aver
English edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Middle English averren,[1] from Old French averer, from Early Medieval Latin advērō, a verb derived from Latin vērus (“true”). Compare Modern French avérer.
Pronunciation edit
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /əˈvɜː/
Audio (Southern England) (file) - (General American) IPA(key): /əˈvɝ/
- Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)
Verb edit
aver (third-person singular simple present avers, present participle averring or (obsolete) avering, simple past and past participle averred or (obsolete) avered)
- (transitive, intransitive) To assert the truth of (something); to affirm (something) with confidence; to declare (something) in a positive manner.
- 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Causes of Heroicall Loue, Temperature, Full Diet, Idlenesse, Place, Climat, &c.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 3, section 2, member 2, subsection 1, page 209:
- 1660, Samuel Fisher, “[Rusticus ad Academicos in Exercitationibus Expostulatoriis, Apologeticis Quatuor. The Rustick’s Alarm to the Rabbies: Or, The Country Correcting the University and Clergy, and (Not without Good Cause) Contesting for the Truth, against the Nursing Mothers and Their Children. In Four Apologetical and Expostulatory Exercitations; [...]] The Third Apologetical, and Expostulatory Exercitation”, in The Testimony of Truth Exalted, […], [London?]: [s.n.], published 1679, →OCLC, chapter I, page 411:
- Now as to the Scriptures being the Word of God, and evidently known to be ſo, or evidencing themſelves to be ſo, and that of right, and properly they are to be ſo called; all which thou J. O. very abſolutely averreſt, […]
- 1662, [Samuel Butler], “[The First Part of Hudibras]”, in Hudibras. The First and Second Parts. […], London: […] John Martyn and Henry Herringman, […], published 1678, →OCLC; republished in A[lfred] R[ayney] Waller, editor, Hudibras: Written in the Time of the Late Wars, Cambridge: University Press, 1905, →OCLC, canto II, page 31:
- Chiron, the four-legg'd Bard, had both / A Beard and Tail of his own growth; / And yet by Authors 'tis averr'd, / He made use onely of his Beard.
- 1701, Lawrence Smith, “[First Discourse on 2 Timothy 1:10]”, in The Evidence of Things Not Seen: Or, The Immortality of the Human Soul, and the Separate Condition thereof in the Other World, Asserted and Made Manifest: […], London: […] Thomas Speed, […], →OCLC, page 1:
- [T]he partial Infidel […] averreth the Sleep or Inſenſibility of the Soul both in good and bad perſons, from the time of their Deceaſe hence until their Reſurrection; […]
- 1819, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Peter Bell the Third”, in [Mary] Shelley, editor, The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. […], new edition, London: Edward Moxon […], published 1840, →OCLC, part the second (The Devil), stanza 1, page 239:
- The Devil, I safely can aver, / Has neither hoof, nor tail, nor sting; / Nor is he, as some sages swear, / A spirit, neither here nor there, / In nothing—yet in everything.
- 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “Cetology”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 156:
- An Irish author avers that the Earl of Leicester, on bended knees, did likewise present to her highness another horn, pertaining to a land beast of the unicorn nature.
- 1939 August 25, “Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead”, in Yip Harburg (lyrics), Harold Arlen (music), The Wizard of Oz (soundtrack), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer:
- As Coroner, I must aver, I thoroughly examined her. / And she's not only merely dead, she's really most sincerely dead.
- 1997, Frederick W. Case, Jr., Roberta B. Case, “The North American Trilliums”, in Trilliums, Portland, Or.: Timber Press, →ISBN, page 109:
- Horticulturalist Richard Lighty has a form [of Trillium grandiflorum] that he avers to open almost a cerise-red.
- 2007 July 26, European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), Peev v. Bulgaria (Application no. 64209/01)[1], Strasbourg, paragraph 19:
- In the meantime, on 5 June 2000, the applicant had brought a civil action against the Prosecutor's Office. He alleged that the termination of his contract had been unlawful and sought reinstatement and compensation for loss of salary. He averred, inter alia, that the climate in the Supreme Cassation Prosecutor's Office had deteriorated as a result of the actions of the Chief Prosecutor.
- 2019 April 14, Alex McLevy, “Winter is Here on Game of Thrones’ Final Season Premiere (Newbies)”, in The A.V. Club[2], archived from the original on 18 December 2020:
- [W]hen Yara tells him he picked the losing side, he avers that he might just as soon head back to the Iron Islands—"But first, I'm gonna fuck the queen" [...]
- (transitive, intransitive, law) To justify or prove (an allegation or plea that one has made).
- (transitive, obsolete) To avouch, prove, or verify the existence or happening of (something), or to offer to do so.
- 1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v], page 396, column 2:
- […] I return'd with ſimular proofe enough, / To make the Noble Leonatus mad, / By wounding his beleefe in her Renowne, / With tokens thus, and thus: auerring notes / Of Chamber-hanging, Pictures, this her Bracelet / (Oh cunning how I got) nay ſome markes / Of ſecret on her perſon, that he could not / But thinke her bond of Chaſtity quite crack'd, / I hauing tane the forfeyt.
- 1641 May, John Milton, Of Reformation Touching Church-Discipline in England: And the Cavvses that hitherto have Hindred it; republished as Will Taliaferro Hale, editor, Of Reformation Touching Church-Discipline in England (Yale Studies in English; LIV), New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1916, →OCLC, 2nd book, pages 46–47:
- Upon a time the Body summon'd all the Members to meet in the Guild for the common good (as Aesops Chronicles averre many stranger Accidents) the head by right takes the first seat, and next to it a huge and monstrous Wen little lesse than the Head it selfe, growing to it by a narrower excrescency.
- 1841 December, R[ichard] R[obert] Madden, “Address on Slavery in Cuba, Presented to the General Anti-slavery Convention”, in The Churchman’s Monthly Review, London: R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside; and sold by L. and G. Seeley, […], →OCLC, page 705:
- [A]lthough thou averrest this, and averrest it truly, we are nevertheless constrained to plead guilty to the possession of so much of this sensibility [a refusal to hear details] (call it "sickly" if thou wilt) as that they case once proved, our feeling of duty refuses to sustain us any longer against that combined and overwhelming influence of shattered nerves and a sickened heart.
Conjugation edit
infinitive | (to) aver | ||
---|---|---|---|
present tense | past tense | ||
1st-person singular | aver | averred | |
2nd-person singular | aver, averrest† | averred, averredst† | |
3rd-person singular | avers, averreth† | averred | |
plural | aver | ||
subjunctive | aver | averred | |
imperative | aver | — | |
participles | averring | averred |
Synonyms edit
- (assert the truth): swear
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Translations edit
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Etymology 2 edit
From Middle English aver, avere (“workhorse; any beast of burden (?); things which are owned, possessions, property, wealth; state of being rich, wealth; ownership, possession”) [and other forms],[2][3] and then either:
- from Old French aver, aveir, avoir (“possession, property; (collectively) beasts of burden; domestic animals; cattle”) (modern French avoir (“asset, possession”)), from aveir, avoir (“to have”), from Latin habēre,[4] the present active infinitive of habeō (“to have, hold; to have, own (possessions)”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-, *ǵʰeh₁bʰ- (“to grab, take”); or
- from Old English eafor (“workhorse; tenant’s obligation to transport goods”), further etymology uncertain.[2]
Pronunciation edit
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈeɪvə/
- (General American) IPA(key): /ˈeɪvɚ/
Noun edit
aver (plural avers)
- (Britain, dialectal, archaic) A beast of burden; chiefly a workhorse, but also a working ox or other animal.
- (Northern England, Scotland, dialectal, archaic) An old, useless horse; a nag.
- 1820 March, [Walter Scott], chapter VIII, in The Monastery. A Romance. […], volume III, Edinburgh: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and for Archibald Constable and Co., and John Ballantyne, […], →OCLC, page 214:
- […] Gilbert has but two half-starved cowardly peasants to follow him, and but an auld jaded aver to ride upon, fitter for the plough than for manly service; […]
References edit
- ^ “averren, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 “āver, n.(1)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- ^ “avēr, n.(2)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- ^ “aver, n.”, in OED Online , Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, March 2021.
Anagrams edit
Italian edit
Alternative forms edit
- haver (obsolete spelling)
Verb edit
aver (apocopated)
Anagrams edit
Ladino edit
Etymology edit
From Old Spanish aver, from Latin habēre, present active infinitive of habeō (“hold, have”).
Verb edit
aver (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling אביר)
- to have
Middle English edit
Etymology edit
From Old French aver, aveir, avoir (“possession, property; (collectively) beasts of burden; domestic animals; cattle”) (modern French avoir (“asset, possession”)), from aveir, avoir (“to have”), from Latin habēre,[1] the present active infinitive of habeō (“to have, hold; to have, own (possessions)”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-, *ǵʰeh₁bʰ- (“to grab, take”). Cognate with Middle French avoir, Norman aver, aveir.
Noun edit
aver (plural avers)
References edit
- ^ “avēr, n.(2)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Norman edit
Alternative forms edit
- aveir (Guernsey)
Etymology edit
From Old French aveir, archaic form of avoir, from Latin habēre, present active infinitive of habeō (“have, hold, possess”).
Verb edit
aver
Conjugation edit
infinitive | aver | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | ayant | ||||||
auxiliary | aver | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | ieu | — | |||||
plural | — | — | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
indicative | jé (j') | tu (tu') | il (i'), oulle (ou) |
jé (j') | ous (ou) | il' (i') | |
present | ai | as | a | avons | avez | ont | |
imperfect | avais | avais | avait | avions | aviez | avaient | |
preterite | eus | eus | eut | eûnmes | eûtes | eûtent | |
future | éthai | éthas | étha | éthons | éthez | éthont | |
conditional | éthais | éthais | éthait | éthions | éthiez | éthaient | |
subjunctive | qué j' | qué tu' | qu'il, qu'oulle |
qué j' | qu'ous | qu'il' | |
present | aie | aies | ait | ayons | ayiz | aient | |
imperfect | eûsse | eûsses | eûsse | eûssions | eûssyiz or eûssiez | eûssent | |
imperative | — | tu' | — | j' | ous | — | |
affirmative | ai | ayons | ayiz or ayez |
Derived terms edit
- aver bouonne main (“to have green fingers”)
- aver cours (“to be legal tender”)
- aver d's ièrs dé caûque-souothis (“to have good eyesight”)
- aver l's ièrs pus grands qué l'ventre (“to have eyes bigger than one's belly”)
- aver l'tchoeu d'vômi (“to feel sick”)
- aver l'vent souôs vèrgue (“to scud before the wind”)
- aver un yi tchi dit m'luque à l'aut' (“to have a squint”)
Occitan edit
Etymology edit
From Old Occitan aver, haver, from Latin habēre, present active infinitive of habeō (“to have, hold, keep”). Cognate with French avoir, Italian avere, Portuguese haver, Romanian avea, avere, and Sardinian (Campidanese airi, Logudorese àere), Spanish haber, and English aver (borrowed via Old French).
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
aver
Conjugation edit
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | aver | aver agut | |||||
gerund | avent | use gerund of aver + past participle | |||||
past participle | agut | — | |||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | ieu | tu | el | nosautres | vosautres | eles | |
present | ai | as | a | avèm | avètz | an | |
imperfect | aviái | aviás | aviá | aviam | aviatz | avián | |
preterite | aguèri | aguères | aguèt | aguèrem | aguèretz | aguèron | |
future | aurai | auràs | aurà | aurem | auretz | auràn | |
conditional | auriái | auriás | auriá | auriam | auriatz | aurián | |
conditional 2nd form1 | aguèra | aguèras | aguèra | agueram | agueratz | aguèran | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | use the present tense of aver + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | use the future tense of aver + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que ieu | que tu | que el | que nosautres | que vosautres | que eles | |
present | aja | ajas | aja | ajam | ajatz | ajan | |
imperfect | aguèsse | aguèsses | aguèsse | aguèssem | aguèssetz | aguèsson | |
compound tenses |
past | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | ||||||
imperative | — | tu | — | nosautres | vosautres | — | |
aja | ajam | ajatz | 1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects | ||||
Derived terms edit
Old French edit
Verb edit
aver
- Alternative form of avoir
Noun edit
aver oblique singular, m (oblique plural avers, nominative singular avers, nominative plural aver)
- Alternative form of avoir
Old Galician-Portuguese edit
Alternative forms edit
- haver (latinized form)
Etymology edit
Inherited from Latin habēre (“to have, to hold, to possess”). Cognate with Old Spanish and Old Occitan aver, Old French aveir.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
aver
Conjugation edit
Invalid params in call to Template:roa-opt-conj (aver): 1=; 2=haver
infinitive | simple | aver | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | infinitive of aver + past participle | ||||||
gerund | simple | avendo | |||||
compound | gerund of aver + past participle | ||||||
past participle1 | singular | plural | |||||
masculine | avudo, avido | avudos, avidos | |||||
feminine | avuda, avida | avudas, avidas | |||||
present participle | avente | aventes | |||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative mood | eu | tu | el~ele ela vossa mercee |
nós nós outros nós outras |
vós vós outras vós outros |
eles elas | |
simple tenses |
present | ei, aio | ás | á, ai | avemos | avedes | an |
imperfect | avía | avías | avía | aviamos | aviades | avían | |
preterite | ouvi, ouve, oui, oue | ouviste, ouveste, ouvische | ouve, ouvo, *oue | ouvemos | ouvestes | ouveron | |
pluperfect | ouvera | ouveras | ouvera, oera | ouveramos | ouverades | ouveran | |
future | averei | averás | averá | averemos | averedes | averán | |
conditional | avería | averías | avería | averiamos | averiades | averían | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | present of aver + past participle | |||||
present imperfect | imperfect of aver + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | preterite of aver + past participle | ||||||
pluperfect | simple pluperfect of aver + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of aver + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of aver + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive mood | eu | tu | el~ele ela vossa mercee |
nós nós outros nós outras |
vós vós outros vós outras |
eles elas | |
simple tenses |
present | aja | ajas | aja | ajamos | ajades | ajan |
preterite | ouvesse | ouvesses | ouvesse | ouvéssemos | ouvéssedes | ouvessen | |
future | ouver, oer | ouveres | ouver, oer, ouer | ouvermos, ouermos | ouverdes | ouveren, oueren | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | present subjunctive of aver + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | preterite subjunctive of aver + past participle | ||||||
perfect future | future subjunctive of aver + past participle | ||||||
imperative mood | – | tu | vossa mercee | nós nós outros nós outras |
vós vós outros vós outras |
– | |
affirmative | — | ave, ávi | *aja | ajamos | avede | — | |
negative | — | non *ajas | non *aja | non ajamos | non ajades | — | |
personal infinitive | eu | tu | el~ele ela vossa mercee |
nós nós outros nós outras |
vós vós outros vós outras |
eles elas | |
aver | averes | aver | avermos | averdes | averen |
Descendants edit
Further reading edit
Old Occitan edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Latin habēre, present active infinitive of habeō (“to have, hold, keep”). Cognate with Old French avoir, aver, aveir, avoyr, Old Sardinian avere, and Old Spanish aver.
Verb edit
aver
- to have; to possess
- c. 1185, Guerau de Cabrera, Ensenhamen:
- Jes gran saber
no potz aver,
si fors non eis de ta reion.- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Descendants edit
- Occitan: aver
Old Spanish edit
Etymology edit
From Latin habēre, present active infinitive of habeō (“to have, hold, keep”). Cognate with Old French avoir, aver, aveir, avoyr, and Old Occitan aver, haver.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
aver
- to have
- Pedro ha dos fijas.
- Pedro has two daughters.
Descendants edit
Portuguese edit
Verb edit
aver (first-person singular present indicative ei, past participle avido)
Conjugation edit
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Noun edit
aver m (plural averes)
Romani edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀅𑀯𑀭 (avara), from Sanskrit अपर (apara).
Adjective edit
aver
References edit
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “ápara”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 20
- Boretzky, Norbert; Igla, Birgit (1994), “avér”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 14
- Marcel Courthiade (2009), “aver B-ćham: -e”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (in Hungarian; English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 68
Spanish edit
Verb edit
aver
Venetian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Latin habēre, present active infinitive of habeō.
Verb edit
aver
- (transitive) to have
- (transitive) to possess
Conjugation edit
- Venetian conjugation varies from one region to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
infinitive | aver | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
auxiliary verb | aver | gerund | avéndo | |||
past participle | vùo, avudo, vudo, vù | |||||
person | singular | plural | ||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | |
indicative | mi | ti | eło / eła | noialtri / noialtre | voialtri / voialtre | łuri / łore |
present | go, ò | (te) ghè, (te) ga | (el/ła) ga, (el/ła) à | avémo, gavémo, òn, avòn | avì | (i/łe) ga, (i/łe) à |
imperfect | avéa, gavéa | (te) avivi, (te) avevi | (el/ła) avéa, (el/ła) gavéa | avévimo | avivi, avevi | (i/łe) avéa, (i/łe) gavéa |
future | avarò | (te) avarè | (el/ła) avarà | avarémo, avaròn | avarè | (i/łe) avarà |
conditional | mi | ti | eło / eła | noialtri / noialtre | voialtri / voialtre | łuri / łore |
present | avarìa, averàve, gavaria | (te) avarisi | (el/ła) avarìa, (el/ła) averàve, (el/ła) gavaria | avarìsimo | avarisi | (i/łe) avarìa, (i/łe) averàve, (i/łe) gavaria |
subjunctive | che mi | che ti | che eło / eła | che noialtri / noialtre | che voialtri / voialtre | che łuri / łore |
present | abia | (te) abi | (el/ła) abia | avémo | avì | (i/łe) abia |
imperfect | avése | (te) avisi | (el/ła) avése | avésimo | avisi | (i/łe) avése |
imperative | — | ti | eło / eła | noialtri / noialtre | voialtri / voialtre | łuri / łore |
— | (te) abi | (el/ła) abia | avémo | avì | (i/łe) abia |