堅

See also: 坚

堅 U+5805, 堅 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5805 ← 堄 [U+5804] CJK Unified Ideographs 堆 → [U+5806]

Translingual

Han character

堅 (radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 尸水土 (SEG), four-corner 7710₄, composition ⿱臤土)

Derived characters

• 鰹

References

• KangXi: page 232, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5210
• Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 451, character 4
• Unihan data for U+5805

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Chinese

trad.		堅
simp.		坚

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (臣) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
臤	*kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins
掔	*kʰriːn, *kʰiːn
慳	*kʰriːn
藖	*ɡriːn, *ɡriːns
堅	*kiːn
鋻	*kiːn, *kiːns
鰹	*kiːn
蜸	*kʰiːnʔ
菣	*kʰiːns, *kʰins
賢	*ɡiːn
礥	*ɡiːn, *ɢrin
臔	*ɡiːnʔ
挋	*kiŋs
臣	*ɡiŋ
茞	*ɡiŋ
腎	*ɡjinʔ
頣	*hŋiŋʔ
緊	*kinʔ
嚚	*ŋɡriŋ
鏗	*kʰreːŋ
摼	*kʰreːŋ
硻	*kʰreːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kiːn): phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic 土.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiān (jian¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gin¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kiên / kiân

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gian¹

• Min Bei (KCR): gíng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): kian

  (Teochew, Peng'im): giêng¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: jiān
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
    • Wade–Giles: chien¹
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jian
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjɛn⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gin¹
    • Yale: gīn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gin¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gin¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːn⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên
    • Hakka Romanization System: gien´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiân
    • Hakka Romanization System: gian´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯an²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gian¹
    • Sinological IPA: /cian⁴⁴/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gíng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁴/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
    • Tâi-lô: kian
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: giêng¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kieng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ³³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ken/▼

Rime
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	古賢切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ken/
Pan Wuyun	/ken/
Shao Rongfen	/kɛn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɛn/
Li Rong	/ken/
Wang Li	/kien/
Bernard Karlgren	/kien/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiān

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤi[ŋ]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kiːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiān
Middle Chinese	‹ ken ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁi[ŋ]/
English	spoillliadr, strong
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
No.	1330
Phonetic component	臣
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	堅
Old Chinese	/*kiːn/

Definitions

堅

1. hard
2. strong; firm
3. resolute
4. 72nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "hardness" (𝍍)

Compounds

Derived terms from 堅

• 一念堅貞／一念坚贞
• 不堅／不坚
• 中堅／中坚 (zhōngjiān)
• 乘堅策肥／乘坚策肥
• 乘堅驅良／乘坚驱良
• 內秉堅孤／内秉坚孤
• 四個堅持／四个坚持
• 堅不可摧／坚不可摧 (jiānbùkěcuī)
• 堅信／坚信 (jiānxìn)
• 堅勁／坚劲
• 堅固／坚固 (jiāngù)
• 堅城深池／坚城深池
• 堅執／坚执 (jiānzhí)
• 堅壁／坚壁 (jiānbì)
• 堅壁清野／坚壁清野
• 堅如磐石／坚如磐石 (jiānrúpánshí)
• 堅如鐵石／坚如铁石
• 堅守／坚守 (jiānshǒu)
• 堅定／坚定 (jiāndìng)
• 堅定不移／坚定不移 (jiāndìngbùyí)
• 堅實／坚实 (jiānshí)
• 堅巧／坚巧
• 堅強／坚强 (jiānqiáng)
• 堅忍／坚忍
• 堅忍不拔／坚忍不拔
• 堅拒／坚拒
• 堅持／坚持 (jiānchí)
• 堅持不懈／坚持不懈 (jiānchíbùxiè)

• 堅持到底／坚持到底
• 堅挺／坚挺 (jiāntǐng)
• 堅木／坚木 (jiānmù)
• 堅果／坚果 (jiānguǒ)
• 堅毅／坚毅 (jiānyì)
• 堅毅不拔／坚毅不拔
• 堅毅不撓／坚毅不挠
• 堅江／坚江 (Jiānjiāng)
• 堅決／坚决 (jiānjué)
• 堅牡／坚牡
• 堅牢／坚牢 (jiānláo)
• 堅瓠／坚瓠
• 堅甲利兵／坚甲利兵 (jiānjiǎlìbīng)
• 堅白／坚白
• 堅白同異／坚白同异
• 堅白石論／坚白石论
• 堅硬／坚硬 (jiānyìng)
• 堅稱／坚称 (jiānchēng)
• 堅緻／坚致
• 堅臥／坚卧
• 堅臥煙霞／坚卧烟霞
• 堅臥白門／坚卧白门
• 堅苦／坚苦 (jiānkǔ)
• 堅苦卓絕／坚苦卓绝
• 堅請／坚请
• 堅貞／坚贞 (jiānzhēn)
• 堅貞不屈／坚贞不屈 (jiānzhēnbùqū)
• 堅辭／坚辞

• 堅韌／坚韧 (jiānrèn)
• 堅韌不拔／坚韧不拔
• 夷堅志／夷坚志
• 履霜堅冰／履霜坚冰
• 心堅石穿／心坚石穿
• 心如堅石／心如坚石
• 志堅／志坚 (zhìjiān)
• 披堅執銳／披坚执锐
• 摧堅／摧坚
• 摧堅殪敵／摧坚殪敌
• 摧堅獲醜／摧坚获丑
• 摧堅陷陣／摧坚陷阵
• 攻堅／攻坚 (gōngjiān)
• 攻堅戰／攻坚战
• 攻無堅城／攻无坚城
• 松柏之堅／松柏之坚
• 深溝堅壁／深沟坚壁
• 深溝堅壘／深沟坚垒
• 無堅不摧／无坚不摧 (wújiānbùcuī)
• 窮且益堅／穷且益坚
• 窮當益堅／穷当益坚
• 精堅／精坚
• 老而彌堅／老而弥坚
• 船堅炮利／船坚炮利 (chuánjiānpàolì)
• 衝堅陷陣／冲坚陷阵
• 被堅執銳／被坚执锐
• 鑽堅仰高／钻坚仰高
• 陷堅破陣／陷坚破阵

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Japanese

Kanji

堅

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. hard, firm
2. tough
3. strict

Readings

• Go-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
• Kun: かたい (katai, 堅い, Jōyō)
• Nanori: きん (kin)

Compounds

Compounds

• 堅強
• 堅固
• 堅持
• 堅実
• 堅忍不抜
• 堅牢
• 具志堅

Proper noun

堅 (hiragana けん, rōmaji Ken)

1. A male given name

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Korean

Hanja

堅 • (gyeon) (hangeul 견, revised gyeon, McCune–Reischauer kyŏn)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

堅 (kiên)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.