kell
English edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Compare caul.
Noun edit
kell (plural kells)
- (obsolete) The caul.
- (obsolete, figurative) That which covers or envelops, like a caul; a net; a fold; a film.
- c. 1608–1610, Francis Beaumont, John Fletcher, “Philaster: Or, Love Lies a Bleeding”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1679, →OCLC, Act V, scene iv:
- I'll have him cut to the kell.
- (obsolete) The cocoon or chrysalis of an insect.
- 1616, Ben Jonson, The Devil Is an Ass:
- Bury himself in every silkworm's kell
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
kell (plural kells)
- A kiln.
Etymology 3 edit
Noun edit
kell (uncountable)
- Alternative spelling of kale (broth)
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for “kell”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.)
Breton edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Brythonic [Term?], borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin cōleus (“testicle”) (compare Cornish kell, Welsh caill), ultimately from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós).
Noun edit
kell f (plural kelloù, dual divgell)
Etymology 2 edit
From Latin cella (compare Old Irish cell).
Noun edit
kell f (plural kelloù or killi)
- cell (of prisoner, monk):
Mutation edit
Cornish edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Brythonic [Term?], borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin cōleus (“testicle”) (compare Breton kell, Welsh caill), ultimately from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós).
Noun edit
kell f (dual diwgell, plural kellow or kellyow)
Etymology 2 edit
From Latin cella (compare Old Irish cell).
Noun edit
kell f (plural kellow or kellyow)
Mutation edit
Cornish consonant mutation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
unmutated | soft | aspirate | hard | mixed | mixed after 'th |
kell | gell | hell | unchanged | unchanged | unchanged |
Estonian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *kellä, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *skellǭ (“bell”).
Noun edit
kell (genitive kella, partitive kella)
Declension edit
Declension of kell (ÕS type 22i/külm, length gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | kell | kellad | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | kella | ||
genitive | kellade | ||
partitive | kella | kelli kellasid | |
illative | kella kellasse |
kelladesse kellisse | |
inessive | kellas | kellades kellis | |
elative | kellast | kelladest kellist | |
allative | kellale | kelladele kellile | |
adessive | kellal | kelladel kellil | |
ablative | kellalt | kelladelt kellilt | |
translative | kellaks | kelladeks kelliks | |
terminative | kellani | kelladeni | |
essive | kellana | kelladena | |
abessive | kellata | kelladeta | |
comitative | kellaga | kelladega |
Derived terms edit
Hungarian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finno-Ugric *kelke- (“to be necessary, need to, must, be obligatory”). [1][2]
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
kell
- (auxiliary with a verb in the infinitive) must, need to, have to
- to be needed
- Synonym: szüksége van
- Kell nekem az a ház. ― I need that house.
Usage notes edit
The subject of certain verbs is not someone who acts but a stimulus that prompts sensory or emotional feelings, like when things interest someone, matter to someone, please someone or appeal to someone. In these cases, the experiencer can take the accusative (e.g. interest) or the dative (e.g. appeal). The experiencer is expressed with the dative in the case of hiányzik (“to be missing or missed by someone”), ízlik (“to taste good”), kell (“to be needed, necessary, or required”), tetszik (“to be appealing”), and van/megvan (“to be had, to be owned by someone”).
If the experiencer is expressed with the accusative, third-person objects (him, her, it, or them) are considered definite, while first- and second-person objects (me, us, and you), indefinite. For example, the verb érdekel can take the definite form érdekli őt (“he/she is interested”, literally “it interests him/her”) or the indefinite form érdekel engem/téged/minket (“I am, you are, we are interested”, literally “it interests me, you, us”). The form érdekellek means “you are interested in me” (literally, “I interest you”). — Similar verbs include zavar (“to be bothered by”) and izgat (“to be intrigued by”).[3]
Conjugation edit
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | kellek | kellesz | kell | kellünk | kelletek | kellenek | |
Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indef. | kellettem | kellettél | kellett | kellettünk | kellettetek | kellettek | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. kelleni fog. | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | kellék | kellél | kelle | kellénk | kellétek | kellének | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. kell vala, kellett vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | kellendek | kellendesz | kellend | kellendünk | kellendetek | kellendenek | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | kellenék | kellenél | kellene | kellenénk | kellenétek | kellenének | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. kellett volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | kelljek | kellj or kelljél |
kelljen | kelljünk | kelljetek | kelljenek | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. kellett légyen | ||||||||
Infinitive | kelleni | kellenem | kellened | kellenie | kellenünk | kellenetek | kelleniük | ||
Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
kellés | kellő | kellett | ― | kellve (kellvén) | |||||
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | kellhetek | kellhetsz | kellhet | kellhetünk | kellhettek | kellhetnek | |
Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indef. | kellhettem | kellhettél | kellhetett | kellhettünk | kellhettetek | kellhettek | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | kellheték | kellhetél | kellhete | kellheténk | kellhetétek | kellhetének | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. kellhet vala, kellhetett vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | kellhetendek or kellandhatok |
kellhetendesz or kellandhatsz |
kellhetend or kellandhat |
kellhetendünk or kellandhatunk |
kellhetendetek or kellandhattok |
kellhetendenek or kellandhatnak | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | kellhetnék | kellhetnél | kellhetne | kellhetnénk | kellhetnétek | kellhetnének | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. kellhetett volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | kellhessek | kellhess or kellhessél |
kellhessen | kellhessünk | kellhessetek | kellhessenek | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. kellhetett légyen | ||||||||
Inf. | (kellhetni) | (kellhetnem) | (kellhetned) | (kellhetnie) | (kellhetnünk) | (kellhetnetek) | (kellhetniük) | ||
Positive adjective | ― | Neg. adj. | ― | Adv. part. | (kellhetve / kellhetvén) | ||||
Derived terms edit
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Entry #281 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
- ^ kell in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
- ^ See also Verbs and adjectives that behave differently (in English vs. in Hungarian), Által (’By’), on the past participles derived from such verbs, On verbs of emotion, with special regard to their aspectual properties, especially the chart on page 3. In addition, see Thematic relation and Theta role in Wikipedia.
Further reading edit
- kell in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Maltese edit
Etymology edit
Univerbation of kien (“was”) + l- (“to”).
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
kell- (imperfect ikoll)
- to belong to; expresses English have
- Kelli ktieb.
- I had a book.
- (literally, “It was to me a book.”)
- Ir-raġel kellu ktieb.
- The man had a book.
- (literally, “The man it was to him a book.”)
- (with following verb) to be obligatory for; to be necessary for; expresses English have to, must
- Kelli nikteb ktieb.
- I had to write a book.
- (literally, “It was to me (that) I write a book.”)
Usage notes edit
- The perfect of this verb expresses the past, while the imperfect expresses future and subjunctive senses. The present is expressed by forms of għand. This is equivalent to the situation in the underlying kien (“to be”), where the present is expressed (if expressed at all) by the personal pronouns.
- The verbal inflection is that of a defective verb that inflects only for tense (imperfect ikoll), but not for person or number. They who “have” something, or “have to do” something, are given with the appropriate personal suffixes (as above: kelli = it was to me = I had; kellu = it was to him = he had; etc.).
- Syntactically, it is not sound to define either of the two elements (possessor or thing possessed) as the object of the phrase. Rather the construction is that which in Arabic and Greek grammar is called a nominativus pendens: The possessor is prepositioned and referred back to with a personal suffix, while the thing possessed is the grammatical subject. This construction is generally popular in Maltese; for example: Ir-raġel qatluh. (“They killed the man.”, literally “The man, they killed him.”).
Inflection edit
Inflected forms of kell | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal-pronoun- including forms |
singular | plural | |||
m | f | ||||
1st person | kelli | kellna | |||
2nd person | kellek | kellkom | |||
3rd person | kellu | kellha | kellhom |
See also edit
- għand (possessive)
Old Norse edit
Verb edit
kell