-s
English Edit
Pronunciation Edit
- IPA(key): /s/ (following a voiceless consonant /p, t, k, f, θ/)
- IPA(key): /z/ (postvocalic or following a voiced consonant /m, n, ŋ, b, d, ɡ, v, ð, l, ɹ/)
- IPA(key): /ɪz/ (following a sibilant consonant /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/—usually written -es)
- Homophones: -'s, 's
Etymology 1 Edit
From Middle English -s, -es, from Old English -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural endings). The spread of this ending in later Middle English was once argued to have been the result of Anglo-Norman influence; however, -as was already the most common Old English plural marker (used in approximately 40% of Old English nouns), and was initially more common in the North of England where French influence was weakest, only later gradually spreading south. Cognate with Scots -s (plural ending), Saterland Frisian -s (plural ending), West Frisian -s (plural ending), Dutch -s (plural ending), Low German -s (plural ending), Danish -er (plural ending), Swedish -r, -ar, -or (plural ending), Icelandic -ar (plural ending), Gothic -𐍉𐍃 (-ōs, nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns) (note that German -er has a different origin).
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form regular plurals of nouns.
- one computer → five computers
- Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms).
- shorts
- sunglasses
- When appended to a number ending in at least one 0, expresses a range of ordinals which share the same digits when some or (usually) all of those 0s are discounted; frequently used for decades or centuries.
- We often look back on the 1960s with rose-tinted glasses.
- The Industrial Revolution went into full-swing during the 1800s.
- He placed in the 200s in the end.
- We don't usually mean the whole millennium when we talk about the 2000s.
Usage notes Edit
- (regular plurals): In semi-formal or formal contexts, where the plurality of a noun depends on some unknown aspect of the sentence, the s may be parenthesised: "The winner(s) will be invited to a prize ceremony."
- (number): Decades formed with -s are usually pronounced as if they were written as two separate numbers. For example, 1970s is read as nineteen-seventies, as if it were written as 19 70s, not as *nineteen-hundred seventies or *one thousand nine hundred and seventies. A notable exception to this arose after the end of the 2000s, when the (relatively uniform) pronunciation of the years in that decade as two-thousand (and) X was continued for the following decade for some speakers. The pronunciation of the 2010s as twenty-tens largely took over at the start of that decade but has not completely replaced out the previous two-thousand (and) X pronunciation. Some speakers, when speaking retroactively about the 2000s, now apply the traditional common pronunciation to the 2000s as well: they would pronounce 2001 as twenty-oh-one instead of two-thousand (and) one.
Descendants Edit
Translations Edit
The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations.
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See also Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
From Middle English -(e)s (third-person singular ending), from Northumbrian Old English -es, -as (third-person singular endings). Gradually replaced the older -eth, from Old English -(e)þ, -aþ, during the Middle English and Early Modern English periods.
It is predominantly believed that -(e)s is identical to the Old English second-person singular ending -es, -est (cf. archaic Modern English -est, as in thou singest). The use for the third-person singular would have been caused by speakers of Old Norse who switched to speaking English and confounded the endings due to analogy with their native tongue. In Old Norse, the second and third person singular indicative forms were identical (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).
An alternative theory sees the shift from /θ/ in -eth to /s/ (later /z/) in -(e)s as a mere phonetic simplification due to the frequence of the ending, but the objection to this is that no such development can be observed anywhere else in English. Nevertheless the relative similarity in sound between both forms may have facilitated the spread of -es.
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs.
- to eat → he eats
Usage notes Edit
- In Standard English, the -s suffix is only used to mark the third person singular present of verbs; however, in some varieties of English, particularly northern English, Scottish, US Southern and AAVE, the -s can be extended to other persons/numbers as well, as in: I eats me spinach; I hates the Yankees; they likes it here; etc.
- As in modern nonstandard varieties, the -s suffix can be used to mark the third-person plural in Early Modern English. However, it is less common than the modern standard zero ending, and is frequently only found in restricted contexts; for instance, Shakespeare only uses it where a plural subject has "singular" semantics.[1]
See also Edit
References Edit
Etymology 3 Edit
From Middle English -es, from Old English -es, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns. More at -'s.
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used in the formation of certain English adverbs.
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 4 Edit
A variant spelling of -'s, partly an archaism, partly by dropping the apostrophe.
Alternative forms Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
- (on pronouns) Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the word bearing the marker.
- (on nouns, now nonstandard) Alternative form of -'s
- devils doorbell; dogs-bane; St. Marys; (obsolete) kings
Usage notes Edit
- In most cases where -s is found nowadays as a possessive case marker, it is a simple misspelling of -'s. However, possessive determiners derived from personal pronouns use -s (e.g. its, not it's). The same is true of pronouns derived from possessive determiners (e.g. theirs, not their's). The possessive form of who takes -se (whose, not who's).
- Bare -s is used in some business names that derive from possessive family names, e.g. Barclays and Harrods, but compare Sainsbury’s; compare Wikipedia's article on possessives in business names. In speech, /z/ (or /s/) is sometimes added to business names which have neither -s nor -'s in writing, resulting in s-forms, which see.
- Sometimes used in place names; e.g., Harpers Ferry (formerly spelled “Harper’s Ferry”), Queens County (note that the former name of County Laois was officially “Queen’s County”, however, the apostrophe-less spelling is well-attested).
Etymology 5 Edit
Modern sense in slang [circa 1936]. According to OED, a colloquial clipping of the hypocoristic diminutive suffix -sy. As AHD writes, -sy itself usually being informal, ironic and/or jocular, and possibly a combination of -s (“plural marker”) and conflation of -y as adjectival with its sense as a diminutive suffix (e.g. puppy, kitty), the latter notion probably from Scots.
Suffix Edit
-s
Derived terms Edit
Related terms Edit
Afrikaans Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Suffix Edit
-s (plural -ste)
- appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a verbal noun
Etymology 2 Edit
Inherited from Dutch -s (a suffix for forming plurals).
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form regular plurals of nouns that end in certain suffixes or syllables, such as -el, -er, -en, -em, -eur, -aar, -aard, diminutive -ie, etc.
- redakteur + -s → redakteurs
- Used to form irregular plurals of many other nouns, chiefly of foreign origin.
Etymology 3 Edit
Inherited from Dutch -s, from the genitive case of Dutch masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives, Middle Dutch -s, -es, from Old Dutch -es, -is, from Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is.
Suffix Edit
-s
Etymology 4 Edit
Inherited from Dutch -s, from earlier -sch, from Middle Dutch -sch, from Old Dutch -isc, from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form adjectives of characteristic from nouns.
- Used to form adjectives or language names from place names.
Albanian Edit
Etymology Edit
Possibly akin to Old Armenian -իչ (-ičʿ), both reconstructible to a tentative Proto-Indo-European *-ikʷyo-s, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to gather”),[1][2] whence also Ancient Greek ποιέω (poiéō, “to do”), Sanskrit चिनोति (cinóti, “to arrange, pile up”).
Suffix Edit
-s
- Forms agent nouns.
- Synonym: -ar
Usage notes Edit
- Becomes -ës after consonants.
- When attached to o- or ua-stem verbs the stem and the suffix merge into -ues in the modern standard, following Gheg practice, while traditionally made -onjës following Tosk practice.
- Similarly, when attached to e- or ye-stem verbs they give rise to -yes in Gheg and the modern standard, while -enjës in Tosk and the old standard.
Derived terms Edit
References Edit
- ^ Matzinger, J. (2016) Die sekundären nominalen Wortbildungsmuster im Altalbanischen bei Gjon Buzuku: Ein Beitrag zur altalbanischen Lexikographie (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →JSTOR, page 167
- ^ Hyllested, A.; Joseph, B. D. (2022), “Albanian”, in Olander, T., editor, The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, , →ISBN, page 228
Further reading Edit
- Newmark, L.; Hubbard, P.; Prifti, P. (1982) Standard Albanian: a reference grammar for students, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, § 3.4.1 A, page 164
Chinese Edit
Etymology Edit
From English -s (“plural suffix”).
Suffix Edit
-s
- (Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism, humorous or sarcastic, rare, written only) Used to emphasise that there are multiple instances of the noun
Usage notes Edit
May be repeated to further emphasise the number of instances of the noun.
References Edit
- Victor Chan Haw Fung (1999), “Hong Kong English and the Internet”, in Unpublished MA dissertation, page 40: “Some of these words have plural forms like leng luis in (example 13).”
Czech Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Particle Edit
-s
- Alternative form of -si
Danish Edit
Etymology Edit
From Old Norse -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. Cognate with Swedish -s.
Particle Edit
-s
- Used to form genitive/possessive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.
- Danmarks dronning ― the Queen of Denmark
- Københavns snefald ― snowfall in Copenhagen
Dutch Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Unknown. Not present in Old Dutch, which used -a from Proto-Germanic *-ōz as the plural ending. Possibly spread from Middle Low German -s, -es, from Old Saxon -os, -as, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs. Further etymology is unknown, but cognate with Old English -as (English -s).
Suffix Edit
-s pl
- Used to form regular plurals of nouns that end in certain suffixes or syllables, such as -el, -er, -en, -em, -eur, -aar, -aard, diminutive -je, etc.
- Used to form irregular plurals of many other nouns, chiefly of foreign origin.
Usage notes Edit
- Nouns ending in unstressed -e generally have a plural in -s and one in -n (ziekte > ziektes, ziekten). Individual words, however, allow just one of the two ways.
- Most words of Latin origin ending in -um are pluralized with the suffix -s (museum > museums) or by replacing -um with -a (> musea). The latter tends to be preferred in formal style.
Etymology 2 Edit
From the genitive case of masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives, Middle Dutch -s, -es, from Old Dutch -es, -is, from Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is.
Suffix Edit
-s
- (archaic, except in fixed expressions) Used to form the genitive case of (strong) masculine and neuter nouns.
- tijd → de tand des tijds
- Used to form the genitive case of proper nouns and some pronouns.
- Used to form the partitive form of the adjective
- lief → iets liefs
- Used to form adverbs
- stad → steeds
Derived terms Edit
The adverbial/adjectival -s combines with other suffixes like :
Etymology 3 Edit
From earlier -sch, from Middle Dutch -sch, from Old Dutch -isc, from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (from which also -isch via German), from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form adjectives of characteristic from nouns.
- Used to form adjectives or language names from names of nations or countries.
Estonian Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-isa. Related to Finnish -isa, Ingrian -isa, Votic -sa.
Suffix Edit
-s (genitive -sa, partitive -sat, comparative -sam, superlative kõige -sam)
- creates adjectives from nouns
Inflection Edit
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -s | -sad |
accusative | -sa | -sad |
genitive | -sa | -sate |
partitive | -sat | -said |
illative | -sasse | -satesse -saisse |
inessive | -sas | -sates -sais |
elative | -sast | -satest -saist |
allative | -sale | -satele -saile |
adessive | -sal | -satel -sail |
ablative | -salt | -satelt -sailt |
translative | -saks | -sateks -saiks |
terminative | -sani | -sateni |
essive | -sana | -satena |
abessive | -sata | -sateta |
comitative | -saga | -satega |
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-nci.
Suffix Edit
-s (genitive -nda, partitive -ndat)
Inflection Edit
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -s | -ndad |
accusative | -nda | -ndad |
genitive | -nda | -ndate |
partitive | -ndat | -ndaid |
illative | -ndasse | -ndatesse -ndaisse |
inessive | -ndas | -ndates -ndais |
elative | -ndast | -ndatest -ndaist |
allative | -ndale | -ndatele -ndaile |
adessive | -ndal | -ndatel -ndail |
ablative | -ndalt | -ndatelt -ndailt |
translative | -ndaks | -ndateks -ndaiks |
terminative | -ndani | -ndateni |
essive | -ndana | -ndatena |
abessive | -ndata | -ndateta |
comitative | -ndaga | -ndatega |
Finnish Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Contracted from the second-person singular pronoun sa, sä (sinä in modern standard language), but no longer tied to being used in second-person.
Particle Edit
-s (enclitic particle, somewhat informal or familiar)
- When appended to a second-person singular or plural imperative, gives the command or request slightly rude or impatient tone—often with different verbs and different independent particles adjacent, the tone is different.
- When appended to the particle -pa/-pä that is appended to a second-person imperative, gives the command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone.
- Mainly in informal contexts: a particle appended to an interrogative suffix -ko/-kö of the verb conjugated in order to bring the conversation partner or a person outside the conversation, talked about, emotionally closer to the speaker, or to create familiarity into the conversation; also to express that closeness or familiarity—sometimes very difficult to translate well into English, in some cases corresponds to tag questions.
- (colloquial) appended to the shortened impersonal indicative present form (-n omitted) to soften the command or request or to make it more persuasive.
- Tehdääs tämä huomenna. ― Let's go do this tomorrow.
- Softens interrogative words, particularly mikä, kuka and their inflected and derived forms, such as when the speaker expects the person addressed to know the answer.
- Mikäs se Suomen pääkaupunki olikaan?
- What was Finland's capital again?
- Kukas heistä olikaan sinun lapsesi?
- Which of them was your child again?
Usage notes Edit
- When attached to imperative forms, the gemination is ignored, unless another enclitic is also used before -s, like with -pas. Thus laitas /lɑi̯tɑs/, but laitapas /lɑi̯tɑpːɑs/.
- When directly attached to forms ending in -n (e.g. passive forms), the -n is often dropped (e.g. miten → mites).
Derived terms Edit
See also Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-s, from Proto-Finno-Permic *-kse (compare Erzya and Moksha -кс (-ks, nominalizing suffix)).
Suffix Edit
-s
- Forms some nouns.
- Forms fractional numbers from ordinal numbers.
Usage notes Edit
- (fraction): Usually used when the numerator is one (one third, one fourth, etc.) See the usage notes under osa for more.
Declension Edit
Back vowel harmony:
Inflection of -s (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | -s | -kset | ||
genitive | -ksen | -sten -ksien | ||
partitive | -sta | -ksia | ||
illative | -kseen | -ksiin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | -s | -kset | ||
accusative | nom. | -s | -kset | |
gen. | -ksen | |||
genitive | -ksen | -sten -ksien | ||
partitive | -sta | -ksia | ||
inessive | -ksessa | -ksissa | ||
elative | -ksesta | -ksista | ||
illative | -kseen | -ksiin | ||
adessive | -ksella | -ksilla | ||
ablative | -kselta | -ksilta | ||
allative | -kselle | -ksille | ||
essive | -ksena | -ksina | ||
translative | -kseksi | -ksiksi | ||
instructive | — | -ksin | ||
abessive | -ksetta | -ksitta | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -s (type vastaus) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Front vowel harmony:
Inflection of -s (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | -s | -kset | ||
genitive | -ksen | -sten -ksien | ||
partitive | -stä | -ksiä | ||
illative | -kseen | -ksiin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | -s | -kset | ||
accusative | nom. | -s | -kset | |
gen. | -ksen | |||
genitive | -ksen | -sten -ksien | ||
partitive | -stä | -ksiä | ||
inessive | -ksessä | -ksissä | ||
elative | -ksestä | -ksistä | ||
illative | -kseen | -ksiin | ||
adessive | -ksellä | -ksillä | ||
ablative | -kseltä | -ksiltä | ||
allative | -kselle | -ksille | ||
essive | -ksenä | -ksinä | ||
translative | -kseksi | -ksiksi | ||
instructive | — | -ksin | ||
abessive | -ksettä | -ksittä | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -s (type vastaus) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms Edit
Etymology 3 Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-nci, from Proto-Uralic *-mte.
Suffix Edit
-s
Usage notes Edit
Added to the genitive singular (weak grade) stem.
Declension Edit
Back vowel harmony:
Inflection of -s (Kotus type 45*J/kahdeksas, nt-nn gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | -s | -nnet | ||
genitive | -nnen | -nsien | ||
partitive | -tta | -nsia | ||
illative | -nteen | -nsiin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | -s | -nnet | ||
accusative | nom. | -s | -nnet | |
gen. | -nnen | |||
genitive | -nnen | -nsien | ||
partitive | -tta | -nsia | ||
inessive | -nnessa | -nsissa | ||
elative | -nnesta | -nsista | ||
illative | -nteen | -nsiin | ||
adessive | -nnella | -nsilla | ||
ablative | -nnelta | -nsilta | ||
allative | -nnelle | -nsille | ||
essive | -ntena | -nsina | ||
translative | -nneksi | -nsiksi | ||
instructive | — | -nsin | ||
abessive | -nnetta | -nsitta | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -s (type kahdeksas) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Front vowel harmony:
Inflection of -s (Kotus type 45*J/kahdeksas, nt-nn gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | -s | -nnet | ||
genitive | -nnen | -nsien | ||
partitive | -ttä | -nsiä | ||
illative | -nteen | -nsiin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | -s | -nnet | ||
accusative | nom. | -s | -nnet | |
gen. | -nnen | |||
genitive | -nnen | -nsien | ||
partitive | -ttä | -nsiä | ||
inessive | -nnessä | -nsissä | ||
elative | -nnestä | -nsistä | ||
illative | -nteen | -nsiin | ||
adessive | -nnellä | -nsillä | ||
ablative | -nneltä | -nsiltä | ||
allative | -nnelle | -nsille | ||
essive | -ntenä | -nsinä | ||
translative | -nneksi | -nsiksi | ||
instructive | — | -nsin | ||
abessive | -nnettä | -nsittä | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -s (type kahdeksas) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms Edit
Etymology 4 Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-s, from Proto-Uralic *-s (compare Erzya -с (-s) in эйс (ejs, “into”)). Sometimes considered a reduction of *-kse (translative ending): *-kse > *-ks > *-s.
Suffix Edit
-s
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 5 Edit
From apocope of the final vowel of -ssa, -ssä.
Suffix Edit
-s
- (case suffix, colloquial or dialectal) Alternative form of -ssa (inessive)
French Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Inherited from Middle French -s, from Old French -s, from Latin -s (accusative plural).
Pronunciation Edit
- Silent, except in liaison environments, when it may be pronounced /z‿/. This liaison is usual in adjectives, but fairly rare in nouns.
- Irregularly pronounced /s/ in tous (“all”) when used as a pronoun.
Audio (liaison) (file)
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form the regular plurals of most nouns and adjectives.
- Used to form the irregular plurals of a few nouns and adjectives in -au, -eu (which regularly add -x) and in -al (which regularly make -aux).
Etymology 2 Edit
Inherited from Middle French -s, from Old French -s, from Latin -s (second-person singular). The spread of this ending to the first-person singular began in Old French when final -s was no longer pronounced in preconsonantal position. The grammarians later on standardised the usage, prescribing -s in some cases and rejecting it in others.
Pronunciation Edit
- Silent, except in liaison environments, when it may be pronounced /z‿/. This liaison is optional after full vowels (as in tu dois). After silent -e- (as in tu aimes) it is rare and often discouraged.
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form the second-person singular of most verb conjugations.
- Used to form the first-person singular of some verb conjugations.
See also Edit
German Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Middle High German -es, from Old High German [Term?].
Alternative forms Edit
- -es
- -ens (proper nouns ending with a sibilant consonant; dated)
- -' (proper nouns ending with a sibilant consonant)
- -'s (common nouns; now proscribed)
- -'s (proper nouns; correct in certain cases, but often seen as a misspelling)
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form the genitive singular of most masculine nouns, neuter nouns, and proper nouns of all genders.
Usage notes Edit
The formation of the strong genitive singular (in -s, -es, or no ending) may be of some difficulty both for learners and native speakers.
Only one form is possible in some nouns:
- Nouns in unstressed -as, -es,- is, -os, -us remain unchanged (except those in -nis, which make -nisses).
- Other nouns in -s, -ß, -x, -z take -es.
- Nouns ending in a vowel or in unstressed -el, -em, -en, -er, -or, -um take -s. (Only those in a diphthong or in -h allow -es, alternatively.)
- Nouns forming their plural in -s take the same ending also in the genitive singular. (Apparent exceptions will generally have an alternative plural in -e.)
Otherwise, both forms are usually correct, but certain tendencies can be observed:
- The es-form is strongly preferred in a number of frequently used monosyllables, to the degree that the s-form may even sound odd. No hard rule can be given to identify these nouns; they include e.g. Land, Mann, Weg, etc.
- The es-form is also preferred, for euphonic reasons, in words ending in certain clusters like -pf, -sch, -st.
- Most other monosyllables have no clear preference.
- The s-form is usually preferred in polysyllables, regardless of their being simple or compound and regardless also of stress patterns.
Note, finally, that there is a fairly strong tendency for proper nouns (used with the article) and for newer or less common loanwords to remain unchanged in the genitive singular.
Etymology 2 Edit
Probably derived from the genitive -s (etymology 1), but developed into a noun-forming suffix in German Low German and Central German dialects.
Suffix Edit
-s m
Etymology 3 Edit
Borrowed from Middle Low German [Term?]. Reinforced by the fact that French and English also use -s as a plural suffix.
Alternative forms Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form the plurals of some nouns.
- Used to form the plurals of personal names, particularly family names.
Usage notes Edit
- The plural ending -s is most typical of loanwords (as in Schals, Parfüms, Videos), though there is a tendency for naturalised loanwords to switch to -e or -en (compare Generäle, Lifte, Pizzen with older Generals, Lifts, Pizzas). Conversely, -s is also used in a certain number of native words (as in Fräuleins, Mädels, Uhus). Moreover, it is the most productive plural marker in contemporary German, typically used to pluralise initialisms (LKWs), neologisms (Honks), and words that do not otherwise have a common plural form (Streits).
See also Edit
Hungarian Edit
Etymology Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
- (adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative.
- (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun.
- (number-forming suffix) Added to an ordinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.
Usage notes Edit
- (all senses) Harmonic variants:
- -s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -os is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -as is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -es is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ös is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
Derived terms Edit
See also Edit
Ingrian Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-ssa. Cognates include Finnish -ssa and Estonian -s.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form the inessive case; in, inside
Usage notes Edit
- May trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.
Inflection Edit
Possessive forms of -s | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | singular | plural |
1st person | -ssaan | -ssamme |
2nd person | -ssaas | -ssanne |
3rd person | -ssaa | -ssasse |
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-nci, from Proto-Uralic *-mte. Cognates include Finnish -s and Estonian -s.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers; -th
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 3 Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-ci, from Proto-Uralic *-ti. Cognates include Finnish -si.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
- (obsolete) Used to mark the possession of the second person singular; thy, your
- 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
- Niin mamallees i saoki.
- Just say so to your mother.
Usage notes Edit
- May trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.
Etymology 4 Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-s. Cognates include Finnish -s.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
Declension Edit
(back-vocalic)
|
(front-vocalic)
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Derived terms Edit
Karelian Edit
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-ci, from Proto-Uralic *-ti. Cognates include Finnish -si.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
Derived terms Edit
References Edit
- P. M. Zaykov (1999) Грамматика Карельского языка (фонетика и морфология) [Grammar of the Karelian language (phonetics and morphology)], →ISBN, page 47
Kashubian Edit
Etymology Edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *si. Cognates include Polish -ś and Slovincian -š.
Pronunciation Edit
Particle Edit
-s
- Appended to relative/interrogative pronouns to form indefinite pronouns
Derived terms Edit
Latin Edit
Etymology Edit
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-s. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ς (-s).
Suffix Edit
-s
- suffix of nouns in the third declension.
Usage notes Edit
Inflections merge with the stem. See Appendix:Latin third declension.
Low German Edit
Etymology Edit
From Middle Low German -es, from Old Saxon -es, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns.
Suffix Edit
-s
Lushootseed Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
Manx Edit
Alternative forms Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
- -self (emphatic)
Usage notes Edit
- Added to prepositional pronouns (ending in a broad consonant) to add emphasis:
- Used in first-person singular: (e.g., lhiams).
- Used in second-person singular: (e.g., orts).
See also Edit
Middle English Edit
Etymology Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix Edit
-s
- Adverbial genitive ending, developed into the -ce at the end of some words
Descendants Edit
Mohawk Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
- habitual verb suffix
- in verbal nouns: -er
- in adjectival verbs, indicates that the subject is not singular
References Edit
- Nora Deering; Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 439
Northern Sami Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Samic *-s.
Suffix Edit
-s
- Forms nouns indicating a material.
- Forms nouns from numbers, indicating a group.
Usage notes Edit
- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.
Inflection Edit
Odd, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -s | |||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -sa | |||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | -s | -sat | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | -sa | -siid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -sa | -siid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | -sii | -siidda | ||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -sis | -siin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -siin | -siiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | -sin | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix Edit
-s
Usage notes Edit
- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 3 Edit
From Proto-Samic *-ksë. Cognate with the Finnish translative ending -ksi.
Suffix Edit
-s
- Forms adverbs indicating direction or a span of time.
Usage notes Edit
- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 4 Edit
From a merger of two older case endings:
- Inessive, Proto-Samic *-snē. Cognate with Finnish -ssa.
- Elative, Proto-Samic *-stē. Cognate with Finnish -sta.
Suffix Edit
-s
- The ending of the locative singular case.
Usage notes Edit
- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
When possessive suffixes are attached, the suffix reverts to its earlier form -st- (for even-syllable stems) or -stti- (for odd-syllable stems).
Norwegian Bokmål Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Danish -s, from Old Norse -sk, a grammaticalisation of Proto-Germanic *sek (reflexive pronoun).
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form the passive voice of verbs.
Etymology 2 Edit
From Danish -s, from Old Norse -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns.
Particle Edit
-s
- Used to form genitive/possessive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.
Usage notes Edit
If the last word already ends with a sibilant, only an apostrophe (-') is added. It is incorrect to use an apostrophe before the s.
Old English Edit
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Germanic *-isjō, *-usjō.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
- (often affects the value or quality of preceding consonants, may or may not cause i-mutation) Feminine noun suffix forming nouns from adjectives and verbs
Declension Edit
Old French Edit
Alternative forms Edit
- -z (for most words that do not end in -e)
Suffix Edit
-s
- indicates a nominative singular of a masculine noun or adjective
- indicates an oblique plural of a masculine noun or adjective
- indicates a (nominative or oblique) plural of a feminine noun or adjective
Descendants Edit
Portuguese Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Alternative forms Edit
- -es (after certain consonants and nasal vowels)
Suffix Edit
-s
- used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives, especially those that end in vowels
- 2007, J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 308:
- Você notou os cabelos dela, são negros e brilhantes e macios...
- Did you notice her hair, it's dark and bright and soft...
Usage notes Edit
-s vs. -es vs. non-use:
- After l ([ɫ] [l], [w]), -s is used and the l is replaced with i ([j]): pastel → pastéis, capital → capitais,
- A scattering of exceptions have or allow -es after l, the most common being mal → males
- After stressed il, -s is used and the l is dropped: hostil → hostis, canil → canis
- After unstressed il, the ending becomes -eis: réptil → répteis, projétil → projéteis
- In sporadic and strongly proscribed Brazilian usage, the same rules are applied to words that end in a vowel + u or o ([w]): degrau → * degrais, troféu → * troféis
- After s:
- after m, -s is used and the m becomes n; this is an orthographic process, since in both cases the final consonant marks vowel nasalisation: dom → dons
- after n, either, but -es is more common in dialects where it is produced as /n/ rather than vowel nasalisation: hífen → hifens or hífenes
- after r and z, -es is used
- after vowels and semivowels, -s is used
- the plural of words ending in -ão can be -ões (by far the most common), -ãos (usually masculines with a feminine in -ã) or -ães (only a handful of words)
- loanwords usually follow the same rules: mouse → mouses, ópera → óperas
- in recent English loanwords ending in r, and occasionally in loans from other languages, -s is used: player → players
- unadapted loanwords ending in unusual consonants usually take -s or no morpheme: ankh → ankhs, flood → floods, spam → spam or spams
- rarely, and often alongside a regular form, the plural from the original language is used: campus → campi (also campus), mafioso → mafiosi (more commonly mafiosos), gol → gols (very rarely goles or gois)
- after x, Hellenisms and Latinisms are usually unchanged (following the rule for words ending in s), but sometimes have -es and the x becomes c (/s/), especially in Brazilian Portuguese: tórax → tórax, clímax → clímax or clímaces
- more often than not, surnames do not take an extra morpheme in the plural; when they do, they are usually Portuguese surnames with recognisable Portuguese morphemes: o Ferreira → os Ferreira or os Ferreiras
- names of peoples that do not contain Portuguese endings usually do not take the plural morpheme: polaco → polacos; ashanti → ashanti or ashantis (less common)
In informal varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, a noun phrase may take a single plural marker, usually in the article. For example, “the big houses” may be as casa grande where standard Portuguese requires as casas grandes. This usage is very widespread, however, it is proscribed and generally regarded as unacceptable in formal contexts and in serious writing.
In some words that end in O and have a stressed /o/ in the penult, the stressed vowel becomes /ɔ/ in the plural. See Category:Portuguese nouns with metaphonic plurals.
Colloquial Brazilian Portuguese allows /j/ to be added before /s/ in words stressed in their final syllables. This is blocked by morpheme boundaries, such that nós (“we”) may be pronounced /nɔjs/, but nós (“knots”) can only be pronounced as /nɔs/. vocês and colloquial forms cês and ocês are an exception to this rule, and can be pronounced /voˈsejs/. Note that this process is usually avoided in formal speech.
Etymology 2 Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
- (Brazil, slang) used to form slangier forms of certain words
- foi mal (“sorry”) + -s → foi mals (“soz”)
- grande coisa (“big deal”) + -s → grandes coisa (“biggie”)
- valeu (“thank you”) + -s → valeus (“thanks”)
Quechua Edit
Alternative forms Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
- Evidential suffix, second-hand information. Indicates that the speaker has not directly experienced the information at hand; hearsay
- Qusqumantas kanki. ― (They say that) you are from Cusco.
- Inisqa qayna ñañantas watukusqan. ― Inez visited her sister yesterday (so I heard).
See also Edit
Spanish Edit
Etymology Edit
Derived from the Latin accusative plural endings (-ās, -ōs, -ēs).
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives which end in vowels.
Related terms Edit
Swedish Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Old Swedish -s, from Old Norse -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. Cognate with Danish -s. The frequent use of the suffix in written and modern colloquial Swedish is possibly the result of foreign influence, either Latin or Middle Low German.
Clitic Edit
-s
- Used to form genitive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.
Related terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
From Old Norse -sk, a grammaticalisation of Proto-Germanic *sek (reflexive pronoun).
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form the passive voice of verbs.
- Bilen kör
- The car drives
- Bilen körs
- The car is (being) driven
- Bilen körde
- The car drove
- Bilen kördes
- The car was (being) driven
- Lejonet äter
- The lion eats
- Lejonet äts
- The lion is (being) eaten
- 1995, Peter Grönvall, Maria Rådsten, Nanne Grönvall (lyrics and music), “Det vackraste [The most beautiful thing ["thing" from being nominalized]]”, performed by Cecilia Vennersten:
- Det är en rikedom, att få älska och att älskas.
- It is a richness, to get to love and to be loved.
Usage notes Edit
- Until the middle of the 20th century, the variant suffix -es was used to mark the present passive of all -er verbs of the second and fourth conjugations. This usage is mostly considered archaic today, but -es is still used for -er verbs whose stems end in s.
- See also vara (“be”), which forms a passive voice for states or completed actions.
- For some verbs (often physical actions), the passive voice can indicate that the action is carried out repeatedly or as a disposition by the subject. For example, "Var försiktig! Hästen sparkas." means "Be careful! The horse kicks (as a disposition)." rather than "Be careful! The horse is being kicked," "Han knuffas mycket" means "He pushes people a lot" rather than "He is being pushed a lot," "Han skräms" means "He frightens" rather than "He is being frightened," and "Hunden bits" means "The dog bites" rather than "The dog is bitten." The latter readings are also possible, but unintuitive there. A related phenomenon is deponent verbs, which only appear in the passive but have an active meaning.
Etymology 3 Edit
Suffix Edit
-s
- (chiefly colloquial, often proscribed) Used to form the plural form of some words, mostly loanwords
See also Edit
Etymology 4 Edit
Originally from Old Swedish -s, a genitive suffix. Many of the examples are later analogically derived from each other.
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to derive some adverbs from nouns or adjectives
Alternative forms Edit
Derived terms Edit
References Edit
-s in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)
Tagalog Edit
Etymology Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-s (Baybayin spelling ᜐ᜔)
- (slang, generally humorous) suffix added in slang, especially in place of reduplication
Derived terms Edit
Further reading Edit
Welsh Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Pronunciation Edit
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /s/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /s/, /z/
Suffix Edit
-s
- Used to form plural nouns.
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *só (“that”).
Pronunciation Edit
Pronoun Edit
-s
- him, her, it, them
- Nis gwelais erioed.
- I never saw him/her/it/them.
- Dyna ymadrodd nas clywir yn aml.
- That is a phrase which is not often heard. (literally, "There is a phrase which one does not hear [it] often."
- Nid yw iaith yn fyw onis defnyddir.
- The language is not alive unless it is used. (literally, "…unless one uses it.")
- 1588, Y Beibl cyssegr-lan, 1 Corinthians 2:7,8:
- Eithr yr ydym ni yn llefaru doethineb Duw mewn dirgelwch, sef y ddoethineb guddiedig, yr hon a ragordeiniodd Duw cyn yr oesoedd i’n gogoniant ni: yr hon nid adnabu neb o dywysogion y byd hwn: oherwydd pes adwaenasent, ni chroeshoeliasent Arglwydd y gogoniant.
- But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory: which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.
Usage notes Edit
- Found only in formal language after certain vowel-final preverbal particles, such as ni, na, oni and pe. After other vowel-final preverbal particles, such as fe, a and y, singular 'i and plural 'u are used instead.
Derived terms Edit
- os (“if”)
References Edit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-s”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies