ge-
AfrikaansEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Dutch ge-, from Middle Dutch ge-, ghe-, from Old Dutch gi-, ge-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm.
PrefixEdit
ge-
- Used to form the past participle
- Ek het die koek geëet — I have eaten the cake.
Usage notesEdit
- The participle prefix ge- is not used before the verbal prefixes be-, er-, ver-, ont- and her-, nor with inseparable prefixed adverbs or prepositions, except in a few exceptional cases or very colloquial speech.
- For verbs with the suffix -eer, the participle prefix may be optionally omitted. This is more commonly done for more common, disyllabic verbs and for participles in the active voice. It is seldom used in this way in the passive voice or with attributive past participles.
- In continuous constructs of the type sit en lees, loop en sing, lê en slaap and staan en gesels, the participle prefix may be optionally used on the first of such a verb pair. It is never used for the second verb of the pair.
Etymology 2Edit
From Dutch ge-, from Middle Dutch ge-.
PrefixEdit
ge-
- Used with a verb stem to create an uncountable noun referring to an action or its result, seen as a single collective whole.
Usage notesEdit
DutchEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle Dutch ge-, ghe-, from Old Dutch gi-, ge-, from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm.
Cognate with German Low German ge-, Dutch Low Saxon ge-, German ge-, Old English ġe- (obsolete English y-, i-, a-), Gothic 𐌲𐌰- (ga-).
PrefixEdit
ge-
- Used for forming the past participle.
- (obsolete, no longer productive) Forms perfective verbs from other verbs with a sense of completeness, or simply as an intensifier.
Usage notesEdit
- The participle prefix ge- is not used before the verbal prefixes be-, er-, ver-, ont- and her-, nor with inseparable prefixed adverbs or prepositions.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From the prefix above with an 'empty' suffix originating from Old Dutch *-i, from Proto-Germanic *-ją.
PrefixEdit
ge-
- Used with a verb stem to create a neuter uncountable noun referring to an action or its result, seen as a single collective whole. Comparable to English -ing (although that forms countable nouns, as it does in Dutch).
Usage notesEdit
- The deverbal prefix ge- is not used before the verbal prefixes be-, er-, ver-, ont- and her-, nor with inseparable prefixed adverbs or prepositions.
- Sometimes, especially in older formations, shows the effect of ablaut, as in gelag (from liggen).
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
PrefixEdit
ge-
- See ge- -te.
See alsoEdit
EsperantoEdit
EtymologyEdit
From German ge-, found in many neuter collective nouns.
PronunciationEdit
Audio (file)
PrefixEdit
ge-
- (plural only) used with a plural (gendered) noun to indicate multiple genders together
- (unoffically, by extension) used with a gendered noun to indicate unspecified gender
Derived termsEdit
GaroEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
ClassifierEdit
ge-
- classifier for any object which does not have a special classifer for itself
GermanEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- je- (Berlinian)
EtymologyEdit
From Middle High German ge-, from Old High German ga-, gi-, from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm.
Cognate with Low German ge-, e-, je- (Ermländisch), Yiddish גע־ (ge-), Dutch ge-, Old English ġe- (obsolete English y-, i-, a-), Gothic 𐌲𐌰- (ga-).
PronunciationEdit
PrefixEdit
ge-
- Forms collective nouns, almost always neuter gender. Whenever possible, the root vowel is modified as well.
- ge- + Ader (“vein”) → Geäder (“veins collectively”)
- ge- + Ast (“branch”) → Geäst (“all the branches of a tree”)
- ge- + Berg (“mountain”) → Gebirge (“mountain range”)
- ge- + Busch (“bush”) → Gebüsch (“brush”)
- ge- + Rippe (“rib”) → Gerippe (“skeleton”)
- ge- + Stein (“stone”) → Gestein (“rock”)
- ge- + Strauch (“bush, shrub”) → Gesträuch (“shrubbery”)
- ge- + Wasser (“water”) → Gewässer (“body of water”)
- ge- + Wolke (“cloud”) → Gewölk (“cloud formation”) (modern: Wolkenformation)
- Forms action nouns, usually with a sense of repetition or continuation. All of these nouns are neuter and have no plural.
- Forms nomina rei actae, verbal nouns that refer to the result of an action, always of neuter gender.
- Forms past participles in combination with a suffix -en or -(e)t. Nouns are frequently made from the past participle.
- Forms verbs with terminative aktionsart. This is hardly productive after Early New High German and outside of dialects.
- Indicates association or togetherness; co-.
SynonymsEdit
(past participle):
- ge- -en (different analysis or view)
- ge- -t (different analysis or view)
- -t (for verbs not stressed on the very first syllable)
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- J. C. Adelung (1796), “ge-”, in Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart (in German), volume 2, 2nd edition, page 439
- Jörg Meibauer, Ulrike Demske, Jochen Geilfuß-Wolfgang, Jürgen Pafel, Karl Heinz Ramers, Monika Rothweiler and Markus Steinbach, Einführung in die germanistische Linguistik, 2nd edition, 2007, p. 32: "[..] Zirkumfixe [...] ge...t bei schwachen Verben und ge...en bei starken Verben (z. B. gespielt, gelaufen)"
- Michael Schäfer and Werner Schäfke, Sprachwissenschaft für Skandinavisten: Eine Einführung, Narr Verlag, 2014, p. 110: "Zirkumfix-Ableitungen [...]: [..] dt. spiel-en > ge-spiel-t Das lexikalische Morphem {spiel} wird hier umschlossen vom Zirkumfix {ge- -t}, um das Partizip der Vergangenheit zu bilden."
IdoEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Esperanto ge-, from German ge-.
PrefixEdit
ge-
- suffix used with the plural to indicate both sexes together
Derived termsEdit
LimburgishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From earlier gè-, from Middle Dutch ge-, ghe-, from Old Dutch gi-, ge-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm. Cognate with Old Saxon gi- (Low German e-, ge-), Dutch ge-, Old English ġe-, Gothic 𐌲𐌰- (ga-).
PrefixEdit
ge-
- When used in combination with the suffix -dje, forms neuter collective nouns.
- When attached to verbal nouns, forms nouns denoting repetition or continuation. All of these nouns are neuter and have no plural. For example: kalle/gekal.
- Forms past participles of verbs: wèrke/gewèrk.
- Used as an intensifier for verbs. wèrke/gewèrke.
OjibweEdit
PreverbEdit
ge-
ReferencesEdit
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/ge-pv-tns
Old EnglishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm. Cognate with Latin cum (“with”).
PronunciationEdit
PrefixEdit
ġe-
- used as an intensifier for verbs, indicating completeness or perfection
- forms nouns or adjectives of association or similarity; co-
- forms nouns and verbs with the sense of "result" or "process"
- forms past participles or participle adjectives from verbs
Usage notesEdit
- This prefix was always unstressed, in both nouns and verbs.
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
Old SaxonEdit
PrefixEdit
ge-
- Alternative form of gi-