e-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "e"

English

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs

Proto-Italic *eks

Latin ex

Latin ex-der.

English e-

From Latin ē-.^[1]

Pronunciation

(General American) IPA^(key): /ɛ-/

Prefix

e-

(non-productive) Used to form adjectives with the sense of something being lacking or removed.
e.g. eluviation, edentulous, elenge

Synonym: ex-

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Ancient Greek ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron)bor.

Latin ēlectrum

Proto-Italic *-kos

Latin -cus

Latin -icus

New Latin ēlectricusbor.

English electric

Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éyti

Proto-Hellenic *éimi

Ancient Greek εἶμι (eîmi)der.

English ion

English electron

Latin -icuslbor.

Old French -iquebor.

Middle English -ik

English -ic

English electronic

English e-

Abbreviation of electronic.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /i-/

Prefix

e-

In an electronic form, especially computerized and digital; often in association with the Internet.
Coordinate terms: cyber-, i-

Usage notes

This practice began with E-mail in June 1979. The first usage of E-mail, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, occurred in the journal Electronics with reference to an initiative of the United States Postal Service (USPS) called Electronic Computer Originated Mail, which USPS abbreviated E-COM. Many terms beginning with e- can be seen in both hyphenated (e.g. e-card) and unhyphenated (e.g., ecard) form, and sometimes – particularly in a business context – the letter following the e- will be capitalized (e.g., eBusiness or e-Business). In the present day, e- is generally used to indicate association with or transmission over the Internet. In proper names beginning with e-, the convention is generally to leave the e- lower-case, and to capitalize the second letter of the name (e.g., eBay). The e remains then lower-case when the name is used at the beginning of a sentence.

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with e- (digital)

eID

Translations

French: e- (fr), E- (fr), cyber- (fr)
Polish: e- (pl)

Etymology 3

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs

Proto-Italic *eks

Latin ex

Latin ex-

Proto-Indo-European *mesg-

Latin mergō

Latin ēmergō

Proto-Indo-European *-onts

Latin -ns

Latin -ēns

Latin emergensbor.

English emergency

English e-

Abbreviation of emergency.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /i-/

Prefix

e-

For emergency purposes.
e-stop, e-brake

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with e- (emergency)

e-brake

e-stop

Etymology 4

Etymology tree

Ancient Greek ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron)bor.

Latin ēlectrum

Proto-Italic *-kos

Latin -cus

Latin -icus

New Latin ēlectricusbor.

English electric

English e-

Abbreviation of electric or electrical.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /i-/

Prefix

e-

(marketing) Used to prefix product names, to indicate an electrified or all-electric variant of the product, particularly cars.
1. (marketing) Used to prefix product names, to indicate a battery-powered or onboard electric power source variant.
Electric.
e-stim

Derived terms

Etymology 5

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁en-

Proto-Indo-European *h₁én

Proto-Italic *en

Old Latin en

Latin in

Latin in-

Old French en-bor.

Middle English en-

English en-

Proto-Germanic *badją

Proto-West Germanic *badi

Old English bedd

Middle English bed

English bed

English embed

Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz

Old English -od

Middle English -ed

English -ed

English embedded

English e-

Abbreviation of embedded.

Prefix

e-

(electronics) Used to prefix items that are embedded into devices, instead of being discrete or removable elements.

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with e- (embedded)

eMMC

eSIM

Etymology 6

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs

Proto-Italic *eks

Latin ex

Latin ex-

Proto-Indo-European *dewk-

Proto-Indo-European *déwkti

Proto-Italic *doukō

Latin dūcō

Latin ēducō

Proto-Indo-European *-tisder.

Proto-Italic *-tjō

Latin -tiō

Latin ēducātiōder.

English education

Proto-Italic *-ālis

Latin -ālisbor.

Old French -albor.

Latin -ālis

Old French -elbor.

Latin -ālisbor.

Middle English -al

English -al

English educational

English e-

Abbreviation of educational.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /i-/

Prefix

e-

educational

References

^ “e-, prefix²”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, January 2018; “e-”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

Cayuga

Prefix

e-

third person feminine agent pronominal prefix; she

References

Marianne Mithun, Reginald Henry (1982) Wadęwayę́stanih - A Cayuga Teaching Grammar, 3rd edition, Woodland Cultural Centre, published 2015, page 66

Chuukese

Prefix

e-

Third-person singular subject marker for tense modifying adverbs.
one

Danish

Etymology

From English e-, abbreviation of electronic.

Prefix

e-

electronic; including the hyphen

Derived terms

Category Danish terms prefixed with e- (electronic) not found

Finnish

Etymology

From English e-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈeː/, [ˈe̞ː]

Prefix

e-

e- (electronic)

Usage notes

The hyphen is kept (not dropped) when this prefix is used.

Derived terms

Finnish terms prefixed with e-

compounds

Latin

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈeː/, [ˈeː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈe/, [ˈɛː]

Prefix

ē-

Alternative form of ex- (combining with b-, d-, g-, j-, l-, m-, n-, r-, and v-initial words).

Derived terms

Latin terms prefixed with ex-

edo

eno

Mokilese

Prefix

e-

number prefix for one

Usage notes

e- is a numerical prefix, attached to classifiers and other numbers to create various numeral forms and numbers.

Derived terms

Northern Ndebele

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 4 relative concord.

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 9 relative concord.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 9 adjective concord.

Old Irish

Prefix

e- (class A infixed pronoun)

Alternative form of a- (“him, it”)

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Ancient Greek ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron)bor.

Latin ēlectrum

Proto-Italic *-kos

Latin -cus

Latin -icus

New Latin ēlectricusbor.

English electric

Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éyti

Proto-Hellenic *éimi

Ancient Greek εἶμι (eîmi)der.

English ion

English electron

Latin -icuslbor.

Old French -iquebor.

Middle English -ik

English -ic

English electronic

English e-bor.

Polish e-

Borrowed from English e-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɛ/, /ˈi/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɛ, -i

Prefix

e-

e-, as relating to electronics or the internet
‎e- + ‎papier → ‎e-papier

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with e-

Portuguese

Prefix

e-

Alternative form of em- used before M and N
Alternative form of ex- (outward motion)

Southern Ndebele

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 4 relative concord.

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 9 relative concord.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 9 adjective concord.

Swedish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse æ, from Proto-Germanic *aiwi (“forever”), Proto-Germanic *aiwaz.

Prefix

e-

prefix that may be used on certain pronouns and adverbs to create "-ever" constructions, most of which are formal or archaic.
‎e- + ‎huru (“how”) → ‎ehuru (“although, however”)

‎e- + ‎vad (“what”) → ‎evad (“whatever”)

‎e- + ‎var (“where”) → ‎evar (“wherever”)

‎e- + ‎ho (“who”) → ‎eho (“whoever”)

Derived terms

Swedish terms prefixed with e- (ever, eternally)

Related terms

e

Etymology 2

From English e-, shortening of electronic.

Prefix

e-

electronic; including the hyphen

Derived terms

Swedish terms prefixed with e- (electronic)

Tocharian A

Etymology

Compare Tocharian B ai-.

Verb

e-

to give

Tooro

Alternative forms

(before -a- or subjunctive -e-) y-
(before vowels in other cases) ey-

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /e-/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-. Originally the concord of Class 9, it replaced the Class 4 concord as well.

Prefix

e-

class 4 pronominal concord
‎e- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎enu (“these (class 4)”)
class 9 pronominal concord
‎e- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎enu (“this (class 9)”)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-. Originally the concord of Class 9, it replaced the Class 4 concord as well.

Prefix

e-

they; class 4 subject concord
‎e- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎ekora (“they (class 4) do”)
it; class 9 subject concord
‎e- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎ekora (“it (class 9) does”)

References

Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[1], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 413-414

Welsh

Etymology

From English e-, an abbreviation of electronic.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eː/, /ɛ/

Prefix

e-

e-
‎e- + ‎llyfr (“book”) → ‎e-lyfr (“e-book”)

‎e- + ‎masnach (“trade, commerce”) → ‎e-fasnach (“e-commerce”)

‎e- + ‎post (“post, mail”) → ‎e-bost (“email”)

‎e- + ‎dysgu (“to learn”) → ‎e-ddysgu (“e-learning”)

Derived terms

Welsh terms prefixed with e-

e-lyfr

e-byst

Mutation

Mutated forms of e-
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
e-	unchanged	unchanged	he-

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “e-”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Xhosa

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 4 relative concord.

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 9 relative concord.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

at, on, in; locative prefix.

Usage notes

This prefix is used with nouns of all classes except 1(a) and 2(a). Usually, it occurs in the form of the circumfix e- -ini, but certain nouns have only the prefix. When affixed to a class 11 noun in u-, it changes to elu-. Also when affixed to a class 10 noun in iin-, iim-, ii-, it also changes to ezin-, ezim-, ezi-.

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies
ALIV	e-
Brazilian standard	e-
New Tribes	e-

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [e-]

Etymology 1

Perhaps originally related to or a variant form of öt-, which has an allmorphic form e- in some related languages. However, note that intransitive verbs formed with öt- have agent-like arguments, whereas those formed with e- have patient-like arguments.

Prefix

e-

converts a transitive verb into an intransitive verb with a patient-like argument, variously with reflexive, reciprocal, or passive meaning

Usage notes

Only used with transitive verbs whose root begins with a consonant. A transitive verb that can be converted in such a way will generally have an epenthetic i- preceding its root in most conjugated forms, as well as palatalization of its initial consonant.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Prefix

e-

attaches to possessed nouns beginning with ö when the possessor is first- or second-person or is indicated by a full noun preceding the possessed noun

Usage notes

This prefix takes the place of the ö that introduces the possessed noun. Its status as a prefix is debatable; it may rather be analyzed as an ablaut phenomenon.

References

Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[2], Lyon, pages 70–72, 111, 132–133

Zou

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ə˧/

Prefix

e-

Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er
‎e- + ‎ne (“to eat”) → ‎ene (“eater”)

Derived terms

Zou terms prefixed with e-

ebom

ekap

ekel

ene

References

Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 81

Zulu

Etymology 1

From a- (“relative”) +‎ i- (“class 4”).

Prefix

ḗ-

Class 4 relative concord.

Etymology 2

From a- (“relative”) +‎ i- (“class 9”).

Prefix

ḗ-

Class 9 relative concord.

Etymology 3

Possibly related to Rwanda-Rundi i.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

at, on, in; locative prefix.

Usage notes

This prefix is used with nouns of all classes except 1(a) and 2(a). Usually, it occurs in the form of the circumfix e- -ini, but certain nouns have only the prefix. When affixed to a class 5 noun beginning in ī-, it is lengthened to ē-, and when affixed to a class 11 noun in ū-, it is lengthened and also changes to ō-. It takes on the tone of whichever prefix it replaces.

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “e-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “e-”

[1] “e-, prefix²”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, January 2018; “e-”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

[1]

person	infixed			suffixed
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used. Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
person	class A	class B	class C	suffixed
1 sg	m-^L	dom-^L, dam-^L		-um
2 sg	t-^L	dot-^L, dat-^L, dut-^L, dit-^L		-ut
3 sg m	a-^N, e-^N	d-^N	id-^N, did-^N, d-^N	-i, -it
3 sg f	s-^(N)	da-		-us
3 sg n	a-^L, e-^L	d-^L	id-^L, did-^L, d-^L	-i, -it
1 pl	n-	don-, dun-, dan-		-unn
2 pl	b-	dob-, dub-, dab-		-uib
3 pl	s-^(N)	da-		-us

class	person	independent	possessive	subject concord	object concord	combined forms
class	person	independent	possessive	subject concord	object concord	na	ni
class 1	first	nyowe, nye	-ange	n-	-n-	nanyowe, nanye	ninyowe, ninye
	second	iwe	-awe	o-	-ku-	naiwe	niiwe
	third	uwe	-e	a-	-mu-	nawe	nuwe
class 2	first	itwe	-aitu	tu-	-tu-	naitwe	niitwe
	second	inywe	-anyu	mu-	-ba-	nainywe	niinywe
	third	abo	-abo	ba-	-ba-	nabo	nubo
class 3		gwo	-agwo	gu-	-gu-	nagwo	nugwo
class 4		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
class 5		lyo	-alyo	li-	-li-	nalyo	niryo
class 6		go	-ago	ga-	-ga-	nago	nugo
class 7		kyo	-akyo	ki-	-ki-	nakyo	nikyo
class 8		byo	-abyo	bi-	-bi-	nabyo	nibyo
class 9		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
class 10		zo	-azo	zi-	-zi-	nazo	nizo
class 11		rwo	-arwo	ru-	-ru-	narwo	nurwo
class 12		ko	-ako	ka-	-ka-	nako	nuko
class 13		two	-atwo	tu-	-tu-	natwo	nutwo
class 14		bwo	-abwo	bu-	-bu-	nabwo	nubwo
class 15		kwo	-akwo	ku-	-ku-	nakwo	nukwo
class 16		ho	-aho	ha-	-ha-	naho	nuho
class 17		(kwo)	N/A	ha- (...-yo)	-ha-	N/A	nukwo
class 18		(mwo)	-amwo	ha- (...-mu)	-ha-	N/A	numwo
reflexive		-enyini, -onyini	—		-e-	—

e-

English

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Prefix

Further reading

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Prefix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Translations

See also

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Etymology 5

Prefix

Derived terms

Etymology 6

Pronunciation

Prefix

References

Cayuga

Prefix

References

Chuukese

Prefix

Danish

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Finnish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Latin

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Mokilese

Prefix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Northern Ndebele

Etymology 1

Prefix

Etymology 2

Prefix

Etymology 3

Prefix

Old Irish

Prefix

See also

Polish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Portuguese

Prefix

Southern Ndebele

Etymology 1

Prefix

Etymology 2

Prefix

Etymology 3

Prefix

Swedish

Etymology 1

Prefix

Derived terms