-es

See also: Appendix:Variations of "es"

English

Pronunciation

• (after sibilant) IPA^(key): /əz/, /ɨz/
• (after vowel sound) IPA^(key): /z/

Etymology 1

From Middle English -es, from Old English -as. More at -s.

Suffix

-es

1. Used to form the regular plural of nouns
   1. that end in "(t)ch" (only when pronounced as [tʃ]) — glitch → glitches (but psych → psychs)
   2. that end in "(j)j" — hajj → hajjes ("j" is only final in loan words raj, hajj)
   3. that end in "(s)s(e)" — bus → buses, house → houses, rendezvous → rendezvouses
   4. that end in "x" — box → boxes
   5. that end in "(z)z" — waltz → waltzes
   6. that end in "o" (in some cases) — tomato → tomatoes (but soprano → sopranos)
   7. that end in "sh" — ash → ashes
   8. that end in "y" — lady → ladies
   9. that end in "ce" — fence → fences
   10. that end in "(d)ge" — bridge → bridges, range → ranges

Etymology 2

From Middle English -es, -is, from Old English -es, -as, Northern variants of -est, -ast (second person singular indicative ending). Replaced Middle English -eth, from Old English -eþ, -aþ. The falling together of the second and third person singular verb forms in Old English is believed to be due to Scandinavian influence, where the employment of the same verbal endings for both 2nd and 3rd singular indicative follows a similar pattern to that seen in Old Norse (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).

Suffix

-es

1. Used to form the third person singular present of verbs
   1. that end in "(t)ch" (only when pronounced as [tʃ]) — impeach → impeaches (but psych → psychs)
   2. that end in "(s)s" — miss → misses
   3. that end in "x" — tax → taxes
   4. that end in "(z)z" — fizz → fizzes
   5. that end in "o" — go → goes
   6. that end in "sh" — wish → wishes
   7. that end in "y" — cry → cries
   8. that end in "ce" — dance → dances
   9. that end in "(d)ge" — bridge → bridges, range → ranges

Anagrams

• -se, SE, Se., se, se.

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Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch -esse, borrowed from Northern Old French -esse, from Late Latin -issa (as in abbātissa (“abbess”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

Suffix

-es

1. Creates the female form of persons or occupations, as English -ess.

   zanger (“singer, songster”) → zangeres (“female singer; songstress, singeress”)

Derived terms

Dutch words suffixed with -es

Related terms

• -in

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Esperanto

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

Suffix

-es

1. belonging to. (Ending for genitive correlatives.)

Derived terms

• ĉies (“belonging to everyone, everyone's”)
• ies (“belonging to someone, someone's”)
• kies (“belonging to whom, whose”)
• nenies (“belonging to nobody, nobody's”)
• (nonce) alies (“belonging to someone else, someone else's”)
• ties (“belonging to that one, that one's”)

 

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German

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /əs/

Suffix

-es

1. Alternative form of -s (genitive ending)

See also

• -es-

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

Suffix

-es (invariable)

1. (music) flat, ♭

   ‎A + ‎-es → ‎As (“A flat”)

   ‎B + ‎-es → ‎Bes (“B double flat”)

   ‎C + ‎-es → ‎Ces (“C flat”)

   ‎D + ‎-es → ‎Des (“D flat”)

   ‎E + ‎-es → ‎Es (“E flat”)

   ‎F + ‎-es → ‎Fes (“F flat”)

   ‎G + ‎-es → ‎Ges (“G flat”)

Antonyms

• -is (“sharp”)

Derived terms

• -eses (“double flat”)

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Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛʃ]
• Rhymes: -ɛʃ

Suffix

-es

2. (adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative.

   kert (“garden”) → kertes (“something with a garden, having a garden”)

4. (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun.

   perec (“pretzel”) → pereces (“someone who sells pretzels”)

   meggy (“morello, sour cherry”) → meggyes (“cherry orchard”)

6. (number-forming suffix) Added to a cardinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.

   egy (“one”) → egyes (“the digit or figure 1”)

Usage notes

• (all senses) Harmonic variants:

  -s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -os is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -as is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -es is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ös is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

Derived terms

Hungarian adjectives suffixed with -es

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -es

See also

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

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Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /eːs/, [eːs̠]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /es/, [ɛs]

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-ēs f (genitive -is); third declension

1. used to form a third-declension feminine abstract noun designating the result of an action from a verb root or conceived root form

   caedō (“I kill or cut”) → caedēs (“slaughter”)

   sedeō (“I sit”) → sēdēs (“seat”)

Declension

Third-declension noun (i-stem).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-ēs	-ēs
Genitive	-is	-ium
Dative	-ī	-ibus
Accusative	-em	-ēs -īs
Ablative	-e	-ibus
Vocative	-ēs	-ēs

Further forms are nom.sg. -is (e.g. caedis, sedis) and gen.pl. -um (e.g. caedum, sedum).

Synonyms

• -or, -us

Derived terms

Latin words suffixed with -es

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix

-ēs

1. second-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō

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Middle English

Etymology 1

Suffix

-es

1. Alternative form of -yssh

Etymology 2

Suffix

-es

1. Alternative form of -esse (-ess)

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Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /es/

Suffix

-es

1. possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun
2. used in formation of adverbs, originally from the genitive of masculine and neuter nouns, but later added also to feminine nouns by analogy

   dæġes (adverb) ― days

   nihtes (adverb) ― nights

Derived terms

Old English words suffixed with -es

Descendants

• Middle English: -es, -s
  • English: -'s, -s (adverbial suffix), -st (adverbial suffix)

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Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

Suffix

-es

1. possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun
2. used in formation of adverbs

   dages (adverb) ― days

   nahtes (adverb) ― nights

Descendants

• Middle Low German: -es, -s
  • Low German: -s (adverbial suffix)

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Portuguese

Etymology 1

Suffix

-es

1. forms the 2^nd-person singular present indicative of 2^nd and 3^rd conjugation verbs
2. forms the 2^nd-person singular present subjunctive of 1^st conjugation verbs
3. forms the 2^nd-person singular negative imperative of 1^st conjugation verbs

Etymology 2

Suffix

-es

1. forms the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in -r, -z, stressed -s and of some ending in -n

Etymology 3

From Old Portuguese -es, -ez, from the Latin genitive suffix -icī, from -icus, or from -is of the third declension (Appendix:Latin third declension), originating as a calque of surname-formation conventions of the Visigoths.

Compare Spanish -ez.

Suffix

-es

1. (historical) -son (a suffix added to a given name to form a patronymic surname)

   Fernandes, "son of Fernando"

   Henriques, "son of Henrique"

   Martins, "son of Martim"

   Rodrigues, "son of Rodrigo"

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Romani

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit -अस्य (-asya).

Suffix

-es

1. desinence used to form the singular accusative case of oikoclitic (pre-European) masculine animate nouns

Derived terms

• -es-

References

• Yūsuke Sumi (2018), “-es”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, OCLC 1267332830, page 48
• Yaron Matras (2002), “Historical and linguistic origins”, in Romani: A Linguistic Introduction‎^[1], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 39

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Spanish

Etymology 1

From Latin -ēs, the accusative plural ending of most third declension nouns.

Suffix

-es

1. suffix indicating the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in certain consonants (most often -l, -r, -n, -d, -z, -j, -s, -x, -ch, with some exceptions).

Etymology 2

From Latin -ēs, Latin -is, and Latin -īs, the second-person singular present active indicative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.

Suffix

-es

1. suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.

Etymology 3

From Latin -ēs, the second-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.

Suffix

-es

1. suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs

See also

• -s
• -as

Further reading

• “plural” in Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, primera edición, Real Academia Española, 2005.

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Swedish

Pronunciation

• (-ese): IPA^(key): /ˈeːs/

Suffix

-es

1. Suffix used for marking the passive voice of verbs. This variant is used for the present passive of those verbs of the second and fourth conjugations (weak and strong -er verbs respectively) that have stems ending in s. Other verbs normally take only -s. However, until the middle decades of the 20th century (approximately) it was rule to use -es with all -er verbs, which today is considered archaic. This use may occasionally appear in more modern texts (certain phrases). läsa (“to read”) → läses (“is read”), låsa (“to lock”) → låses (“is locked”)
2. -ese; making a nationality from the name of a country

Derived terms

Swedish words suffixed with -es

See also

• -s

Anagrams

• se

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Welsh

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛs/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /as/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛs/

Etymology 1

From the Proto-Brythonic -issā, ultimately borrowed from (or perhaps cognate to) Latin -issa, whence also English -ess. Cognate with Cornish -es.

Suffix

-es f (plural -esau)

1. female suffix

   ‎athro (“male teacher”) + ‎-es → ‎athrawes (“female teacher”)

   ‎gweinydd (“waiter”) + ‎-es → ‎gwenyddes (“waitresss”)

   ‎Norwy (“Norway”) + ‎-es → ‎Norwyes (“Norwegian woman”)

   ‎cadno (“fox”) + ‎-es → ‎cadnawes (“vixen”)

   Synonym: -wraig

Etymology 2

Suffix

-es f

1. collective noun

   ‎brân (“crow”) + ‎-es → ‎branes (“flight of crows”)

   ‎llong (“ship”) + ‎-es → ‎llynges (“navy, fleet”)

Derived terms

Welsh words suffixed with -es

References

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-es”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Etymology 3

Alternative forms

• -ais

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛs/, /ɛʃ/, /ɪʃ/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛs/

Suffix

-es

1. (colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person singular preterite

Derived terms

Welsh words suffixed with -es

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West Frisian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /əs/

Suffix

-es

1. Used to form possessive pronouns from possessive determiners

   ‎myn + ‎-es → ‎mines

   ‎jo + ‎-es → ‎jowes

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Yola

Etymology

From Middle English -es, from Old English -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending). Cognate with English -s (plural noun ending).

Suffix

-es

1. Used to form the regular plural of nouns.