惡
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TranslingualEdit
| Traditional | 惡 |
|---|---|
| Shinjitai | 悪 |
| Simplified | 恶 |
Han characterEdit
惡 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一一心 (MMP), four-corner 10331, composition ⿱亞心)
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 391, character 25
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10824
- Dae Jaweon: page 724, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2307, character 12
- Unihan data for U+60E1
ChineseEdit
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 惡 | |
|---|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ): phonetic 亞 (OC *qraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Etymology 1Edit
| trad. | 惡 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 恶* | |
| alternative forms | ||
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔak (“bad”); cognate with Tibetan ཨག་པོ (ag po, “bad”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007). Also related to Thai ยาก (yâak, “difficult”) (Schuessler, 2007).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
惡
- evil; wicked; foul
- fierce; hostile; ferocious
- bad; poor
- 士志於道，而恥惡衣惡食者，未足與議也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Shì zhì yú dào, ér chǐ è yī è shí zhě, wèi zú yǔ yì yě. [Pinyin]
- A scholar, whose mind is set on truth, and who is ashamed of bad clothes and bad food, is not fit to be discoursed with.
士志于道，而耻恶衣恶食者，未足与议也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Cantonese, Min Nan) difficult
- (Taiwanese Hokkien) slow
Usage notesEdit
僫 is more common for the Hokkien word when pronounced oh.
SynonymsEdit
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 惡
DescendantsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
| trad. | 惡 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 恶* | |
| alternative forms | ||
Exoactive of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
惡
- to hate; to loathe; to dislike
- 死亦我所惡，所惡有甚於死者，故患有所不辟也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Sǐ yì wǒ suǒ wù, suǒ wù yǒu shèn yú sǐ zhě, gù huàn yǒu suǒ bù bì yě. [Pinyin]
- I dislike death indeed, but there is that which I dislike more than death, and therefore there are occasions when I will not avoid danger.
死亦我所恶，所恶有甚于死者，故患有所不辟也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 好賢如《緇衣》，惡惡如《巷伯》。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Hào xián rú “Zī Yī”, wù è rú “Xiàng Bó”. [Pinyin]
- Love the good (persons) like how the poet of Black Robes loves her lover, and loathe the wicked like the poet who wrote Xiang Bo.
好贤如《缁衣》，恶恶如《巷伯》。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 又有可怪者。上帝惡世人罪惡，破天淵之水，以盡滅之，又俯念以色列盡戮埃及長子。此時其「不忍仁愛之性」未知何處去。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]
- From: 1961, Kim Yeong'ik (金永益), 《西敎辨》
- U yu ga goe ja. Sangje o sein joeak, pa cheon yeon ji su, i jin myeol ji, u bunyeom Isaengnyeol jin ryuk Aegup jangja. Chasi gi "burin inae ji seong" miji hacheo geo. [Sino-Korean]
- There is another strange thing. God hating the sins of the people of the world, he broke open the waters of the heavenly vaults and annihilated them all thereby; and looking down upon Israel, he massacred all of Egypt's eldest sons. I do not know where this "kindhearted nature which cannot bear [to punish]" was to be found at those times.
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 惡
Etymology 3Edit
| trad. | 惡 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 恶* | |
| alternative forms | ||
Cognate with 安 (OC *qaːn, “where; how”), 焉 (OC *qan, “where; how”).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
惡
- † An interrogative pronoun: how
- 自我觀之，仁義之端，是非之塗，樊然殽亂，吾惡能知其辯？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
- Zì wǒ guān zhī, rényì zhī duān, shìfēi zhī tú, fánrán yáoluàn, wú wū néng zhī qí biàn? [Pinyin]
- As I look at the matter, the first principles of benevolence and righteousness and the paths of approval and disapproval are inextricably mixed and confused together - how is it possible that I should know how to discriminate among them?
自我观之，仁义之端，是非之涂，樊然淆乱，吾恶能知其辩？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † Interjection used to express surprise: oh; ah
CompoundsEdit
See alsoEdit
Etymology 4Edit
| For pronunciation and definitions of 惡 – see 噁. (This character, 惡, is a variant traditional form of 噁.) |
Etymology 5Edit
| trad. | 惡 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 恶* | |
| alternative forms | 污 屙 涴 | |
Probably related to etymologies 1 and 2 (Zhengzhang, 2011b; Xiang, 2019). Alternatively, 涴 (MC ʔuɑH, “to soil; to stain”) has been proposed to be the etymon (Cao, 2008).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
惡
SynonymsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “惡”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01382
JapaneseEdit
| 悪 | |
| 惡 |
KanjiEdit
惡
(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 悪)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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ReadingsEdit
KoreanEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle Chinese 惡 (MC ʔɑk̚).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅙᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: qák) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | 모〯딜 (Yale: mwǒtìl) | 악〮 (Yale: ák) |
PronunciationEdit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [a̠k̚]
- Phonetic hangul: [악]
HanjaEdit
- Hanja form? of 악 (“evil; wickedness”). [noun]
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
- 간악 (奸惡, ganak)
- 강악 (強惡, gang'ak)
- 괴악 (怪惡, goeak)
- 극악 (極惡, geugak)
- 선악 (善惡, seonak)
- 악감 (惡感, akgam)
- 악과 (惡果, akgwa)
- 악귀 (惡鬼, akgwi)
- 악기 (惡氣, akgi)
- 악녀 (惡女, angnyeo)
- 악담 (惡談, akdam)
- 악당 (惡黨, akdang)
- 악덕 (惡德, akdeok)
- 악령 (惡靈, angnyeong)
- 악마 (惡魔, angma)
- 악몽 (惡夢, angmong)
- 악법 (惡法, akbeop)
- 악설 (惡舌/惡說, akseol)
- 악성 (惡性, akseong)
- 악성 (惡聲, akseong)
- 악습 (惡習, akseup)
- 악역 (惡役, agyeok)
- 악용 (惡用, agyong)
- 악의 (惡意, agui)
- 악인 (惡人, agin)
- 악질 (惡疾, akjil)
- 악질 (惡質, akjil)
- 악취 (惡臭, akchwi)
- 악투 (惡投, aktu)
- 악폐 (惡弊, akpye)
- 악풍 (惡風, akpung)
- 악화 (惡化, akhwa)
- 열악 (劣惡, yeorak)
- 잔악 (殘惡, janak)
- 조악 (粗惡, joak)
- 죄악 (罪惡, joeak)
- 참악 (慘惡, chamak)
- 최악 (最惡, choeak)
- 추악 (醜惡, chuak)
- 포악 (暴惡, poak)
- 해악 (害惡, haeak)
- 행악 (行惡, haeng'ak)
- 험악 (險惡, heomak)
- 흉악 (凶惡, hyung'ak)
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle Chinese 惡 (MC ʔuoH).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅙᅩᆼ〮 (Yale: qwó) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 아쳐 (Yale: achye) | 오 (Yale: wo) |
PronunciationEdit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [o̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [오]
HanjaEdit
CompoundsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]
TàyEdit
AdjectiveEdit
惡 (ác)
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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