-es
English
editPronunciation
edit- (after sibilant) IPA(key): /əz/, /ɪz/
- (after vowel sound) IPA(key): /z/
- (US, sometimes) IPA(key): /iːz/
Etymology 1
editFrom Middle English -es, from Old English -as. More at -s.
Suffix
edit-es
- Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:
- Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a consonant (or qu) + y:
- Used for form the plural of some nouns that end in a consonant + o:
Usage notes
editSingular noun forms that whose spelling ends in a silent e form the regular plural with the ending -s. Alternatively, they could be analysed as dropping the silent e and adding the ending -es, particularly where the consonant is sibilant and there is an identical verb (which would drop the e before the ending -ing): "a dance"→"some dances" parallels "it dances"→"it is dancing" better under such analysis. This applies to nouns that end in ce and (d)ge.
Uniquely in American English, the nonstandard pronunciations of processes (/ˈpɹɒsɛˌsiːz/) and biases (/ˈbaɪəsiːz/), where -es is pronounced like ease, is due to influence from plurals like parentheses and hypotheses, and perhaps even bases.
However, processes is also, unusually, pronounced /ˈpɹəʊ̯sɛsiːz/ in England and /ˈpɹoʊsɛsiːz/ in Canada.
Etymology 2
editFrom Middle English -es, -is, from Old English -es, -as, Northern variants of -est, -ast (second person singular indicative ending). Replaced Middle English -eth, from Old English -eþ, -aþ. The falling together of the second and third person singular verb forms in Old English is believed to be due to Scandinavian influence, where the employment of the same verbal endings for both 2nd and 3rd singular indicative follows a similar pattern to that seen in Old Norse (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).
Suffix
edit-es
- Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:
- that end in (t)ch pronounced as /tʃ/: impeach→impeaches (but psych→psychs)
- that end in (s)s: miss→misses
- that end in x: tax→taxes
- that end in (z)z: fizz→fizzes
- that end in consonant + o in some cases: go→goes (but piano→pianos)
- that end in sh: wish→wishes
- that end in consonant (or qu) + y: cry→cries (but buy→buys)
Etymology 3
editSuffix
edit-es
- (obsolete, no longer productive) Possessive marker; see -s, -'s.
- 1573, An exposition of the kinges prerogative, collected out of the great Abridgement of Justice Fitzherbert and other olde writers of the lawes of England, page 38:
- ... whereupon king Henry his sonne, as it may appeare by the later clause of this chapter, recouered diuers eschet[s] of lande within this Realme holden by Normans, whiche after they began to adhere to the French king, the kinges enimy […]
Anagrams
editCornish
editEtymology 1
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-es m
- Forms masculine abstract nouns
- Plural ending
- Forms verbal nouns
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Brythonic *-essā. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Suffix
edit-es f (plural -esow)
- Forms feminine nouns
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- 2020, An Gerlyver Meur, ed. Dr Ken George (3rd edition, p.192)
Dutch
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Dutch -esse, borrowed from Northern Old French -esse, from Late Latin -issa (as in abbātissa (“abbess”)).[1]
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-es
- Creates the female form of persons or occupations, as English -ess.
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editReferences
editEsperanto
editPronunciation
editAudio: (file)
Suffix
edit-es
- belonging to. (Ending for genitive correlatives.)
Derived terms
editFrench
editEtymology
editSuffix
edit-es
- forms the second-person singular present indicative form of a verb
- forms the second-person singular present subjunctive form of a verb
German
editEtymology 1
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-es
- Alternative form of -s (genitive ending)
See also
editEtymology 2
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-es (invariable)
Usage notes
editThe -e- is omitted from the suffix when it is attached to a vowel letter (e.g. A + -es → As, not *Aes).
Derived terms
edit- -eses (“double flat”)
Hungarian
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-es
- (adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative.
- (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun.
- (number-forming suffix) Added to a cardinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.
Usage notes
edit- (all senses) Variants:
- -s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -os is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -as is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -es is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ös is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
Derived terms
editSee also
editLatin
editPronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /eːs/, [eːs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /es/, [es]
Etymology 1
editFrom Proto-Italic *-ēi(s), from Proto-Indo-European *-ḗy, a hysterokinetic *-ey-stem suffix only otherwise found in words like Hittite [script needed] (utnē).
Suffix
edit-ēs f (genitive -is); third declension
- used to form a third-declension feminine abstract noun designating the result of an action from a verb root or conceived root form
Declension
editThird-declension noun (i-stem).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -ēs | -ēs |
Genitive | -is | -ium |
Dative | -ī | -ibus |
Accusative | -em | -ēs -īs |
Ablative | -e | -ibus |
Vocative | -ēs | -ēs |
Further forms are nom.sg. -is (e.g. caedis, sedis) and gen.pl. -um (e.g. caedum, sedum).
Synonyms
editDerived terms
editEtymology 2
editFrom *-h₁i-t-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-, the root of eō, īre (“to go”). Because the nominative singular would regularly have developed to *-is, the attested ending *-es has to be explained as an analogical replacement based on the alternation between -ĕ- in the closed final syllable of the nominative singular and -ĭ- in the open medial syllable of oblique forms that developed regularly in other nouns as a result of the sound change of vowel reduction.[1]
Suffix
edit-es m (genitive -itis); third declension
- used to form third-declension nouns, most of which have senses along the lines of 'one who goes (by)'
Declension
editThird-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -es | -itēs |
Genitive | -itis | -itum |
Dative | -itī | -itibus |
Accusative | -item | -itēs |
Ablative | -ite | -itibus |
Vocative | -es | -itēs |
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix
edit-ēs
- second-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)
Etymology 4
editSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix
edit-es
References
edit- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “comes”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 129
Middle English
editEtymology 1
editSuffix
edit-es
- Alternative form of -yssh
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit-es
- Alternative form of -esse (-ess)
Mohawk
editSuffix
edit-es
Old English
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending).
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-es
- genitive case/possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun
- used in formation of adverbs, originally from the genitive of masculine and neuter nouns, but later added also to feminine nouns by analogy
Derived terms
editDescendants
editOld Saxon
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending).
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-es
- possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun
- used in formation of adverbs
Descendants
editPortuguese
editEtymology 1
editFrom Latin -ēs (2nd conj.), -is (3rd conj.), -īs (4th conj.).
Suffix
edit-es
- forms the 2nd-person singular present indicative of 2nd and 3rd conjugation verbs
- forms the 2nd-person singular present subjunctive of 1st conjugation verbs
- forms the 2nd-person singular negative imperative of 1st conjugation verbs
Etymology 2
editFrom Latin -ēs (accusative plural of masculine and feminine 3rd-declension nouns)
Suffix
edit-es
- forms the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in -r, -z, stressed -s and of some ending in -n
Etymology 3
editFrom Old Galician-Portuguese -ez, further origins unknown. The preferred options are that it was either an internal innovation (from a reanalysis of the genitive in names ending with -ricus, ie. -rici, as naming suffix) or a borrowing from pre-Roman languages (given the various forms the suffix took in the Middle Ages). Compare Spanish -ez.
Suffix
edit-es
- (no longer productive) -son (a suffix added to a given name to form a patronymic surname)
References
editPIEL, J. M. Sobre os apelidos portugueses do tipo patronímico em-ici/-es. Boletim de Filologia (1963): 59-63.
BOULLÓN AGRELO, Ana Isabel. Cronoloxía e variación das fórmulas patronímicas na Galica altomedieval. Verba 22 (1995): 449-475.
BOBONE, Carlos. Os Apelidos Portugueses-Um Panorama Histórico. Leya, 2017.
LAPESA, Rafael. Historia de la lengua española. (1968).
Romani
editEtymology
editInherited from Sanskrit -अस्य (-asya).
Suffix
edit-es
- desinence used to form the singular accusative case of oikoclitic (pre-European) masculine animate nouns
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- Yūsuke Sumi (2018) “-es”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス ロマ(ジプシー)語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 48
- Yaron Matras (2002) “Historical and linguistic origins”, in Romani: A Linguistic Introduction[1], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 39
Spanish
editEtymology 1
editFrom Latin -ēs, the accusative plural ending of most third declension nouns.
Suffix
edit-es
- suffix indicating the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in certain consonants (most often -l, -r, -n, -d, -z, -j, -s, -x, -ch, with some exceptions).
Etymology 2
editFrom Latin -ēs, Latin -is, and Latin -īs, the second-person singular present active indicative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.
Suffix
edit-es
- suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.
Etymology 3
editFrom Latin -ēs, the second-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.
Suffix
edit-es
- suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs
See also
editFurther reading
edit- “plural” in Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, segunda edición, Real Academia Española, 2023. →ISBN
Swedish
editEtymology 1
editVariant of -s (etymology 2) with a reduction of the preceding -a.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-es
- Marks the present tense passive of verbs of the second and fourth conjugations (weak and strong -er verbs respectively) that have stems ending in s.
Usage notes
editVerms whose stems do not end in -s normally take the -s suffix for the passive voice. Until the middle decades of the 20th century (approximately), the norm in writing was to use -es with all -er verbs, but this use is considered archaic today.
Etymology 2
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-es
Derived terms
editAnagrams
editWelsh
editPronunciation
edit- (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛs/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /as/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛs/
Etymology 1
editFrom the Proto-Brythonic -issā, ultimately borrowed from (or perhaps cognate to) Latin -issa, whence also English -ess. Cognate with Cornish -es.
Suffix
edit-es f (plural -esau)
- female suffix
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit-es f
- collective noun
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-es”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Etymology 3
editAlternative forms
editPronunciation
edit- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ɛs/, /ɛʃ/, /ɪʃ/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛs/
Suffix
edit-es
- (colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person singular preterite
Derived terms
editWest Frisian
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-es
Yola
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Middle English -es, from Old English -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending). Cognate with English -s (plural noun ending).
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-es
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms inherited from Old English
- English terms derived from Old English
- English lemmas
- English suffixes
- English terms with obsolete senses
- English terms with quotations
- Cornish lemmas
- Cornish suffixes
- Cornish masculine suffixes
- Cornish terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic
- Cornish terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Cornish feminine suffixes
- Cornish plural suffixes
- Cornish verb-forming suffixes
- Cornish noun-forming suffixes
- Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Old French
- Dutch terms derived from Late Latin
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch suffixes
- Dutch noun-forming suffixes
- Esperanto terms with audio links
- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto suffixes
- Esperanto endings
- French terms inherited from Latin
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- French lemmas
- French suffixes
- German 1-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German inflectional suffixes
- German lemmas
- German suffixes
- de:Music
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛʃ
- Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛʃ/1 syllable
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Hungarian adjective-forming suffixes
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- Latin 1-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
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- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin lemmas
- Latin suffixes
- Latin noun-forming suffixes
- Latin third declension suffixes
- Latin feminine suffixes in the third declension
- Latin feminine suffixes
- Latin masculine suffixes in the third declension
- Latin masculine suffixes
- Latin non-lemma forms
- Latin suffix forms
- Middle English lemmas
- Middle English suffixes
- Mohawk lemmas
- Mohawk suffixes
- Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old English lemmas
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- Old English terms with usage examples
- Old Saxon terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Saxon terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Saxon terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Saxon terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Saxon terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Saxon lemmas
- Old Saxon suffixes
- Old Saxon terms with usage examples
- Portuguese terms inherited from Latin
- Portuguese terms derived from Latin
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese suffixes
- Portuguese verb-forming suffixes
- Portuguese noun-forming suffixes
- Portuguese terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Portuguese terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Romani terms inherited from Sanskrit
- Romani terms derived from Sanskrit
- Romani lemmas
- Romani suffixes
- Romani inflectional suffixes
- Spanish terms inherited from Latin
- Spanish terms derived from Latin
- Spanish non-lemma forms
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- Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Swedish suffixes
- Swedish terms derived from Latin
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms derived from Latin
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh suffixes
- Welsh feminine suffixes
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- West Frisian terms with IPA pronunciation
- West Frisian lemmas
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- Yola terms inherited from Middle English
- Yola terms derived from Middle English
- Yola terms inherited from Old English
- Yola terms derived from Old English
- Yola terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Yola terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Yola terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Yola terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Yola terms with IPA pronunciation
- Yola lemmas
- Yola suffixes