-es

See also: Appendix:Variations of "es"

Contents

EnglishEdit

PronunciationEdit

• (after sibilant) IPA^(key): /əz/, /ɨz/
• (after vowel) IPA^(key): /z/

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle English -es, from Old English -as. More at -s.

SuffixEdit

-es

1. Used to form the regular plural of nouns
   1. that end in "(t)ch" (only when pronounced as [tʃ]) — glitch → glitches (but psych → psychs)
   2. that end in "(j)j" — hajj → hajjes ("j" is only final in loan words raj, hajj)
   3. that end in "(s)s(e)" — bus → buses, house → houses
   4. that end in "x" — box → boxes
   5. that end in "(z)z" — waltz → waltzes
   6. that end in "o" (in some cases) — tomato → tomatoes (but soprano → sopranos)
   7. that end in "sh" — ash → ashes
   8. that end in "y" — lady → ladies
   9. that end in "ce" — fence → fences
   10. that end in "(d)ge" — bridge → bridges, range → ranges

Etymology 2Edit

From Middle English -es, -is, from Old English -es, -as, Northern variants of -est, -ast (second person singular indicative ending). Replaced Middle English -eth, from Old English -eþ, -aþ. The falling together of the second and third person singular verb forms in Old English is believed to be due to Scandinavian influence, where the employment of the same verbal endings for both 2nd and 3rd singular indicative follows a similar pattern to that seen in Old Norse (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).

SuffixEdit

-es

1. Used to form the third person singular present of verbs
   1. that end in "(t)ch" (only when pronounced as [tʃ]) — impeach → impeaches (but psych → psychs)
   2. that end in "(s)s" — miss → misses
   3. that end in "x" — tax → taxes
   4. that end in "(z)z" — fizz → fizzes
   5. that end in "o" — go → goes
   6. that end in "sh" — wish → wishes
   7. that end in "y" — cry → cries
   8. that end in "ce" — dance → dances
   9. that end in "(d)ge" — bridge → bridges, range → ranges

AnagramsEdit

• SE, Se., se

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DutchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Dutch -esse, borrowed from Northern Old French -esse, from Late Latin -issa (as in abbātissa (“abbess”)).

SuffixEdit

-es

1. Creates the female form of persons or occupations, as English -ess.

   zanger (“singer, songster”) → zangeres (“female singer; songstress, singeress”)

Derived termsEdit

► Dutch words suffixed with -es

Related termsEdit

• -in

ReferencesEdit

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EsperantoEdit

SuffixEdit

-es

1. belonging to. (Ending for genitive correlatives.)

Derived termsEdit

Terms derived from -es

• ĉies (“belonging to everyone, everyone's”)
• ies (“belonging to someone, someone's”)

• kies (“belonging to whom, whose”)
• nenies (“belonging to nobody, nobody's”)

• (nonce) alies (“belonging to someone else, someone else's”)
• ties (“belonging to that one, that one's”)

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GermanEdit

Etymology 1Edit

SuffixEdit

-es

1. Alternative form of -s (genitive ending)

See alsoEdit

• -es-

Etymology 2Edit

SuffixEdit

-es (invariable)

1. (music) flat, ♭

   A + ‎-es → ‎As (“A flat”)

   B + ‎-es → ‎Bes (“B double flat”)

   C + ‎-es → ‎Ces (“C flat”)

   D + ‎-es → ‎Des (“D flat”)

   E + ‎-es → ‎Es (“E flat”)

   F + ‎-es → ‎Fes (“F flat”)

   G + ‎-es → ‎Ges (“G flat”)

AntonymsEdit

• -is (“sharp”)

Derived termsEdit

• -eses (“double flat”)

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HungarianEdit

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): [ɛʃ]

SuffixEdit

-es

1. (adjective suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality".

   kert (“garden”) → kertes (“something with a garden, having a garden”)

2. (noun suffix) Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun.

   perec (“pretzel”) → pereces (“someone who sells pretzels”)

   meggy (“morello, sour cherry”) → meggyes (“cherry orchard”)

3. (number suffix) Added to an ordinal number to form a digit or figure.

   egy (“one”) → egyes (“the digit or figure 1”)

Usage notesEdit

• (all senses) Harmonic variants:

  -s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -os is added to some back vowel words ending in a consonant

  -as is added to other back vowel words ending in a consonant

  -es is added to unrounded front vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ös is added to rounded front vowel words ending in a consonant

Derived termsEdit

► Hungarian adjectives suffixed with -es

► Hungarian nouns suffixed with -es

See alsoEdit

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

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LatinEdit

PronunciationEdit

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /eːs/

Etymology 1Edit

SuffixEdit

-ēs f (genitive -is); third declension

1. used to form a third-declension feminine abstract noun designating the result of an action from a verb root or conceived root form

   caedō (“I kill or cut”) → caedēs (“slaughter”)

   sedeō (“I sit”) → sēdēs (“seat”)

DeclensionEdit

Third declension i-stem.

Case	Singular	Plural
nominative	-ēs	-ēs
genitive	-is	-ium
dative	-ī	-ibus
accusative	-em	-ēs
ablative	-e	-ibus
vocative	-ēs	-ēs

Further forms are nom.sg. -is (e.g. caedis, sedis) and gen.pl. -um (e.g. caedum, sedum).

SynonymsEdit

• -or, -us

Derived termsEdit

► Latin words suffixed with -es

Etymology 2Edit

See etymology on the main entry.

SuffixEdit

-ēs

1. second-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō

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Middle EnglishEdit

SuffixEdit

-es

1. Alternative form of -yssh

ReferencesEdit

• “-ish, (suf.)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 16 June 2018.

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Old EnglishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is.

SuffixEdit

-es

1. Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun
2. Used in formation of adverbs, originally from the genitive of masculine and neuter nouns, but later added also to feminine nouns by analogy

   dæġes (“days”, adverb)

   nihtes (“nights”, adverb)

Derived termsEdit

► Old English words suffixed with -es

DescendantsEdit

• Middle English: -es, -s
  • English: -'s, -s (adverbial suffix), -st (adverbial suffix)

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PortugueseEdit

Etymology 1Edit

SuffixEdit

-es

1. forms the 2^nd-person singular present indicative of 2^nd and 3^rd conjugation verbs
2. forms the 2^nd-person singular present subjunctive of 1^st conjugation verbs
3. forms the 2^nd-person singular negative imperative of 1^st conjugation verbs

Etymology 2Edit

SuffixEdit

-es

1. forms the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in -r, -z, stressed -s and of some ending in -n

Etymology 3Edit

From Old Portuguese -es, -ez, from the Latin genitive suffix -icī, from -icus, or from -is of the third declension (Appendix:Latin third declension), originating as a calque of surname-formation conventions of the Visigoths.

Compare Spanish -ez.

SuffixEdit

-es

1. (historical) -son (a suffix added to a given name to form a patronymic surname)

   Fernandes, "son of Fernando"

   Henriques, "son of Henrique"

   Martins, "son of Martim"

   Rodrigues, "son of Rodrigo"

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SpanishEdit

SuffixEdit

-es

1. Suffix indicating the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in certain consonants (most often -l, -r, -n, -d, -z, -j, -s, -x, -ch, with some exceptions).
2. Suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.
3. Suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs

See alsoEdit

• -s
• -as
• Rules for pluralizing nouns and adjectives in Spanish (Royal Academy's Diccionario de dudas, en español)

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SwedishEdit

SuffixEdit

-es

1. Suffix used for marking the passive voice of verbs. This variant is used for the present passive of those verbs of the second and fourth conjugations (weak and strong -er verbs respectively) that have stems ending in s. Other verbs normally take only -s. However, until the middle decades of the 20th century (approximately) it was rule to use -es with all -er verbs, which today is considered archaic. This use may occasionally appear in more modern texts (certain phrases). läsa (“to read”) → läses (“is read”), låsa (“to lock”) → låses (“is locked”)
2. -ese; making a nationality from the name of a country

Derived termsEdit

► Swedish words suffixed with -es

See alsoEdit

• -s

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WelshEdit

EtymologyEdit

From the Proto-Brythonic -issā, ultimately borrowed from (or perhaps cognate to) Latin -issa, whence also English -ess.

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

SuffixEdit

-es

1. Used to form nouns meaning the female equivalent of.

   athro (“(male) teacher”) → athrawes (“female teacher”)

   cadno (“fox”) → cadnawes (“vixen”)

Derived termsEdit

► Welsh words suffixed with -es

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YolaEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle English -es, from Old English -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending). Cognate with English -s (plural noun ending).

SuffixEdit

-es

1. Used to form the regular plural of nouns.