-en
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English
editPronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /ən/, [ən], [n̩]
Audio (Southern England): (file) - In many accents, -en routinely gives up its vowel syllable when given additional suffixes. For example, fatten /ˈfæt.ən/ + -ing /-ɪŋ/ can be /ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/ or /ˈfæt.nɪŋ/.
- Even in many accents where this habitual syllable deletion is less usual, the syllable loss may still predominate for certain formations that have become common words in their own right, such as gardener /ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/.
- Syllable loss is sometimes prevented to avoid merging with more normalized derivatives, such as for keeping lightening /ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/ from being pronounced identically to the established term lightning /ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ (notice the e is no longer written), even though they derive from a combination of lighten + -ing.
- But syllable loss may resume with inflections that are not in danger of merging with an established word, such as enlightening, which can be pronounced /ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/ or /ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ because "enlightning" is not a common word.
Etymology 1
editFrom Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old English -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. In Middle English, the suffix was often weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-en
- (no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.
- Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb.
Usage notes
editSome linguistic writing on English, such as The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, uses -en as the name of an abstract morpheme which forms the past participle of all English verbs. Including ones which do not actually use the suffix -en are described as "cook + -en → cooked".
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editFrom Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-, *-in-, from Proto-Indo-European *-én-.
From Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen "flea: fleas") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from Old English nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”); hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”); ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”). Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (compare namo: namon "name: names"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-).
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-en
- Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages.
- Examples in general modern use:
- Archaic or dialectal examples:
- bee + -en → been
- cheese + -en → cheesen
- ky (“cows”) + -en → kine
- knee + -en → kneen
- eyre (“eggs”) + -en → eyren
- eye + -en → eyen
- feather + -en → feathern
- fox + -en → foxen
- horse + -en → horsen
- hose + -en → hosen
- house + -en → housen
- pease + -en → peasen
- shoe + -en → shoon
- sister + -en → sistren
- tree + -en → treen
- 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
- Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
- (nonstandard, rare, often dialectal or humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns.
- 2007, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology:
- There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.
- 2012, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened:
- Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.
- 2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart:
- For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.
Usage notes
edit- Not productive, outside of occasional humorous use, particularly in computer hacker subculture. Notable examples are boxen, Unixen, VAXen, all of which are modelled on oxen.
- This ending is also found on some plurals that were borrowed intact from Dutch or German, like klompen, lagerstätten, lederhosen.
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editSee also
editEtymology 3
editFrom Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from Old English -nian, from Proto-West Germanic *-inōn, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enje, West Frisian -enje, Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.
Suffix
edit-en
- When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, "to give (noun) to", or "to become like (noun)".
Usage notes
edit- Although -en is a very common verb ending, it is not currently very productive in forming new words, being mostly restricted to monosyllabic bases which end in an obstruent; new formations tend to be nonstandard or humorous.
Derived terms
editTranslations
editEtymology 4
editFrom Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-en
- Suffix meaning "pertaining to", "having the qualities of", "resembling", "like".
- When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the "e" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language.
- Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense:
- Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:
- Rare or archaic examples:
- ash + -en → ashen ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)
- beech + -en → beechen ("made of wood from, or otherwise concerning, the beech tree")
- box + -en → boxen ("made of boxwood")
- bronze + -en → bronzen
- silver + -en → silvern
- cedar + -en → cedarn
- leather + -en → leathern
- copper + -en → coppern
- paper + -en → papern
- brick + -en → bricken
- board + -en → boarden
- tree + -en → treen
- hemp + -en → hempen
- Orphan examples:
Derived terms
editEtymology 5
editFrom Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from the neuter form of -en (“pertaining to”, adjective-forming suffix).
Suffix
edit-en
- Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns.
Derived terms
editSee also
editEtymology 6
editFrom Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *inī.
Suffix
edit-en
- Denotes a female form of a few nouns.
Etymology 7
editFrom Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
Suffix
edit-en
- (obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs.
- c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):
- The Sonne compell'd, beene Butcher to the Sire […]
- 1590, Edmund Spenser, “(please specify the book)”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
- As gentle Shepheard in sweete euen-tide, When ruddy Phoebus gins to welke in west, High on an hill, his flocke to vewen wide […]
- c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:
- From others' labours; for though he strive
To killen bad, keep good alive;
Usage notes
edit- Having begun to fade by the 15th century, it was used in Early Modern English primarily to show archaic or rustic speech; there are no undoubted traces of it in the modern traditional dialects.
- The weakening and loss of the marker caused some verbs to blend with verbs marked by Etymology 3; for example, Middle English leren (“to teach”) blended with lernen (“to learn”), which resulted in learn having a (dialectal) double meaning.
Etymology 8
editFrom Middle English -en, from Old English -on and -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs.
Suffix
edit-en
- (obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs.
- 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
- So forth they marchen in this goodly sort,
To take the solace of the open aire,
- c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:
- All periſhen of man, of pelfe,
Ne ought eſcapend but himſelfe; […]
- 1905 May 13, M. E. Francis, “Mrs Gradwell's Piano”, in Country Life[1], volume XVII, number 436, Country Life, Limited, page 678:
- Hoo'll never do no good at the music, they tellen her up at the school, wi'out hoo practises reg'lar, an' it's unpossible for her to do that wi'out we has a pianney i' the 'ouse.
- (obsolete) Used to form the plural past tense of verbs.
- 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IIII, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, page 32:
- Her name was Agape whoſe children werne
All three as one, the firſt hight Priamond,
The ſecond Dyamond, the youngeſt Triamond.
- 1860, Sir James Phillips Kay-Shuttleworth, “The Attack on the Eagle Mill—The Ride to the Rescue”, in Scarsdale, or, Life on the Yorkshire-Lancashire Border, Thirty Years Ago[2], volume 1, London: Smith, Elder & Co., page 61:
- Nau, if ony chap ax you wheere yone getten these, yo mun say, yo hadden um fro' t' boggart o' Deerpley Fell. Good-bye, meaustur; and nau, lads, let's to our wark.
- 1883, Charlotte Sophia Burne, Georgina Frederica Jackson, Shropshire Folk-lore: A Sheaf of Gleanings[3], volume 1, London: Trübner & Company, page 46:
- […] but they tooken on 'em soft, an' maden out as they wun right glad to see 'em agen, an axt 'em to come in an' a some mate an' drink.
Usage notes
edit- Though it slightly outlived the homophonous infinitival ending in the standard language, verbal plural -en disappeared from it during the 15th century except as a conscious archaism. However, it remained in the traditional dialects of England's northwestern Midlands (southern Cheshire, Derbyshire, southern Lancashire, Shropshire, and Staffordshire) and northeastern Wales until the latter half of the 20th century.
Derived terms
editReferences
editAnagrams
editBasque
editEtymology 1
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-en
- Used to form the superlative form of adjectives and adverbs.
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editSuffix
edit-en
- Genitive indefinite suffix.
- Genitive plural suffix.
- Used to form fractions; -th
Declension
editDerived terms
editEtymology 3
editPronoun
edit-en
- Allomorphic form of -n (“that, which”).
Further reading
edit- “adizkiaren forma-aldaketak, aditz laguntzailea + menderagailuak (-(e)n, -(e)la, -(e)lako...) elartzean”, in Euskara Batuaren Eskuliburua [Handbook of Standard Basque], Euskaltzaindia, 2023
Chuukese
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-en
Synonyms
editDanish
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-en
- Forms the singular definite form of nouns of the common gender.
- Forms gerunds from verbs, these nouns being indeclinable and of the common gender.
- (organic chemistry) Identifies an alkene, these being of either the common or the neuter gender; -ene.
- (obsolete) Forms adverbs from adjectives, now displaced by -t.
Usage notes
edit- If the noun from which the singular definite is formed already ends in an unstressed schwa, this is not doubled: kage, kagen (but if the -e is stressed, a schwa is appended normally: ske, skeen; allé, alléen). If it ends with a consonant and the last vowel is short, the last consonant is usually doubled in native and nativized words, if it is one of {k, l, m, n, p, s, t}: hat, hatten. This is however not a reliable rule.
Derived terms
editDutch
editPronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /ə(n)/
- In most regions the final -n is silent except optionally in enunciation and as a hiatus breaker before a (typically unstressed) vowel in the following word. In western Belgium and parts of the north-eastern Netherlands, however, the /n/ is commonly sounded and may become syllabic [m̩], [n̩], [ŋ̍] (as in German, see below).
Etymology 1
editPrimarily from weak class 2, from Middle Dutch -en, from Old Dutch -on, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti (denominative) and *-h₂ti (factitive).
Suffix
edit-en
- Forms verbs from nouns and adjectives. The stem of the word itself does not change.
Conjugation
editFor verb stems ending in a voiced consonant:
Conjugation of -en (weak) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | -en | |||
past singular | -de | |||
past participle | ge- -d | |||
infinitive | -en | |||
gerund | -en n | |||
present tense | past tense | |||
1st person singular | - | -de | ||
2nd person sing. (jij) | -t, -2 | -de | ||
2nd person sing. (u) | -t | -de | ||
2nd person sing. (gij) | -t | -de | ||
3rd person singular | -t | -de | ||
plural | -en | -den | ||
subjunctive sing.1 | -e | -de | ||
subjunctive plur.1 | -en | -den | ||
imperative sing. | - | |||
imperative plur.1 | -t | |||
participles | -end | ge- -d | ||
1) Archaic. 2) In case of inversion. |
For verb stems ending in a voiceless consonant:
Conjugation of -en (weak) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | -en | |||
past singular | -te | |||
past participle | ge- -t | |||
infinitive | -en | |||
gerund | -en n | |||
present tense | past tense | |||
1st person singular | - | -te | ||
2nd person sing. (jij) | -t, -2 | -te | ||
2nd person sing. (u) | -t | -te | ||
2nd person sing. (gij) | -t | -te | ||
3rd person singular | -t | -te | ||
plural | -en | -ten | ||
subjunctive sing.1 | -e | -te | ||
subjunctive plur.1 | -en | -ten | ||
imperative sing. | - | |||
imperative plur.1 | -t | |||
participles | -end | ge- -t | ||
1) Archaic. 2) In case of inversion. |
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editFrom Middle Dutch -ijn, -in, -en, from Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Suffix
edit-en
- Forms adjectives that indicate the substance from which something is made.
Declension
editDeclension of -en | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
uninflected | -en | |||
inflected | -en | |||
comparative | — | |||
positive | ||||
predicative/adverbial | ||||
indefinite | m./f. sing. | -en | ||
n. sing. | -en | |||
plural | -en | |||
definite | -en | |||
partitive |
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editFrom Middle Dutch -en, a merger of various Old Dutch infinitive suffixes:
- The strong infinitive -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
- The weak class 1 infinitive -en, -ien, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
- The weak class 2 infinitive -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.
Suffix
edit-en
- Ending of the infinitive form of verbs.
Etymology 4
editFrom Middle Dutch -en, from Old Dutch -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.
Suffix
edit-en
- The ending of the past participle of strong verbs. This can also function as an adjective.
Declension
editDeclension of -en | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
uninflected | -en | |||
inflected | -en | |||
comparative | -ener | |||
positive | comparative | superlative | ||
predicative/adverbial | -en | -ener | het -enst het -enste | |
indefinite | m./f. sing. | -en | -ener | -enste |
n. sing. | -en | -ener | -enste | |
plural | -en | -ener | -enste | |
definite | -en | -ener | -enste | |
partitive | -ens | -eners | — |
Etymology 5
editFrom various case forms of the Germanic weak nominal inflection.
Suffix
edit-en
- The ending of the plural form of many nouns.
- Taken by adjectives used as nouns, to form the plural form of such nouns.
- (archaic, not productive) The ending of a number of weak case endings of the adjective or the article.
- (archaic, not productive) The ending of the genitive case of certain nouns.
Etymology 6
editFrom various first- and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.
Suffix
edit-en
- The ending of the plural forms of verbs, in both present and past tense.
Etymology 7
editFrom Old Dutch -ana, from Proto-West Germanic *-anā, from Proto-Germanic *-anē.
Suffix
edit-en
Emilian
editPronunciation
editPronoun
edit-en (adverbial)
- (enclitic, after a consonant) Alternative form of in
- Mānjen un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, singular)
Finnish
editEtymology 1
editSee -Vn (illative).
Suffix
edit-en
- Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-dën.
Suffix
edit-en
- Suffix for the genitive plural. Usually preceded by the plural marker -i- or -j-, but may also have a consonant separator -d- after the plural marker if the words would otherwise have 3 consecutive vowels.
Etymology 3
editSee -Vn (possessive).
Suffix
edit-en
- (possessive) A variant for the third-person suffix -nsa.
- (personal) Forms the impersonal potential present forms of verbs. Appended to the impersonal potential stem, which consists of the first infinitive followed by the potential mood marker -ne-.
Usage notes
editSee the usage notes under -Vn and -nsa.
Etymology 4
editThe instructive singular of -e-.
Suffix
edit-en
- Forms the instructive case of the second infinitive of verbs.
Anagrams
editGerman
editEtymology 1
editFrom Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different conjugational patterns, namely -an, -ōn, -en (-ien), and -nen, from Proto-Germanic *-aną, *-ōną, *-janą, *-āną, and *-naną.
Alternative forms
edit- -n (after -er, -el; in sein, tun, and some dated/poetic/colloquial forms such as gehn, stehn)
- -'n (alternatively in the dated/poetic/colloquial forms)
Pronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /ən/
- IPA(key): [ən] (possible in all contexts, but rare in most regions)
- IPA(key): [m̩] (after labial stops and sometimes labial nasals and fricatives)
- IPA(key): [ŋ̍] (after velar stops and sometimes velar nasals and fricatives)
- IPA(key): [l̩n] (with -l- after a full vowel)
- IPA(key): [ɐn] (with -r- after a full vowel)
- IPA(key): [n̩] (otherwise)
Suffix
edit-en
- A suffix of verbs in their infinitive form.
- Accordingly, the suffix is also applied to verbs borrowed from other languages, and may be understood as the suffix for denominal verbs in general (actually -∅ derivation or conversion plus an inflectional suffix that happens to be part of the citation form of a German verb).
- A suffix indicating the 1st and 3rd person plural forms (except the present indicative sind of sein).
- wir kommen ― we arrive
- sie kommen ― they arrive
- A suffix appended to strong verb stems to form the past participle, usually together with ge-.
Etymology 2
editFrom Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different declensional patterns.
Alternative forms
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-en
- a suffix appended to some nouns in all of their plural forms; these nouns are so-called “weak” or “mixed” nouns; they are most often feminine, often masculine, rarely neuter
- a suffix appended to weak masculine nouns in all oblique cases of the singular, and to some mixed nouns in the singular dative and accusative
- a suffix appended to most other nouns, the so-called “strong” nouns, in their plural dative
- a suffix (in fact, the most common declensional ending) which is appended to determiners, adjectives, and participles, for multiple forms of all grammatical cases, both singular and plural
See also
editEtymology 3
editFrom Middle High German -en, from Old High German -īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Alternative forms
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-en
- A suffix which is used to create adjectives that most often refer to materials
Etymology 4
editFrom the Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós) feminine patronymic suffix.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-en
Derived terms
editHungarian
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-en (superessive case suffix)
Usage notes
edit- (superessive case suffix) Variants:
Case | Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú |
Front vowel | |
---|---|---|---|
unrounded e, é, i, í |
rounded ö, ő, ü, ű | ||
nominative | — | ||
accusative | -t | ||
-ot / -at | -et | -öt | |
dative | -nak | -nek | |
instrumental | -val | -vel | |
causal-final | -ért | ||
translative | -vá | -vé | |
terminative | -ig | ||
essive-formal | -ként | ||
essive-modal | -ul | -ül | |
inessive | -ban | -ben | |
superessive | -n | ||
-on | -en | -ön | |
adessive | -nál | -nél | |
illative | -ba | -be | |
sublative | -ra | -re | |
allative | -hoz | -hez | -höz |
elative | -ból | -ből | |
delative | -ról | -ről | |
ablative | -tól | -től | |
Note for all endings: Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except -ként. alma — almában, but almaként zene ― zenében, but zeneként |
See also
editEtymology 2
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-en
- (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) -ly. Added to an adjective to create an adverb.
- szép (“beautiful”) + -en → szépen (“beautifully”)
- könnyű (“light, easy”) + -en → könnyen (“easily”)
- bő (“ample”) + -en → bőven (“amply”)
- hű (“faithful”) + -en → híven (“faithfully”), aside from the regular hűen
- In Hungarian, this adverb form is used for certain complements that are adjectives in English.
- Nyersen eszi a répát. ― S/he eats carrots raw.
- (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Added to a numeral or a pronoun with this sense to create an adverb, expressing the number of people.
- kettő (“two”) + -en → ketten (“two people, two of us/you/them”)
- Ketten vannak a szobában. ― There are two people in the room.
- öt (“five”) + -en → öten (“five people, five of us/you/them”)
- hét (“seven”) + -en → heten (“seven people, seven of us/you/them”)
- Heten mentünk moziba. ― Seven of us went to the cinema.
- kevés (“few”) + -en → kevesen (“few people, few of us/you/them”)
- Sokan vannak a meghívottak, de kevesen a választottak. ― For many are called, but few are chosen.
- ezer (“thousand”) + -en → ezren (“a thousand people, a thousand of us/you/them”)
Usage notes
edit- (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
- -n is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -an is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -on is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. könnyű) or supplemented with a consonant (e.g. bő, hű).
- (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
- -n is added to some (very few) words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -an is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. kettő).
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-en
- (verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem — often an onomatopoeia — to form a verb expressing an instantaneous action.
Usage notes
edit- (verb-forming suffix) Variants:
Derived terms
editEtymology 4
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-en
- (personal suffix, chiefly dialectal or archaic) Forms the indefinite third-person singular suffix (currently only in the imperative mood as part of -jen, formerly also occurring in the indicative).
- nincsen (“he/she/it isn't, there is none of it”)
- van/lenni (“to be”) → legyen (“he/she/it should be, there should be”)
- kér (“to ask/request”) + -en → kérjen (“he/she/it should ask for some[thing]”)
- megy (“to go”) + -en → megyen (“he/she/it goes, is going”) (in the standard language: megy)
- vesz (“to take/grab”) + -en → veszen (“he/she/it takes/grabs”) (in the standard language: vesz)
- visz (“to take/carry”) + -en → viszen (“he/she/it takes/carries”) (in the standard language: visz)
Usage notes
edit- (personal suffix) Variants:
See also
editFurther reading
edit- László Honti (Q13780671). A magyar nyelv 3. személyeket jelölő morfémái (“Third-person morphemes in Hungarian”). In: Nyelvtudományi Közlemények, vol. 116, Budapest, 2020, pp. 7–70.
- László Grétsy (Q1028376). A nincs és a nincsen. In: Magyar Nemzet, January 16, 2003.
- (suffix of the adverb of number): Rounds, Carol. Hungarian: an Essential Grammar. London / New York: Routledge. 2001. →ISBN. Preview at Google Books, p. 189 (p. 204 in the PDF)
Japanese
editRomanization
edit-en
Low German
editEtymology 1
editFrom Middle Low German -inge, from Old Saxon -unga, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Dutch -ing, Swedish -ning, German -ung, English -ing.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-en f
- forms nouns from verbs (called gerunds) or other nouns, usually describing either an event in which an action is carried out, or the result of that action; the equivalent of English -ing
Derived terms
edit- Aflösen
- Afstimmen
- Anwiesen
- Bedüden
- Bereken
- Beropen
- Beschrieven
- Besinnen
- Besluten
- Bewegen
- Düngen
- Forschen
- Füern
- Gliekstellen
- Globaliseren
- Höpen
- Hüsen
- Levern
- Menen
- Nähren
- Opmuntern
- Regeren
- Reken
- Stiften
- Stärken
- Tehren
- Utdüden
- Uttehren
- Utwiesen
- Verafscheden
- Verfaten
- Verklappen
- Verköhlen
- Verornen
- Verplichten
- Versammeln
- Versöken
- Vertellen
- Verwanneln
- Verwohren
- Verwunnern
- Wickeln
- Överdüngen
- Ümwanneln
- Ümweltbelasten
- Ünnerscheden
- Ünnerstütten
Etymology 2
editFrom Middle Low German -en, a blending of Old Saxon infinitives -an, -ian and -on, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
Suffix
edit-en
- Used to form the infinitive of verbs.
Alternative forms
editLuxembourgish
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-en
- Used for some nouns to form plural forms.
- Used to show the infinitive form of verbs.
- A suffix which is used to create adjectives that refer to materials
Usage notes
editThe suffix -en, like any ending that involves either -n or -nn, is subject to the Eifeler Regel. For example, Versioune weisen.
Malay
editEtymology
edit- (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore)
- (Indonesia)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-en (Bruneian, Malaysian and Singaporean Jawi spelling -ن, Indonesian Jawi spelling -ين)
- (unproductive) -ent.
- residen ― resident
- presiden ― president
- insiden ― incident
Derived terms
editMiddle Dutch
editEtymology 1
editA merger of various infinitive suffixes:
- The strong infinitive Old Dutch -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
- The weak class 1 infinitive Old Dutch -en, -ien, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
- The weak class 2 infinitive Old Dutch -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.
Suffix
edit-en
- The ending of the infinitive form of verbs, used as a suffix to form new verbs as well.
Descendants
edit- Dutch: -en
Etymology 2
editFrom the Old Dutch [Term?] strong past participle ending -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.
Suffix
edit-en
- The ending of the past participle of strong verbs.
Descendants
edit- Dutch: -en
Etymology 3
editFrom various first and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.
Suffix
edit-en
- The ending of the first- and third-person plural forms of verbs.
Descendants
edit- Dutch: -en
Etymology 4
editFrom Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Suffix
edit-en
- Alternative form of -in
Middle English
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old English -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs, from Proto-Norse -ᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*-inaz), both from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, *-anaz (past participle ending of strong verbs).
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-en
- Denotes the past participle form when attached to a strong verb.
Usage notes
edit- In many cases, y- and -en were added together as a circumfix.
- The full -en was better-preserved in the northern dialects, whereas in the southern dialects, it was often shortened to -n, weakened to -e, or disappeared altogether.
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- English: -en
References
edit- “-en, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 2
editFrom Old English -an. Originally used with class 1 weak verbs in Old English, it was extended to class 2 weak verbs in many dialects and thus supplanted -ien from Old English -ian.
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-en
- Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs.
Conjugation
editinfinitive | (to) -en, -e | ||
---|---|---|---|
present tense | past tense | ||
1st-person singular | -e | -ed | |
2nd-person singular | -est | -edest | |
3rd-person singular | -eth | -ed | |
subjunctive singular | -e | ||
imperative singular | — | ||
plural1 | -en, -e | -eden, -ede | |
imperative plural | -eth, -e | — | |
participles | -ynge, -ende | -ed, y-ed |
1Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- “-en, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 3
editFrom Old English -on, -en.
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-en
- Denotes the past indicative plural form of verbs.
- Denotes the present and past subjunctive plural form of verbs.
- Denotes the present indicative plural form of certain verbs.
Usage notes
editThis suffix was increasingly reduced to -e.
The use of this suffix as present indicative plural was common in the Midland area, replacing -eth, -eþ.
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- English: -en
References
edit- “-en, suf.(7).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 4
editFrom Old English -an, a plural and oblique case marker.
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-en
- Denotes the plural form of certain nouns.
- Denotes the oblique cases of certain nouns.
- Denotes the oblique cases and plural forms of weak adjectives.
Usage notes
editThis suffix as a plural marker is most heavily used in early Middle English, and is generally favoured in southern dialects, whereas northern dialects largely supplanted it with -es early.
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- English: -en
References
edit- “-en, suf.(5).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
- “-en, suf.(6).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 5
editFrom Old English -um.
Suffix
edit-en
References
edit- “-en, suf.(6).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 6
editFrom Old English -en (“characteristic of; made of”), from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-en
- Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun.
- Attached to a noun that denotes a material to form an adjective describing something as made of that material.
Usage notes
editThe affixion of -en is sometimes accompanied by a mutation in the root vowel.
Derived terms
editDescendants
editReferences
edit- “-en, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 7
editFrom Old English -en.
Suffix
edit-en
- Denotes a diminutive form of a noun.
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- English: -en
Etymology 8
editFrom Old English -en.
Suffix
edit-en
- Denotes a female form of a small, fixed number of nouns.
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- “-en, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 9
editFrom Old English -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną.
Suffix
edit-en
- Alternative form of -enen.
Norwegian Bokmål
editEtymology
editFrom Ancient Greek -ηνή (-ēnḗ), feminine form of -ηνός (-ēnós, added to place name to form an adjective), from -νός (-nós), alternative form of -νος (-nos), from Proto-Indo-European *-nós (creates verbal adjectives from roots).
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-en (definite singular neuter -enet, definite singular masculine -enen, indefinite plural -en or -ener, definite plural -enene or -ena)
- (organic chemistry) Used to form nouns denoting alkynes; -ene
- acetylen, benzen ― acetylene, benzene
- (organic chemistry) Used to form nouns denoting alkenes; -ene
- etylen, propylen ― ethylene, propylene
References
edit- “-en” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
Anagrams
editOld English
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īną.
Suffix
edit-en n
- (causes i-mutation) used to create diminutive neuter nouns
Declension
edit- Neuter
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -en | -enu |
accusative | -en | -enu |
genitive | -enes | -ena |
dative | -ene | -enum |
Etymology 2
editInherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-en f
- (often causes i-mutation) used to create feminine nouns from other nouns
Declension
edit- Feminine
Strong ō-stem:
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -en | -enna, -enne |
accusative | -enne | -enna, -enne |
genitive | -enne | -enna |
dative | -enne | -ennum |
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editInherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Suffix
edit-en
- (causes i-mutation) adjectival suffix meaning "material made of, consisting of”, also sometimes “characteristic of”.
- gold (“gold”) + -en → gylden (“golden”)
- ātor (“poison”) + -en → ǣtren (“venomous, poisonous”)
- stān (“stone”) + -en → stǣnen (“stonen”)
- āc (“oak”) + -en → ǣcen (“oaken”)
- trēow (“tree”) + -en → triewen (“wooden”)
- līn (“flax”) + -en → līnen (“linen”)
- sǣ (“sea”) + -en → sǣn (“marine”)
- fæder (“father”) + -en → fæderen (“paternal”)
Declension
editSingular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -en | -enu, -nu, -eno, -no | -en |
Accusative | -enne | -ene, -ne | -en |
Genitive | -enes, -nes | -enre | -enes, -nes |
Dative | -enum, -num | -enre | -enum, -num |
Instrumental | -ene, -ne | -enre | -ene, -ne |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | -ene, -ne | -ena, -na, -ene, -ne | -enu, -nu, -eno, -no |
Accusative | -ene, -ne | -ena, -na, -ene, -ne | -enu, -nu, -eno, -no |
Genitive | -enra | -enra | -enra |
Dative | -enum, -num | -enum, -num | -enum, -num |
Instrumental | -enum, -num | -enum, -num | -enum, -num |
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -ena, -na | -ene, -ne | -ene, -ne |
Accusative | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan | -ene, -ne |
Genitive | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan |
Dative | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan |
Instrumental | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan |
Accusative | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan |
Genitive | -enra, -enena, -nena | -enra, -enena, -nena | -enra, -enena, -nena |
Dative | -enum, -num | -enum, -num | -enum, -num |
Instrumental | -enum, -num | -enum, -num | -enum, -num |
Descendants
editEtymology 4
editInherited from Proto-West Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.
Suffix
edit-en
- (verbal suffix) past participle ending of strong verbs
Etymology 5
editProto-Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-.
Suffix
edit-en
- (adjective suffix) meaning belonging to or characterised by
Etymology 6
editInherited from Proto-Germanic *-īni, from Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Sometimes with geminate -nn-, probably due to confusion with the feminine suffix from *-inī.
Suffix
edit-en f
- (causes i-mutation) forms nouns from class 1 weak verbs
Declension
editStrong ō-stem:
Polish
editEtymology
editDerived from Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós).
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-en m inan
- (organic chemistry) -ene (alkene)
Declension
editDerived terms
editRomani
editAlternative forms
editSuffix
edit-en
- Forms the accusative plural of oikoclitic animate nouns
Derived terms
editScots
editEtymology
editFrom Middle English -en, from Old English -en (“characteristic of; made of”).
Suffix
edit-en
- Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun.
- Attached to a noun that denotes a material to form an adjective describing something as made of that material.
Derived terms
editSlovene
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ən
- Suffix appended to words to create an adjective.
Derived terms
editSpanish
editEtymology
editSuffix
edit-en
- Suffix indicating the third-person plural present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.
- Suffix indicating the third-person plural present subjunctive of -ar verbs.
- Suffix indicating the third-person plural imperative of -ar verbs.
See also
editSwedish
editEtymology 1
editFrom forms of Old Norse hinn (demonstrative pronoun), suffixed to the end of the noun stem. From Old Norse -inn, -in, from Proto-Germanic *jainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *i-.
Suffix
edit-en
- Suffix for definite form singular of common gender nouns which end in a consonant, e.g. fisk (“fish”) + -en → fisken (“the fish”); see also -n.
- Definite plural suffix for certain nouns; see also -na.
Etymology 2
editFrom Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs.
Suffix
edit-en
- Suffix for the past participle of verbs belonging to the fourth (strong) declension, e.g. sjunga (“sing”) + -en → sjungen (“sung”), skjuta (“shoot”) + -en → skjuten (“shot”).
Etymology 3
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-en
- Suffix for indefinite form plural of only the neuter noun huvud (“head”), e.g. huvud (“head”) + -en → huvuden (“heads”).
Etymology 4
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-en
- Suffix which converts a few adjectives into adverbs, e.g. möjlig (“possible”) + -en → möjligen (“possibly”).
Anagrams
editWelsh
editPronunciation
edit- (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛn/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /an/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛn/
Etymology 1
editFrom Middle Welsh -en, from Old Welsh -en, from Proto-Brythonic *-enn. Cognate with Cornish -en, Breton -enn.
Suffix
edit-en f (masculine -yn)
- Used to form the singulative of certain words.
- Used to form certain singular words.
- diminutive suffix
- female or feminine person or creature
- suffix indicating an object, item, thing
Etymology 2
editPronunciation
edit- (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛn/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ai̯n/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛn/
Suffix
edit-en
- Used to form plural nouns.
Etymology 3
editAlternative forms
editSuffix
edit-en
- (colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person plural conditional
- (colloquial) verb suffix for the third-person plural conditional
Derived terms
editReferences
editR. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-en”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Yucatec Maya
editSuffix
edit-en
- Suffix indicating the first-person singular present copular; added to nouns and adjectives
- Koolnáalen. ― I am a farmer.
- Teen na'en. ― I am a mother.
- Na'ajen. ― I am thirsty.
Suffix
edit-en
- Suffix indicating the second-person plural imperative
- Ooken! ― Enter!
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
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- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
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- English terms derived from Old English
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- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English lemmas
- English suffixes
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- da:Organic chemistry
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- de:Chemistry
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- nb:Organic chemistry
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- nb:Chemistry
- nb:Hydrocarbon chain suffixes
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- pl:Organic chemistry
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- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh suffixes
- Welsh feminine suffixes
- Welsh colloquialisms
- Yucatec Maya lemmas
- Yucatec Maya suffixes
- Yucatec Maya terms with usage examples