-es
EnglishEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle English -es, from Old English -as. More at -s.
SuffixEdit
-es
- Used to form the regular plural of nouns
- that end in "(t)ch" (only when pronounced as [tʃ]) — glitch → glitches (but psych → psychs)
- that end in "(j)j" — hajj → hajjes ("j" is only final in loan words raj, hajj)
- that end in "(s)s(e)" — bus → buses, house → houses, rendezvous → rendezvouses
- that end in "x" — box → boxes
- that end in "(z)z" — waltz → waltzes
- that end in "o" (in some cases) — tomato → tomatoes (but soprano → sopranos)
- that end in "sh" — ash → ashes
- that end in "(consonant)y" — lady → ladies (but not "(vowel)y" key → keys)
- that end in "ce" — fence → fences
- that end in "(d)ge" — bridge → bridges, range → ranges
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle English -es, -is, from Old English -es, -as, Northern variants of -est, -ast (second person singular indicative ending). Replaced Middle English -eth, from Old English -eþ, -aþ. The falling together of the second and third person singular verb forms in Old English is believed to be due to Scandinavian influence, where the employment of the same verbal endings for both 2nd and 3rd singular indicative follows a similar pattern to that seen in Old Norse (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).
SuffixEdit
-es
- Used to form the third person singular present of verbs
- that end in "(t)ch" (only when pronounced as [tʃ]) — impeach → impeaches (but psych → psychs)
- that end in "(s)s" — miss → misses
- that end in "x" — tax → taxes
- that end in "(z)z" — fizz → fizzes
- that end in "o" (in some cases) — go → goes (but piano → pianos)
- that end in "sh" — wish → wishes
- that end in "y" — cry → cries
- that end in "ce" — dance → dances
- that end in "(d)ge" — bridge → bridges, range → ranges
AnagramsEdit
DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Dutch -esse, borrowed from Northern Old French -esse, from Late Latin -issa (as in abbātissa (“abbess”)).[1]
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-es
- Creates the female form of persons or occupations, as English -ess.
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
EsperantoEdit
PronunciationEdit
Audio (file)
SuffixEdit
-es
- belonging to. (Ending for genitive correlatives.)
Derived termsEdit
GermanEdit
Etymology 1Edit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-es
- Alternative form of -s (genitive ending)
See alsoEdit
Etymology 2Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-es (invariable)
Derived termsEdit
- -eses (“double flat”)
HungarianEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-es
- (adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative.
- (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun.
- (number-forming suffix) Added to a cardinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.
Usage notesEdit
- (all senses) Harmonic variants:
- -s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -os is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -as is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -es is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ös is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
LatinEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-ēs f (genitive -is); third declension
- used to form a third-declension feminine abstract noun designating the result of an action from a verb root or conceived root form
DeclensionEdit
Third-declension noun (i-stem).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -ēs | -ēs |
Genitive | -is | -ium |
Dative | -ī | -ibus |
Accusative | -em | -ēs -īs |
Ablative | -e | -ibus |
Vocative | -ēs | -ēs |
Further forms are nom.sg. -is (e.g. caedis, sedis) and gen.pl. -um (e.g. caedum, sedum).
SynonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
SuffixEdit
-ēs
- second-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)
Middle EnglishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-es
- Alternative form of -yssh
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-es
- Alternative form of -esse (-ess)
MohawkEdit
SuffixEdit
-es
Old EnglishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-es
- possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun
- used in formation of adverbs, originally from the genitive of masculine and neuter nouns, but later added also to feminine nouns by analogy
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
Old SaxonEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-es
- possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun
- used in formation of adverbs
DescendantsEdit
PortugueseEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-es
- forms the 2nd-person singular present indicative of 2nd and 3rd conjugation verbs
- forms the 2nd-person singular present subjunctive of 1st conjugation verbs
- forms the 2nd-person singular negative imperative of 1st conjugation verbs
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-es
- forms the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in -r, -z, stressed -s and of some ending in -n
Etymology 3Edit
From Old Portuguese -es, -ez, from the Latin genitive suffix -icī, from -icus, or from -is of the third declension (Appendix:Latin third declension), originating as a calque of surname-formation conventions of the Visigoths. Compare Spanish -ez.
SuffixEdit
-es
- (historical) -son (a suffix added to a given name to form a patronymic surname)
RomaniEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Sanskrit -अस्य (-asya).
SuffixEdit
-es
- desinence used to form the singular accusative case of oikoclitic (pre-European) masculine animate nouns
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Yūsuke Sumi (2018), “-es”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス ロマ(ジプシー)語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, OCLC 1267332830, page 48
- Yaron Matras (2002), “Historical and linguistic origins”, in Romani: A Linguistic Introduction[1], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 39
SpanishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Latin -ēs, the accusative plural ending of most third declension nouns.
SuffixEdit
-es
- suffix indicating the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in certain consonants (most often -l, -r, -n, -d, -z, -j, -s, -x, -ch, with some exceptions).
Etymology 2Edit
From Latin -ēs, Latin -is, and Latin -īs, the second-person singular present active indicative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.
SuffixEdit
-es
- suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.
Etymology 3Edit
From Latin -ēs, the second-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.
SuffixEdit
-es
- suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs
See alsoEdit
Further readingEdit
- “plural” in Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, primera edición, Real Academia Española, 2005.
SwedishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Variant of -s (etymology 2) with a reduction of the preceding -a.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-es
- Marks the present tense passive of verbs of the second and fourth conjugations (weak and strong -er verbs respectively) that have stems ending in s.
Usage notesEdit
Verms whose stems do not end in -s normally take the -s suffix for the passive voice. Until the middle decades of the 20th century (approximately), the norm in writing was to use -es with all -er verbs, but this use is considered archaic today.
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-es
Derived termsEdit
AnagramsEdit
WelshEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛs/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /as/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛs/
Etymology 1Edit
From the Proto-Brythonic -issā, ultimately borrowed from (or perhaps cognate to) Latin -issa, whence also English -ess. Cognate with Cornish -es.
SuffixEdit
-es f (plural -esau)
- female suffix
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-es f
- collective noun
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-es”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Etymology 3Edit
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ɛs/, /ɛʃ/, /ɪʃ/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛs/
SuffixEdit
-es
- (colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person singular preterite
Derived termsEdit
West FrisianEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-es
- Used to form possessive pronouns from possessive determiners
YolaEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle English -es, from Old English -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending). Cognate with English -s (plural noun ending).
SuffixEdit
-es