-os

See also: Appendix:Variations of "os"

English

Etymology

From the traditional Ashkenazi pronunciation of Hebrew ־וֹת (“-ót”), and its descendant, Yiddish ־ות (-es).

Suffix

-os

Used to form plurals of some Hebrew and Yiddish loanwords, usually ending in -a or -ah.

Synonyms

(forming plurals of Hebrew loanwords): -as, -ahs, -ot, -oth

Derived terms

halachos, Halachos
matzos

Anagrams

SO, S/O, s.o., so, So, So., S&O, s/o, S.O.

Aromanian

Alternative forms

-osu

Etymology

From Latin -ōsus.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /os/

Suffix

-os m (feminine singular -oasã, masculine plural -osh, feminine plural -oasi or -oase) or (feminine -ose , feminine plural -osi)

-ous; used to form adjectives

Derived terms

Esperanto

Etymology

The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, -us are related, and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:

This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

Suffix

-os

will; ending of future tense in verbs.
Mi iros al la vendejo. ― I will go to the store.

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-os. Equivalent to -o +‎ -s, or re-extracted from verbs with stems ending in o.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-os/, [-o̞s̠]

Suffix

-os (front vowel harmony variant -ös, linguistic notation -Os)

Forms nouns denoting the result of the action of a verb.
‎liittää (“to join”) + ‎-os → ‎liitos (“joining, joint”)

‎muuntaa (“to change, convert”) + ‎-os → ‎muunnos (“conversion”)

Usage notes

Roots with the neutral front vowels -e-, -i- take the back-vocalic allomorph -os (e.g. pettää (“to deceive, to betray”) → petos (“betrayal, fraud”), piirtää (“to draw”) → piirros (“drawing”)). The form -ös is only used when the first syllable of the root contains what is considered a front vowel under harmony, i.e. -ä-, -ö- or -y- (e.g. kääntää (“to turn; to translate”) → käännös (“turn; translation”), kytkeä (“to connect”) → kytkös (“connection”), näyttää (“to show”) → näytös (“act”)).

Declension

Inflection of -os (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
nominative		-os	-okset
genitive		-oksen	-osten -oksien
partitive		-osta	-oksia
illative		-okseen	-oksiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-os	-okset
accusative	nom.	-os	-okset
accusative	gen.	-oksen	-okset
genitive		-oksen	-osten -oksien
partitive		-osta	-oksia
inessive		-oksessa	-oksissa
elative		-oksesta	-oksista
illative		-okseen	-oksiin
adessive		-oksella	-oksilla
ablative		-okselta	-oksilta
allative		-okselle	-oksille
essive		-oksena	-oksina
translative		-okseksi	-oksiksi
abessive		-oksetta	-oksitta
instructive		—	-oksin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -os (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-okseni	-okseni
accusative	nom.	-okseni	-okseni
accusative	gen.	-okseni	-okseni
genitive		-okseni	-osteni -oksieni
partitive		-ostani	-oksiani
inessive		-oksessani	-oksissani
elative		-oksestani	-oksistani
illative		-okseeni	-oksiini
adessive		-oksellani	-oksillani
ablative		-okseltani	-oksiltani
allative		-okselleni	-oksilleni
essive		-oksenani	-oksinani
translative		-oksekseni	-oksikseni
abessive		-oksettani	-oksittani
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-oksineni

second-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-oksesi	-oksesi
accusative	nom.	-oksesi	-oksesi
accusative	gen.	-oksesi	-oksesi
genitive		-oksesi	-ostesi -oksiesi
partitive		-ostasi	-oksiasi
inessive		-oksessasi	-oksissasi
elative		-oksestasi	-oksistasi
illative		-okseesi	-oksiisi
adessive		-oksellasi	-oksillasi
ablative		-okseltasi	-oksiltasi
allative		-oksellesi	-oksillesi
essive		-oksenasi	-oksinasi
translative		-okseksesi	-oksiksesi
abessive		-oksettasi	-oksittasi
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-oksinesi

first-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-oksemme	-oksemme
accusative	nom.	-oksemme	-oksemme
accusative	gen.	-oksemme	-oksemme
genitive		-oksemme	-ostemme -oksiemme
partitive		-ostamme	-oksiamme
inessive		-oksessamme	-oksissamme
elative		-oksestamme	-oksistamme
illative		-okseemme	-oksiimme
adessive		-oksellamme	-oksillamme
ablative		-okseltamme	-oksiltamme
allative		-oksellemme	-oksillemme
essive		-oksenamme	-oksinamme
translative		-okseksemme	-oksiksemme
abessive		-oksettamme	-oksittamme
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-oksinemme

second-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-oksenne	-oksenne
accusative	nom.	-oksenne	-oksenne
accusative	gen.	-oksenne	-oksenne
genitive		-oksenne	-ostenne -oksienne
partitive		-ostanne	-oksianne
inessive		-oksessanne	-oksissanne
elative		-oksestanne	-oksistanne
illative		-okseenne	-oksiinne
adessive		-oksellanne	-oksillanne
ablative		-okseltanne	-oksiltanne
allative		-oksellenne	-oksillenne
essive		-oksenanne	-oksinanne
translative		-okseksenne	-oksiksenne
abessive		-oksettanne	-oksittanne
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-oksinenne

third-person possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-oksensa	-oksensa
accusative	nom.	-oksensa	-oksensa
accusative	gen.	-oksensa	-oksensa
genitive		-oksensa	-ostensa -oksiensa
partitive		-ostaan -ostansa	-oksiaan -oksiansa
inessive		-oksessaan -oksessansa	-oksissaan -oksissansa
elative		-oksestaan -oksestansa	-oksistaan -oksistansa
illative		-okseensa	-oksiinsa
adessive		-oksellaan -oksellansa	-oksillaan -oksillansa
ablative		-okseltaan -okseltansa	-oksiltaan -oksiltansa
allative		-okselleen -oksellensa	-oksilleen -oksillensa
essive		-oksenaan -oksenansa	-oksinaan -oksinansa
translative		-oksekseen -okseksensa	-oksikseen -oksiksensa
abessive		-oksettaan -oksettansa	-oksittaan -oksittansa
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-oksineen -oksinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -os

Anagrams

so.

French

Etymology

Variant of -o

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /os/
Audio: (file)

Suffix

-os

(slang) Slang ending of nouns, adjectives and adverbs (without changing the meaning)

Derived terms

Nouns :

Adjectives :

Adverbs :

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [oʃ]
Rhymes: -oʃ

Suffix

-os

(adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something"; sometimes referred to as ornative.
‎kar (“arm”) + ‎-os → ‎karos (“something with an arm”), for example karosszék (“armchair, a chair with an arm”)
(noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form a noun, for example an occupation or a collective noun.
‎asztal (“table”) + ‎-os → ‎asztalos (“carpenter”)

‎akác (“acacia”) + ‎-os → ‎akácos (“acacia grove”)
(number-forming suffix) Added to an cardinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.
‎hat (“six”) + ‎-os → ‎hatos (“the digit or figure six”)
(frequentative suffix) Added to a verb to form a new verb expressing repetitive action. No longer productive in this sense.
‎fut (“to run”) + ‎-os → ‎futos (“to run back and forth”) (dated, modern version futkos)

Usage notes

(all senses) Variants:
-s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

-os is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-as is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-es is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

-ös is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

Derived terms

Hungarian adjectives suffixed with -os

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -os

-oskodik

tapos

Descendants

→ Pannonian Rusyn: -ош (-oš)

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto -os, back-formation from -as.

Suffix

-os

desinence of the future tense in verbs

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-os. Cognates include Finnish -os.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-os/, [-o̞z̠]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-os/, [-o̞ʒ̥]

Suffix

-os (front vowel variant -ös)

Forms nouns denoting the result of the action of a verb.
‎pettää (“to betray”) + ‎-os → ‎petos (“betrayal”)

‎kirjuttaa (“to write”) + ‎-os → ‎kirjutos (“writing”)

Declension

Declension of -os (type 2/petos, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-os	-okset
genitive	-oksen	-oksiin
partitive	-osta, -ost	-oksia
illative	-oksee	-oksii
inessive	-oksees	-oksiis
elative	-oksest	-oksist
allative	-okselle	-oksille
adessive	-okseel	-oksiil
ablative	-okselt	-oksilt
translative	-okseks	-oksiks
essive	-oksenna, -okseen	-oksinna, -oksiin
exessive¹⁾	-oksent	-oksint
¹⁾ obsolete ^) the accusative* corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) ^) the comitative** is formed by adding the suffix -ka^? or -kä^? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-os/, [-o̞z̠]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-os/, [-o̞ʒ̥]

Suffix

-os

inessive singular of -o

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-os/, [-o̞z̠]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-oi̯s/, [-o̞i̯ʒ̥]

Suffix

-os

inessive singular of -o

References

V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎^[1], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 56

Latin

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈoːs]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɔs]

Suffix

-ōs

accusative masculine plural of -us

Middle English

Suffix

-os

Alternative form of -ous

Old French

Suffix

-os

Alternative form of -us

Portuguese

Suffix

-os m

plural of -o
- 2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 308:
  Você notou os cabelos dela, são negros e brilhantes e macios...
  You noticed her hair, it's dark and brilliant and soft...

Romanian

Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ōsus (“full (of)”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /os/

Suffix

-os m or n (feminine singular -oasă, masculine plural -oși, feminine and neuter plural -oase)

Forms adjectives; -ous

Declension

Declension of *-os*
		masculine	feminine	masculine	neuter
		singular		plural
nominative- accusative	indefinite	-os	-oasă	-oși	-oase
nominative- accusative	definite	-osul	-oasa	-oșii	-oasele
genitive- dative	indefinite	-os	-oase	-oși	-oase
genitive- dative	definite	-osului	-oasei	-oșilor	-oaselor

Derived terms

Romanian terms suffixed with -os

Related terms

-icios

Welsh

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔs/

Suffix

-os

diminutive suffix, usually indicating an element of endearment
‎plant (“children”) + ‎-os → ‎plantos (“kiddies”)

‎merched (“girls”) + ‎-os → ‎merchetos (“little girls”)

‎tai (“houses”) + ‎-os → ‎teios (“small houses”)
area characterised by a particular plant
‎bedw (“birch”) + ‎-os → ‎bedwos (“birch grove, place where birch grow”)

‎grug (“heather”) + ‎-os → ‎grugos (“heath”)

‎brwyn (“rushes”) + ‎-os → ‎brwynos (“brwynos”)

Usage notes

-os can only be added to plural or collective nouns.

Derived terms

Welsh terms suffixed with -os

References

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-os”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies