-en
EnglishEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (usually) IPA(key): /ən/, /n̩/
Audio (Southern England) (file) - In many accents, -en routinely gives up its vowel syllable when given additional suffixes. For example, fatten /ˈfæt.n̩/ + -ing /-ɪŋ/ can be /ˈfæt.n̩.ɪŋ/ or /ˈfæt.nɪŋ/.
- Even in many accents where this habitual syllable deletion is less usual, the syllable loss may still predominate for certain inflections that have become common words in their own right, such as gardener /ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/.
- Syllable loss may be habitually prevented to avoid merging with more deeply entrenched inflections, such as for keeping the generic inflection lightening /ˈlaɪt.n̩.ɪŋ/ from being pronounced identically to the established term lightning /ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ (notice the e is no longer written), even if they both independently derived from a combination of lighten + -ing.
- But syllable loss may resume with inflections that are not in danger of merging with an established word, such as enlightening, which can be pronounced /ɛnˈlaɪt.n̩.ɪŋ/ or /ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ because enlightning is not a common word.
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)). From Proto-Norse *-ᛁᚾᚨ- (*-ina-), from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. Replaced the native past participle ending of strong verbs (from Old English -en) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- (no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.
- Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb.
Usage notesEdit
Some linguistic writing on English, such as The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, uses -en as the name of an abstract morpheme which forms the past participle of all English verbs, even those which do not actually contain the suffix -en, such as cook + -en → cooked.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-, *-in-, from Proto-Indo-European *-én-.
From Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen "flea: fleas") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from Old English nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”); hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”); ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”). Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (compare namo: namon "name: names"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-).
SuffixEdit
-en
- Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages.
- Examples in general modern use:
- Archaic examples:
- 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
- Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
- (nonstandard, rare, often humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns.
- 2007, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology:
- There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.
- 2012, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened:
- Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.
- 2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart:
- For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.
- 2007, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology:
Usage notesEdit
- Seldom productive, outside of occasional humorous use, particularly in computer hacker subculture. Notable examples are boxen, Unixen, VAXen.
- This ending is also found on some plurals that were borrowed intact from Dutch or German, like klompen, lagerstätten, lederhosen.
Derived termsEdit
- See also: Category:English plurals ending in "-en"
Etymology 3Edit
From Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from Old English -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.
SuffixEdit
-en
- When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, "to give (noun) to", or "to become like (noun)".
Usage notesEdit
- Although -en is a very common verb ending, it is not currently very productive in forming new words, being mostly restricted to monosyllabic bases which end in an obstruent; new formations tend to be nonstandard or humorous.
Derived termsEdit
TranslationsEdit
Etymology 4Edit
From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- Suffix meaning "pertaining to", "having the qualities of", "resembling", "like".
- When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the "e" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language.
- Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense:
- Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:
- Rare or archaic examples:
- ash + -en → ashen ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)
- box + -en → boxen ("made of boxwood")
- bronze + -en → bronzen
- silver + -en → silvern
- cedar + -en → cedarn
- leather + -en → leathern
- copper + -en → coppern
- paper + -en → papern
- brick + -en → bricken
- board + -en → boarden
- tree + -en → treen
- hemp + -en → hempen
- Orphan examples:
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 5Edit
From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from the neuter form of -en4.
SuffixEdit
-en
- Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns.
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
Etymology 6Edit
From Middle English -en, a blending of Old English infinitives -an and -n, from Proto-Germanic *-aną; and Old English -on and -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs.
SuffixEdit
-en
- (obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs.
- c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):
- The Sonne compell'd, beene Butcher to the Sire […]
- 1590, Edmund Spenser, “(please specify the book)”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
- As gentle Shepheard in sweete euen-tide, When ruddy Phoebus gins to welke in west, High on an hill, his flocke to vewen wide […]
- c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:
- From others' labours; for though he strive
To killen bad, keep good alive;
- 1844, William Barnes, “Bringen Wonne Gwäin O' Zundays”, in Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect.
- (obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs.
- 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], →OCLC; reprinted as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, The Shepheardes Calender […], London: John C. Nimmo, […], 1890, →OCLC:
- And when the shining sunne laugheth once,
You deemen the spring is come attonce.
Tho gynne you, fond flyes, the cold to scorne,
And, crowing in pypes made of greene corne,
You thinken to be lords of the yeare.
- 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
- So forth they marchen in this goodly sort,
To take the solace of the open aire,
- c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:
- And then the whole quire hold their hips and laugh,
And waxen in their mirth and neeze and swear
A merrier hour was never wasted there.
- c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:
- All perishen of man, of pelf,
Ne aught escapen but himself;
Usage notesEdit
- Having begun to fade by the 15th century, it was used in Early Modern English primarily to show archaic or rustic speech.
- The weakening and loss of the marker caused some verbs to blend with verbs marked by Etymology 3; for example, Middle English leren (“to teach”) blended with lernen (“to learn”), which resulted in learn having a (dialectal) double meaning.
ReferencesEdit
AnagramsEdit
BasqueEdit
Etymology 1Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-en
- Used to form the superlative form of adjectives.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-en
- Used to form the plural genitive of nouns and adjectives.
- Used to form the indefinite genitive of nouns and adjectives ending in a consonant.
Etymology 3Edit
ConjunctionEdit
-en
- Allomorphic form of -n.
ChuukeseEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-en
SynonymsEdit
DanishEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-en
- Forms the singular definite form of nouns of the common gender.
- Forms gerunds from verbs, these nouns being indeclinable and of the common gender.
- (organic chemistry) Identifies an alkene, these being of either the common or the neuter gender; -ene.
- (obsolete) Forms adverbs from adjectives, now displaced by -t.
Usage notesEdit
- If the noun from which the singular definite is formed already ends in an unstressed schwa, this is not doubled: kage, kagen (but if the -e is stressed, a schwa is appended normally: ske, skeen; allé, alléen). If it ends with a consonant and the last vowel is short, the last consonant is usually doubled in native and nativized words, if it is one of {k, l, m, n, p, s, t}: hat, hatten. This is however not a reliable rule.
Derived termsEdit
DutchEdit
PronunciationEdit
- IPA(key): /ə(n)/
- In most regions the final -n is silent except optionally in enunciation and as a hiatus breaker before a (typically unstressed) vowel in the following word. In western Belgium and parts of the north-eastern Netherlands, however, the /n/ is commonly sounded and may become syllabic [m̩], [n̩], [ŋ̍] (as in German, see below).
Etymology 1Edit
Primarily from weak class 2, from Middle Dutch -en, from Old Dutch -on, from Proto-West Germanic *ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti (denominative) and *-h₂ti (factitive).
SuffixEdit
-en
- Forms verbs from nouns and adjectives. The stem of the word itself does not change.
InflectionEdit
For verb stems ending in a voiced consonant:
| Inflection of -en (weak) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | -en | |||
| past singular | -de | |||
| past participle | ge- -d | |||
| infinitive | -en | |||
| gerund | -en n | |||
| present tense | past tense | |||
| 1st person singular | - | -de | ||
| 2nd person sing. (jij) | -t | -de | ||
| 2nd person sing. (u) | -t | -de | ||
| 2nd person sing. (gij) | -t | -de | ||
| 3rd person singular | -t | -de | ||
| plural | -en | -den | ||
| subjunctive sing.1 | -e | -de | ||
| subjunctive plur.1 | -en | -den | ||
| imperative sing. | - | |||
| imperative plur.1 | -t | |||
| participles | -end | ge- -d | ||
| 1) Archaic. | ||||
For verb stems ending in a voiceless consonant:
| Inflection of -en (weak) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | -en | |||
| past singular | -te | |||
| past participle | ge- -t | |||
| infinitive | -en | |||
| gerund | -en n | |||
| present tense | past tense | |||
| 1st person singular | - | -te | ||
| 2nd person sing. (jij) | -t | -te | ||
| 2nd person sing. (u) | -t | -te | ||
| 2nd person sing. (gij) | -t | -te | ||
| 3rd person singular | -t | -te | ||
| plural | -en | -ten | ||
| subjunctive sing.1 | -e | -te | ||
| subjunctive plur.1 | -en | -ten | ||
| imperative sing. | - | |||
| imperative plur.1 | -t | |||
| participles | -end | ge- -t | ||
| 1) Archaic. | ||||
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle Dutch -ijn, -in, -en, from Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
SuffixEdit
-en
- Forms adjectives that indicate the substance from which something is made.
InflectionEdit
| Inflection of -en | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uninflected | -en | |||
| inflected | -en | |||
| comparative | — | |||
| positive | ||||
| predicative/adverbial | ||||
| indefinite | m./f. sing. | -en | ||
| n. sing. | -en | |||
| plural | -en | |||
| definite | -en | |||
| partitive | ||||
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
From Middle Dutch -en, a merger of various Old Dutch infinitive suffixes:
- The strong infinitive -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
- The weak class 1 infinitive -en, -ien, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
- The weak class 2 infinitive -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.
SuffixEdit
-en
- Ending of the infinitive form of verbs.
Etymology 4Edit
From Middle Dutch -en, from Old Dutch -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.
SuffixEdit
-en
- The ending of the past participle of strong verbs. This can also function as an adjective.
InflectionEdit
| Inflection of -en | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uninflected | -en | |||
| inflected | -en | |||
| comparative | -ener | |||
| positive | comparative | superlative | ||
| predicative/adverbial | -en | -ener | het -enst het -enste | |
| indefinite | m./f. sing. | -en | -ener | -enste |
| n. sing. | -en | -ener | -enste | |
| plural | -en | -ener | -enste | |
| definite | -en | -ener | -enste | |
| partitive | -ens | -eners | — | |
Etymology 5Edit
From various case forms of the Germanic weak nominal inflection.
SuffixEdit
-en
- The ending of the plural form of many nouns.
- Taken by adjectives used as nouns, to form the plural form of such nouns.
- (archaic, not productive) The ending of a number of weak case endings of the adjective or the article.
- (archaic, not productive) The ending of the genitive case of certain nouns.
Etymology 6Edit
From various first- and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.
SuffixEdit
-en
- The ending of the plural forms of verbs, in both present and past tense.
Etymology 7Edit
From Old Dutch -ana, from Proto-West Germanic *anā, from Proto-Germanic *-anē.
SuffixEdit
-en
EmilianEdit
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
-en (adverbial)
- (enclitic, after a consonant) Alternative form of in
- Mānjen un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, singular)
FinnishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
See -Vn (illative).
SuffixEdit
-en
- Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-den.
SuffixEdit
-en
- Suffix for the genitive plural. Usually preceded by the plural marker -i- or -j-, but may also have a consonant separator -d- after the plural marker if the words would otherwise have 3 consecutive vowels.
Etymology 3Edit
See -Vn (possessive).
SuffixEdit
-en
- (possessive) A variant for the third-person suffix -nsa.
- (personal) Forms the impersonal potential present forms of verbs. Appended to the impersonal potential stem, which consists of the first infinitive followed by the potential mood marker -ne-.
Usage notesEdit
See the usage notes under -Vn and -nsa.
Etymology 4Edit
The instructive singular of -e-.
SuffixEdit
-en
- Forms the instructive case of the second infinitive of verbs.
AnagramsEdit
GermanEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different conjugational patterns, namely -an, -ōn, -en (-ien), and -nen, from Proto-Germanic *-aną, *-ōną, *-janą, *-āną, and *-naną.
Alternative formsEdit
- -n (after -er, -el; in Herrn, sein, tun, and some dated/poetic/colloquial forms such as gehn, stehn)
- -'n (alternatively in the dated/poetic/colloquial forms)
PronunciationEdit
- IPA(key): /ən/
- IPA(key): [ən] (possible in all contexts, but rare in most regions)
- IPA(key): [m̩] (after labial stops and sometimes labial nasals and fricatives)
- IPA(key): [ŋ̍] (after velar stops and sometimes velar nasals and fricatives)
- IPA(key): [l̩n] (with -l- after a full vowel)
- IPA(key): [ɐn] (with -r- after a full vowel)
- IPA(key): [n̩] (otherwise)
SuffixEdit
-en
- A suffix of verbs in their infinitive form.
- Accordingly, the suffix is also applied to verbs borrowed from other languages, and may be understood as the suffix for denominal verbs in general (actually -∅ derivation or conversion plus an inflectional suffix that happens to be part of the citation form of a German verb).
- A suffix indicating the 1st and 3rd person plural forms (except the present indicative sind of sein).
- wir kommen ― we arrive
- sie kommen ― they arrive
- A suffix appended to strong verb stems to form the past participle, usually together with ge-.
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different declensional patterns.
Alternative formsEdit
- -n (after -er, -el in nouns, but not usually in adjectives)
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- A suffix appended to some nouns in all of their plural forms. These nouns are so-called “weak” or “mixed” nouns; they are most often feminine, often masculine, rarely neuter.
- A suffix appended to weak masculine nouns in all oblique cases of the singular, and to some mixed nouns in the singular dative and accusative
- A suffix appended to most other nouns, the so-called “strong” nouns, in their plural dative
- A suffix (in fact, the most common declensional ending) which is appended to determiners, adjectives, and participles, for multiple forms of all grammatical cases, both singular and plural.
See alsoEdit
Etymology 3Edit
From Middle High German -en, from Old High German -īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- A suffix which is used to create adjectives that most often refer to materials
Etymology 4Edit
From the Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós) feminine patronymic suffix.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
Derived termsEdit
HungarianEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-en
- (case suffix) on. Used to form the superessive case.
Usage notesEdit
- (case suffix) Harmonic variants:
| Case | Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú |
Front vowel | |
|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded e, é, i, í |
rounded ö, ő, ü, ű | ||
| nominative | — | ||
| accusative | -t | ||
| -ot / -at | -et | -öt | |
| dative | -nak | -nek | |
| instrumental | -val | -vel | |
| causal-final | -ért | ||
| translative | -vá | -vé | |
| terminative | -ig | ||
| essive-formal | -ként | ||
| essive-modal | -ul | -ül | |
| inessive | -ban | -ben | |
| superessive | -n | ||
| -on | -en | -ön | |
| adessive | -nál | -nél | |
| illative | -ba | -be | |
| sublative | -ra | -re | |
| allative | -hoz | -hez | -höz |
| elative | -ból | -ből | |
| delative | -ról | -ről | |
| ablative | -tól | -től | |
| Note for all endings: Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except -ként. alma — almában, but almaként zene ― zenében, but zeneként | |||
See alsoEdit
Etymology 2Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-en
- (deadjectival adverb suffix) Added to an adjective to create an adverb.
- (denumeral and depronominal adverb suffix) Added to a numeral or a pronoun with this sense to create an adverb, expressing the number of people.
- kettő (“two”) → ketten (“two people, two of us/you/them”)
- Ketten vannak a szobában. ― There are two people in the room.
- öt (“five”) → öten (“five people, five of us/you/them”)
- hét (“seven”) → heten (“seven people, seven of us/you/them”)
- Heten mentünk moziba. ― Seven of us went to the cinema.
- kevés (“few”) → kevesen (“few people, few of us/you/them”)
- Sokan vannak a meghívottak, de kevesen a választottak. ― For many are called, but few are chosen.
- ezer (“thousand”) → ezren (“a thousand people, a thousand of us/you/them”)
- kettő (“two”) → ketten (“two people, two of us/you/them”)
Usage notesEdit
- (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:
- -n is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -an is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -on is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. könnyű) or supplemented with a consonant (e.g. bő, hű).
- (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:
- -n is added to some (very few) words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -an is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. kettő).
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-en
- Added to a stem — often an onomatopoeia — to form a verb expressing an instantaneous action.
Usage notesEdit
- Harmonic variants:
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 4Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-en
- (personal suffix, chiefly dialectal or archaic) Indefinite third-person singular suffix (currently only in the imperative mood as part of -jen, formerly also occurring in the indicative).
- nincsen (“he/she/it isn't, there is none of it”)
- van/lenni (“to be”) → legyen (“he/she/it should be, there should be”)
- kér (“to ask/request”) → kérjen (“he/she/it should ask for some[thing]”)
- megy (“to go”) → megyen (“he/she/it goes, is going”) (in the standard language: megy)
- vesz (“to take/grab”) → veszen (“he/she/it takes/grabs”) (in the standard language: vesz)
- visz (“to take/carry”) → viszen (“he/she/it takes/carries”) (in the standard language: visz)
Usage notesEdit
- Harmonic variants:
See alsoEdit
Further readingEdit
- László Honti (Q13780671). A magyar nyelv 3. személyeket jelölő morfémái (“Third-person morphemes in Hungarian”). In: Nyelvtudományi Közlemények, vol. 116, Budapest, 2020, pp. 7–70.
- László Grétsy (Q1028376). A nincs és a nincsen. In: Magyar Nemzet, January 16, 2003.
- (suffix of the adverb of number): Rounds, Carol. Hungarian: an Essential Grammar. London / New York: Routledge. 2001. →ISBN. Preview at Google Books, p. 189 (p. 204 in the PDF)
JapaneseEdit
RomanizationEdit
-en
Low GermanEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle Low German -inge, from Old Saxon -unga, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Dutch -ing, Swedish -ning, German -ung, English -ing.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-en f
- forms nouns from verbs (called gerunds) or other nouns, usually describing either an event in which an action is carried out, or the result of that action; the equivalent of English -ing
Derived termsEdit
- Aflösen
- Afstimmen
- Anwiesen
- Bedüden
- Bereken
- Beropen
- Beschrieven
- Besinnen
- Besluten
- Bewegen
- Düngen
- Forschen
- Füern
- Gliekstellen
- Globaliseren
- Höpen
- Hüsen
- Levern
- Menen
- Nähren
- Opmuntern
- Regeren
- Reken
- Stiften
- Stärken
- Tehren
- Utdüden
- Uttehren
- Utwiesen
- Verafscheden
- Verfaten
- Verklappen
- Verköhlen
- Verornen
- Verplichten
- Versammeln
- Versöken
- Vertellen
- Verwanneln
- Verwohren
- Verwunnern
- Wickeln
- Överdüngen
- Ümwanneln
- Ümweltbelasten
- Ünnerscheden
- Ünnerstütten
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle Low German -en, a blending of Old Saxon infinitives -an, -ian and -on, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
SuffixEdit
-en
- Used to form the infinitive of verbs.
Alternative formsEdit
LuxembourgishEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- Used for some nouns to form plural forms.
- Used to show the infinitive form of verbs.
- A suffix which is used to create adjectives that refer to materials
Usage notesEdit
The suffix -en, like any ending that involves either -n or -nn, is subject to the Eifeler Regel. For example, Versioune weisen.
Middle DutchEdit
Etymology 1Edit
A merger of various infinitive suffixes:
- The strong infinitive Old Dutch -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
- The weak class 1 infinitive Old Dutch -en, -ien, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
- The weak class 2 infinitive Old Dutch -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.
SuffixEdit
-en
- The ending of the infinitive form of verbs, used as a suffix to form new verbs as well.
DescendantsEdit
- Dutch: -en
Etymology 2Edit
From the Old Dutch [Term?] strong past participle ending -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.
SuffixEdit
-en
- The ending of the past participle of strong verbs.
DescendantsEdit
- Dutch: -en
Etymology 3Edit
From various first and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.
SuffixEdit
-en
- The ending of the first- and third-person plural forms of verbs.
DescendantsEdit
- Dutch: -en
Etymology 4Edit
From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
SuffixEdit
-en
- Alternative form of -in
Middle EnglishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs, from Proto-Norse -ᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*-inaz), from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, *-anaz (past participle ending of strong verbs). Replaced the native past participle ending of strong verbs (from Old English -en) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared.
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- Denotes the past participle form when attached to a strong verb.
Usage notesEdit
In many cases y- and -en are added together as a circumfix.
The full -en was better-preserved in the northern dialects, whereas in many cases the southern dialects shortened the affix to -n.
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- English: -en
ReferencesEdit
- “-en, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 2Edit
From Old English -an.
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs.
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-en, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 3Edit
From Old English -on, -en.
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- Denotes the past indicative plural form of verbs.
- Denotes the present and past subjunctive plural form of verbs.
- Denotes the present indicative plural form of certain verbs.
Usage notesEdit
This suffix was increasingly reduced to -e.
The use of this suffix as present indicative plural was common in the Midland area, replacing -eth, -eþ.
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- English: -en
ReferencesEdit
- “-en, suf.(7).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 4Edit
From Old English -an, a plural and oblique case marker.
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- Denotes the plural form of certain nouns.
- Denotes the oblique cases of certain nouns.
- Denotes the oblique cases and plural forms of weak adjectives.
Usage notesEdit
This suffix as a plural marker is most heavily used in early Middle English, and is generally favoured in southern dialects, whereas northern dialects largely supplanted it with -es early.
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- English: -en
ReferencesEdit
- “-en, suf.(5).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
- “-en, suf.(6).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 5Edit
From Old English -um.
SuffixEdit
-en
ReferencesEdit
- “-en, suf.(6).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 6Edit
From Old English -en (“characteristic of; made of”), from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun.
- Attached to a noun that denotes a material to form an adjective describing something as made of that material.
Usage notesEdit
The affixion of -en is sometimes accompanied by a mutation in the root vowel.
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-en, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 7Edit
From Old English -en.
SuffixEdit
-en
- Denotes a diminutive form of a noun.
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- English: -en
Etymology 8Edit
From Old English -en.
SuffixEdit
-en
- Denotes a female form of a small, fixed number of nouns.
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-en, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 9Edit
From Old English -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną.
SuffixEdit
-en
- Alternative form of -enen.
Norwegian BokmålEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Ancient Greek -ηνή (-ēnḗ), feminine form of -ηνός (-ēnós, added to place name to form an adjective), from -νός (-nós), alternative form of -νος (-nos), from Proto-Indo-European *-nós (creates verbal adjectives from roots).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-en (definite singular neuter -enet, definite singular masculine -enen, indefinite plural -en or -ener, definite plural -enene or -ena)
- (organic chemistry) Used to form nouns denoting alkynes; -ene
- acetylen, benzen ― acetylene, benzene
- (organic chemistry) Used to form nouns denoting alkenes; -ene
- etylen, propylen ― ethylene, propylene
ReferencesEdit
- “-en” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
AnagramsEdit
Old EnglishEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īną.
SuffixEdit
-en
- (causes i-mutation) used to create diminutive neuter nouns
DeclensionEdit
- Neuter
Etymology 2Edit
Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- (often causes i-mutation) used to create feminine nouns from other nouns
DeclensionEdit
- Feminine
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
SuffixEdit
-en
- (causes i-mutation) adjectival suffix meaning "material made of, consisting of”, also sometimes “characteristic of”.
- gold (“gold”) + -en → gylden (“golden”)
- ātor (“poison”) + -en → ǣtren (“venomous, poisonous”)
- stān (“stone”) + -en → stǣnen (“stonen”)
- āc (“oak”) + -en → ǣcen (“oaken”)
- trēow (“tree”) + -en → triewen (“wooden”)
- līn (“flax”) + -en → līnen (“linen”)
- sǣ (“sea”) + -en → sǣn (“marine”)
- fæder (“father”) + -en → fæderen (“paternal”)
DeclensionEdit
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -en | -enu, -nu, -eno, -no | -en |
| Accusative | -enne | -ene, -ne | -en |
| Genitive | -enes, -nes | -enre | -enes, -nes |
| Dative | -enum, -num | -enre | -enum, -num |
| Instrumental | -ene, -ne | -enre | -ene, -ne |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | -ene, -ne | -ena, -na, -ene, -ne | -enu, -nu, -eno, -no |
| Accusative | -ene, -ne | -ena, -na, -ene, -ne | -enu, -nu, -eno, -no |
| Genitive | -enra | -enra | -enra |
| Dative | -enum, -num | -enum, -num | -enum, -num |
| Instrumental | -enum, -num | -enum, -num | -enum, -num |
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -ena, -na | -ene, -ne | -ene, -ne |
| Accusative | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan | -ene, -ne |
| Genitive | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan |
| Dative | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan |
| Instrumental | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan |
| Accusative | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan | -enan, -nan |
| Genitive | -enra, -enena, -nena | -enra, -enena, -nena | -enra, -enena, -nena |
| Dative | -enum, -num | -enum, -num | -enum, -num |
| Instrumental | -enum, -num | -enum, -num | -enum, -num |
DescendantsEdit
Etymology 4Edit
Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.
SuffixEdit
-en
- (verbal suffix) past participle ending of strong verbs
Etymology 5Edit
Proto-Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-.
SuffixEdit
-en
- (adjective suffix) meaning belonging to or characterised by
Etymology 6Edit
Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-īni, from Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Sometimes with geminate -nn-, probably due to confusion with the feminine suffix from *-inī.
SuffixEdit
-en
PolishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Derived from Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-en m inan
- (organic chemistry) -ene (alkene)
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
RomaniEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- -ěn (International Standard)
SuffixEdit
-en
- Forms the accusative plural of oikoclitic animate nouns
Derived termsEdit
ScotsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle English -en, from Old English -en (“characteristic of; made of”).
SuffixEdit
-en
- Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun.
- Attached to a noun that denotes a material to form an adjective describing something as made of that material.
Derived termsEdit
SloveneEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ən
- Suffix appended to words to create an adjective.
Derived termsEdit
SpanishEdit
EtymologyEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- Suffix indicating the third-person plural present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.
- Suffix indicating the third-person plural present subjunctive of -ar verbs.
- Suffix indicating the third-person plural imperative of -ar verbs.
See alsoEdit
SwedishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Norse -inn, -in, from Proto-Germanic *jainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *i-. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “This certainly has multiple etymologies.”)
SuffixEdit
-en
- Suffix for definite form singular of common gender nouns which end in a consonant, e.g. fisk (“fish”) + -en → fisken (“the fish”); see also -n.
- Suffix for definite form plural of neuter nouns ending with consonant, e.g. träd (“tree”) + -en → träden (“the trees”).
- Suffix for indefinite form plural of only the neuter noun huvud (“head”), e.g. huvud (“head”) + -en → huvuden (“heads”).
- Suffix for the past participle of verbs belonging to the fourth (strong) declension, e.g. sjunga (“sing”) + -en → sjungen (“sung”), skjuta (“shoot”) + -en → skjuten (“shot”).
- Suffix which converts a few adjectives into adverbs, e.g. möjlig (“possible”) + -en → möjligen (“possibly”).
AnagramsEdit
WelshEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛn/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /an/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛn/
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle Welsh -en, from Old Welsh -en, from Proto-Brythonic *-enn. Cognate with Cornish -en, Breton -enn.
SuffixEdit
-en f (masculine -yn)
- Used to form the singulative of certain words.
- Used to form certain singular words.
- diminutive suffix
- female or feminine person or creature
- object, item, thing
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
- (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛn/
- (North Wales) (colloquial) IPA(key): /ai̯n/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛn/
SuffixEdit
-en
- Used to form plural nouns.
Etymology 3Edit
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- (colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person plural conditional
- (colloquial) verb suffix for the third-person plural conditional
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-en”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Yucatec MayaEdit
SuffixEdit
-en
- Suffix indicating the first-person singular present copular; added to nouns and adjectives
- Koolnáalen. ― I am a farmer.
- Teen na'en. ― I am a mother.
- Na'ajen. ― I am thirsty.
SuffixEdit
-en
- Suffix indicating the second-person plural imperative
- Ooken! ― Enter!