Wiktionary

未

See also: 木, 夫, 末, 禾, and 耒
未 U+672A, 未
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672A
← 朩
[U+6729] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 末 →
[U+672B]

Translingual Edit

Stroke order
 

Han character Edit

未 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 十木 (JD), four-corner 50900, composition ⿻一木)

Derived characters Edit

References Edit

  • KangXi: page 509, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14419
  • Dae Jaweon: page 890, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1150, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+672A

Chinese Edit

simp. and trad.
 未

Glyph origin Edit

Historical forms of the character 未
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Chu slip and silk script Small seal script
           
Characters in the same phonetic series (未) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
寐 *mids
魅 *mrɯds
鬽 *mrɯds
昧 *mɯːds
妹 *mɯːds
眛 *maːds, *mɯːds
沬 *maːds, *hmɯːds, *mɯds
未 *mɯds
味 *mɯds
鮇 *mɯds
菋 *mɯds

Pictogram (象形) – a tree with two layers of branches, or a tree's top branches not yet at full growth, signifying not grown (yet)

Etymology Edit

"not yet"
Pulleyblank (1995), apud Schuessler (2007), proposes that this word results from a fusion of negative root *m- with perfective particle 既 (jì, “already”).
"eighth earthly branch"
Smith (2011) proposes that 未 (OC *mɯds) denoted the waxing moon's "impending stage" before full moon. 未 (OC *mɯds)'s early sense might be "tip" > "on the tipping point" if it could be connected to 末 (OC *maːd, “tip”), which is similar graphically and phonologically; though what morphological mechanism which can associate them two is unclear.
As for its association with the goat, Ferlus (2013) notes there is good correspondence with Austronesian Atayal miːts (“lamb”); also compare Lao ມົດ (mot, “year of the lamb”).

Pronunciation Edit

Note:
  • muôi - vernacular;
  • ê - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • bē/bēr/bōe/běr - vernacular;
    • bī - literary.
    Note:
    • bhuê7 - “not; have not”;
    • bhi7 - one of the earthly branches.
  • Wu
    • Note:
    • 3mi - vernacular;
    • 3vi - literary.
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 未
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 明 (4)
    Final (韻) 微 (21)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 無沸切
    Baxter mj+jH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/mʉiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/mʷɨiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/miuəiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/mujH/
    Li
    Rong         		/miuəiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/mĭwəiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/mwe̯iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		wèi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		mei6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 未 未
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		wèi wèi
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ mjɨjH › ‹ mjɨjH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*m[ə]t-s/ /*m[ə]t-s/
    English not yet 8th earthly branch

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 未
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12917
    Phonetic
    component         		未
    Rime
    group         		隊
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		未
    Old
    Chinese         		/*mɯds/
    Notes 從屮從木與芔字同根，
    陳獨秀雲木上加屮象幼枝

    Definitions Edit

    未

    1. to have not; not yet
      未來／未来  ―  wèilái  ―  future [lit. have not come]
      我未睇本書。／我未睇本书。 [Cantonese]  ―  ngo5 mei6 tai2 bun2 syu1. [Jyutping]  ―  I have not read the book.
    2. not
    3. † Alternative form of 味 (wèi)
    4. (Cantonese, Min) used at the end of questions to ask if one has done something yet
      食飽未？／食饱未？ [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 baau2 mei6? [Jyutping]  ―  Are you full yet?
      你買咗未先？／你买咗未先？ [Cantonese]  ―  nei5 maai5 zo2 mei6 sin1? [Jyutping]  ―  First off, have you even bought it yet?
    5. eighth of twelve earthly branches
    6. lamb (羊) of Chinese zodiac

    Synonyms Edit

    Dialectal synonyms of 不 (“not”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 不, 弗, 毋, 勿, 莫, 否, 未
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 不
    Mandarin Beijing 不
    Taiwan 不
    Tianjin 不
    Chengde 不
    Tangshan 不
    Cangzhou 不
    Baoding 不
    Shijiazhuang 不
    Chifeng 不
    Hulunbuir (Hailar) 不
    Heihe 不
    Qiqihar 不
    Harbin 不
    Jiamusi 不
    Baicheng 不
    Changchun 不
    Tonghua 不
    Shenyang 不
    Dandong 不
    Jinzhou 不
    Dalian 不
    Yantai 不
    Yantai (Muping) 不
    Qingdao 不
    Lijin 不
    Zhucheng 不
    Jinan 不
    Luoyang 不
    Wanrong 不
    Shangqiu 不
    Yuanyang 不
    Zhengzhou 不
    Lingbao 不
    Xinyang 不
    Baihe 不
    Xi'an 不
    Baoji 不
    Yinchuan 不
    Tianshui 不
    Lanzhou 不
    Dunhuang 不
    Xining 不
    Hami 不
    Ürümqi 不
    Wuhan 不
    Yichang 不
    Xiangyang 不
    Tianmen 不
    Hong'an 不
    Chengdu 不
    Nanchong 不
    Dazhou 不
    Hanyuan 不
    Xichang 不
    Zigong 不
    Chongqing 不
    Guiyang 不
    Zunyi 不
    Bijie 不
    Zhaotong 不
    Dali 不
    Kunming 不
    Mengzi 不
    Guilin 不
    Liuzhou 沒, 不
    Changde 不
    Anqing 不
    Xuzhou 不
    Fuyang 不
    Wuhu 不
    Yangzhou 不
    Lianyungang 不
    Lianshui 不
    Nanjing 不
    Hefei 不
    Nantong 不
    Malaysia 不
    Singapore 不
    Cantonese Guangzhou 唔
    Hong Kong 唔
    Macau 唔
    Taishan 唔
    Dongguan 唔
    Yangjiang 無
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 冇
    Hepu (Shatian) 冇
    Beihai 冇
    Beihai (Nankang) 冇
    Beihai (Yingpan) 冇
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冇
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冇
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冇
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 唔
    Singapore (Guangfu) 唔
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 唔
    Móng Cái 冇
    Gan Nanchang 不
    Lichuan 不
    Pingxiang 毋
    Jianning 唔
    Hakka Meixian 唔
    Xingning 唔
    Huidong (Daling) 唔
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 唔
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 唔
    Changting 唔
    Shanghang 唔
    Wuping 唔
    Wuping (Pingyu) 唔
    Liancheng 唔
    Ninghua 唔, 不
    Qingliu 唔
    Yudu 唔
    Ruijin 唔
    Shicheng 唔
    Shangyou (Shexi) 唔
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 毋
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 毋
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 毋
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 毋
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 毋
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 毋
    Huizhou Jixi 不
    Shexian 不
    Jin Taiyuan 不
    Yangyuan 不
    Datong 不
    Xinzhou 不
    Lishi 不
    Linfen 不
    Changzhi 不
    Linhe 不
    Jining 不
    Hohhot 不
    Erenhot 不
    Pingshan 不
    Zhangjiakou 不
    Handan 不
    Linzhou 不
    Suide 不
    Min Bei Jian'ou 伓, 𣍐
    Songxi 唔, 𣍐
    Zhenghe 唔, 𣍐
    Pucheng (Shibei) 伓, 𣍐
    Min Dong Fuzhou 伓, 𣍐
    Changle 伓, 𣍐
    Lianjiang 伓, 𣍐
    Fuqing 伓, 𣍐
    Pingtan 伓, 𣍐
    Yongtai 伓, 𣍐
    Minqing 伓, 𣍐
    Gutian 伓, 𣍐
    Pingnan 伓, 𣍐
    Luoyuan 伓, 𣍐
    Fu'an 伓, 𣍐
    Ningde 伓, 𣍐
    Xiapu 伓, 𣍐
    Zherong 伓, 𣍐
    Shouning 伓, 𣍐
    Zhouning 伓, 𣍐
    Fuding 伓, 𣍐
    Matsu 伓, 𣍐
    Min Nan Xiamen 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Quanzhou 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Jinjiang 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Nan'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Shishi 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Hui'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Anxi 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Yongchun 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Dehua 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhangzhou 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhangzhou (Longhai) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhangzhou (Changtai) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Hua'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Nanjing 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Pinghe 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhangpu 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Yunxiao 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhao'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Dongshan 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Taipei 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Kaohsiung 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Tainan 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Kinmen 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Penang (Hokkien) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Singapore (Hokkien) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Manila (Hokkien) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Datian 毋, 𣍐
    Chaozhou 唔, 𣍐, 無
    Shantou 唔, 𣍐, 無
    Jieyang 唔
    Haifeng 唔
    Singapore (Teochew) 唔, 𣍐, 無
    Batam (Teochew) 唔, 𣍐, 無
    Pontianak (Teochew) 唔
    Leizhou 伓
    Wenchang 無
    Haikou 無
    Singapore (Hainanese) 無
    Puxian Min Putian 伓, 𣍐
    Xianyou 伓, 𣍐
    Min Zhong Yong'an 伓, 𣍐
    Shaxian 伓, 𣍐
    Shaojiang Min Shaowu 冒, 唔
    Guangze 唔
    Jiangle 唔
    Mingxi 唔
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冇
    Wu Shanghai 勿
    Shanghai (Chongming) 弗, 勿
    Suzhou 弗
    Danyang 弗
    Hangzhou 不
    Ningbo 勿, 嘸沒 rare
    Wenzhou 不
    Jinhua 弗
    Xiang Changsha 不, 唔
    Loudi 不
    Shuangfeng 不

    Coordinate terms Edit

    Compounds Edit

    Descendants Edit

    Sino-Xenic (未):
    • → Japanese: 未(み) (mi); 未(び) (bi)
    • → Korean: 미(未) (mi)
    • → Vietnamese: vị (未)

    Others:

    • → Vietnamese: Mùi

    Further reading Edit

    Japanese Edit

    Kanji Edit

    未

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings Edit

    Compounds Edit

    Etymology 1 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    未
    ひつじ
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi
     
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    From 羊 (hitsuji, “sheep”).

    Pronunciation Edit

    Proper noun Edit

    未(ひつじ) • (Hitsuji) 

    1. the Sheep, the eighth of the twelve Earthly Branches

    Etymology 2 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    未
    み
    Grade: 4
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 未 (mjɨjH).

    Prefix Edit

    未(み) • (mi-) 

    1. un-; in- (not yet)

    Proper noun Edit

    未(み) • (Mi) 

    1. the Sheep, the eighth of the twelve Earthly Branches

    Korean Edit

    Etymology Edit

    From Middle Chinese 未 (MC mj+jH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation Edit

    • (in 미안 (未安, mian)):
    • (not; un-; etc.):
      • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [mi(ː)]
      • Phonetic hangul: [미(ː)]
        • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja Edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    未 (eumhun 아닐 미 (anil mi))

    1. Hanja form? of 미 (“not; un-; in- (not yet)”).
    2. Hanja form? of 미 (“to have not; not yet”).

    Compounds Edit

    Compounds

    References Edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese Edit

    Han character Edit

    未: Hán Nôm readings: mùi, vị

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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