Appendix:Mandarin Pronunciation/Old National Pronunciation
Introduction
editThe following table shows the Old National Pronunciation, 老國音 lǎo guóyīn, of Standard Mandarin (official in the Republic of China from 1919 to 1932) in comparison with the revised, modern pronunciation.
General rules
editWhen converting the modern standard phonology into the Old National Pronunciation, some general rules can be established:
- The “sharp-round distinction” (尖團音): Alveolar fricatives did not have an alveolo-palatal allophone before closed front vowels, as in the Nanjing dialect, whereas velars did, thus 心 (xīn, “heart”) and 昕 (xīn,“dawn”) were /sin⁵⁵/ and /ɕin⁵⁵/, respectively; 津 (jīn, “river crossing”) and 金 (jīn, “gold”) were /tsin⁵⁵/ and /tɕin⁵⁵/, respectively.
- The Sichuanese Mandarin initials /ŋ/ and /ɲ/ were included, yet not consistently.
- The entering tone was preserved, as in Southern Mandarin, with readings mostly based on the Nanjing dialect.
Table
editThe modern reading is given in Hanyu Pinyin and IPA; the old reading is given in Gwoyeu Romatzyh, Zhuyin (with original tone markers), and IPA. Mainland variants of modern standard readings are marked by superscript “ML”, Taiwanese variants are marked by superscript “TW”.
Character | Radical | Modern Standard Reading | Old National Pronunciation | Gloss | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
一 | 一 | yī | /i⁵⁵/ | yiq | ㄧ. | /iʔ⁵/ | “one” |
七 | 一 | qī | /tɕʰi⁵⁵/ | tsiq | ㄘㄧ. | /tsʰiʔ⁵/[n 1] | “seven” |
八 | 八 | bā | /pa⁵⁵/ | baq | ㄅㄚ. | /paʔ⁵/ | “eight” |
六 | 八 | liù | /lioʊ⁵¹/ | luq | ㄌㄨ. | /luʔ⁵/[n 2] | “six” |
北 | 匕 | běi | /peɪ²¹⁴/ | beq | ㄅㄜ. | /pəʔ⁵/[n 3] | “north” |
十 | 十 | shí | /ʂʐ̩³⁵/ | shyq | ㄕ. | /ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/ | “ten” |
千 | 十 | qiān | /tɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/ | tsian | .ㄘㄧㄢ | /tsʰiɛn⁵⁵/ | “thousand” |
和 | 口 | hé | /xɤ³⁵/ | hor | ㄏㄛ | /xo³⁵/ | “harmonious” |
學 | 子 | xué | /ɕɥe³⁵/ | shioq | ㄒㄧㄛ. | /ɕioʔ⁵/[n 4] | “to study” |
嵲 | 山 | niè | /nie⁵¹/ | gnieh | ㄬㄧㄝ˙ | /ɲie⁵¹/ | see 嵽嵲 |
微 | 彳 | wēiML, wéiTW | /weɪ⁵⁵, weɪ³⁵/ | veir | ㄪㄟ | /veɪ³⁵/ | “small” |
心 | 心 | xīn | /ɕin⁵⁵/ | sin | .ㄙㄧㄣ | /sin⁵⁵/ | “heart” |
惡 | 心 | è | /ɤ⁵¹/ | oq | ㄛ. | /oʔ⁵/ | “bad” |
我 | 戈 | wǒ | /wo²¹⁴/ | ngoo | ˙ㄫㄛ | /ŋo²¹⁴/[n 5] | “I” |
搦 | 手 | nuò | /nuo⁵¹/ | gnioq | ㄬㄧㄛ. | /ɲioʔ⁵/ | “to restrain” |
日 | 日 | rì | /ʐ̩⁵¹/ | ryq | ㄖ. | /ʐ̩ʔ⁵/ | “sun” |
晉 | 日 | jìn | /tɕin⁵¹/ | tzinn | ㄗㄧㄣ˙ | /tsin⁵¹/ | “Jin” |
月 | 月 | yuè | /yɛ⁵¹/ | yueq | ㄩㄝ. | /yɛʔ⁵/ | “moon” |
未 | 木 | wèi | /weɪ⁵¹/ | vey | ㄪㄟ˙ | /veɪ⁵¹/ | “not yet” |
溦 | 水 | wēiML, wéiTW | /weɪ⁵⁵, weɪ³⁵/ | veir | ㄪㄟ | /veɪ³⁵/ | “drizzle” |
白 | 白 | bái | /paɪ³⁵/ | beq | ㄅㄜ. | /pəʔ⁵/[n 6] | “white” |
百 | 白 | bǎi | /paɪ²¹⁴/ | beq | ㄅㄜ. | /pəʔ⁵/[n 7] | “hundred” |
秦 | 禾 | Qín | /tɕʰin³⁵/ | Tsyn | ㄘㄧㄣ | /tsʰin³⁵/ | “Qin” |
薇 | 艸 | wēiML, wéiTW | /weɪ⁵⁵, weɪ³⁵/ | veir | ㄪㄟ | /veɪ³⁵/ | “royal fern” |
誡 | 言 | jiè | /tɕie⁵¹/ | jiay | ㄐㄧㄞ˙ | /tɕiaɪ⁵¹/[n 8] | “to warn” |
黑 | 黑 | hēi | /xeɪ⁵⁵/ | heq | ㄏㄜ. | /xəʔ⁵/[n 9] | “black” |
Notes
editReferences
edit- Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation (1921).《校改國音字典》(Jiàogǎi Guóyīn zidiǎn, “Proofread and corrected Dictionary of the National Pronunciation”). Beijing: Commercial Press.