong 泥
Dongguan 泥
Yangjiang 泥
Beihai 泥
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 土
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 土
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 土, 泥
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 泥
Móng Cái 土, 泥
Gan Nanchang 泥巴, 土
Hakka Meixian 泥
Xingning 泥
Huidong (Daling) 泥
Qujiang 泥
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 泥
Changting 泥
Wuping 泥
Wuping (Pingyu) 泥
Liancheng 泥
Ruijin 泥, 那泥
Shicheng 泥
Shangyou 泥
Huizhou Jixi 糊泥
Jin Taiyuan 土
Xinzhou 土
Min Bei Jian'ou 泥
Songxi 泥
Zhenghe 泥
Jianyang 泥
Wuyishan 泥
Min Dong Fuzhou 塗
Changle 塗
Lianjiang 塗
Fuqing 塗
Pingtan 塗
Yongtai 塗
Minqing 塗
Gutian 塗
Pingnan 塗
Luoyuan 塗
Fu'an 塗
Ningde 塗
Xiapu 塗
Zherong 塗
Shouning 塗
Zhouning 塗
Fuding 塗
Min Nan Xiamen 塗
Tong'an 塗
Quanzhou 塗
Jinjiang 塗
Nan'an 塗
Shishi 塗
Hui'an 塗
Anxi 塗
Yongchun 塗
Dehua 塗
Zhangzhou 塗
Longhai 塗
Changtai 塗
Hua'an 塗
Nanjing 塗
Pinghe 塗
Zhangpu 塗
Yunxiao 塗
Zhao'an 塗
Dongshan 塗
Kinmen 塗
Longyan 塗
Zhangping 塗
Datian 塗
Chaozhou 塗
Shantou 塗
Chenghai 塗
Jieyang 塗
Leizhou 塗
Wenchang 塗
Haikou 塗
Puxian Min Putian 塗
Xianyou 塗
Min Zhong Yong'an 泥
Sanyuan 泥
Shaxian 泥
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 泥
Wu Shanghai 爛泥, 爛糊泥
Chongming 爛泥
Suzhou 爛泥, 硬爛泥
Hangzhou 爛污泥
Danyang 爛泥
Ningbo 淖泥, 爛泥
Wenzhou 爛污泥, 爛污泥兒, 爛泥, 泥
Jinhua 糊泥, 泥
Xiang Changsha 泥巴
Shuangfeng 土
Xiangxiang 土

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 土

Etymology 2Edit

PronunciationEdit

Rime
Character 土
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 徒古切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/duoX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/duoX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/doX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/dɔX/
Li
Rong 		/doX/
Wang
Li 		/duX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/dʱuoX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dù
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 土
Reading # 2/2
No. 12503
Phonetic
component 		土
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		杜
Old
Chinese 		/*l'aːʔ/

DefinitionsEdit

土

  1. † Alternative form of 杜 (dù, “root”).
  2. † An ancient river

Etymology 3Edit

PronunciationEdit

DefinitionsEdit

土

  1. † Only used in 土苴 (chǎzhǎ).

Etymology 4Edit

PronunciationEdit

DefinitionsEdit

土

  1. Only used in 土門／土门 (Túmén).

Etymology 5Edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 土 – see 士 (“unmarried male; bachelor; man; etc.”).
(This character, 土, is a variant form of 士.)

ReferencesEdit

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

土

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

Etymology 1Edit

Kanji in this term
土
つち
Grade: 1
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
地

From Old Japanese.[1][2]

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

土(つち) • (tsuchi) 

  1. earth, soil, mud
  2. the ground
Derived termsEdit
IdiomsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
土
と
Grade: 1
kan’on

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Proper nounEdit

土(と) • (To) 

  1. Short for 土耳古 (Toruko): Turkey

Etymology 3Edit

Kanji in this term
土
ど
Grade: 1
kan’yōon

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

土(ど) • (do) 

  1. Short for 土曜日 (doyōbi): Saturday

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 土 (MC tʰuoX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 통〯 (Yale: twǒ)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 ᄒᆞᆰ (Yale: holk) 토 (Yale: two)

PronunciationEdit

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

土 (eumhun 흙 토 (heuk to))

  1. Hanja form? of 토 (“earth; soil”). [affix]
  2. Hanja form? of 토 (“Short for 토요일(土曜日) (toyoil, “Saturday”).”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

ReferencesEdit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

土: Hán Việt readings: thổ (他(tha)魯(lỗ)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
土: Nôm readings: thổ[1][2][4], độ[2], thuở[2]

  1. Hán tự form of thổ (“earth; soil; land”).

CompoundsEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ^ Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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