Wiktionary

十

See also: 〸 [U+3038 HANGZHOU NUMERAL TEN], ㆺ [U+31BA BOPOMOFO LETTER ZY], and 𬂛 [U+2C09B CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2C09B]
十 U+5341, 十
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5341
← 區
[U+5340] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 卂 →
[U+5342]
⼗ U+2F17, ⼗
KANGXI RADICAL TEN
← ⼖
[U+2F16] 		Kangxi Radicals ⼘ →
[U+2F18]
㈩ U+3229, ㈩
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH TEN
← ㈨
[U+3228] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈪ →
[U+322A]
㊉ U+3289, ㊉
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH TEN
← ㊈
[U+3288] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㊊ →
[U+328A]
Commons:Category
Commons:Category
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TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

See images of
Radical 24 十

十 (Kangxi radical 24, 十+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 十 (J), four-corner 40000, composition ⿻一丨)

  1. Kangxi radical #24, ⼗.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №54

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 155, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2695
  • Dae Jaweon: page 348, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 58, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+5341

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 十
alternative forms 拾 financial
什

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 十
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
                 
Characters in the same phonetic series (十) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
針 *kjum, *kjums
汁 *kjub
卙 *kʰljub
十 *ɡjub
什 *ɡjub

Unlike 一, which was one horizontal stroke meaning one, 十 was originally simply a vertical stroke. In later forms 一 was added, forming a cross.

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gip.

PronunciationEdit

Note: sī - used for "ten" in 20 to 99.
Note:
  • cha̍p - vernacular;
  • si̍p/se̍p - literary.
Note:
  • zab8 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang, Chaoyang, Raoping, Pontianak;
  • zag8 - Chenghai.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 十
    Mandarin Beijing /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
    Harbin /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Tianjin /ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
    Qingdao /ʃz̩⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
    Xi'an /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Xining /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ʂʐ̩¹³/
    Lanzhou /ʂʐ̩¹³/
    Ürümqi /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
    Wuhan /sz̩²¹³/
    Chengdu /sz̩³¹/
    Guiyang /sz̩²¹/
    Kunming /ʂʐ̩³¹/
    Nanjing /ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
    Hefei /ʂəʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /səʔ⁵⁴/
    Pingyao /ʂʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /səʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /zəʔ¹/
    Suzhou /zəʔ³/
    Hangzhou /zəʔ²/
    Wenzhou /zai²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /ɕi²²/
    Tunxi /ɕi¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Xiangtan /ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /sɨʔ²/
    Hakka Meixian /səp̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /ʃïp̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐp̚²/
    Nanning /sɐp̚²²/
    Hong Kong /sɐp̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /sip̚⁵/
    /t͡sap̚⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /sɛiʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /si⁵⁴/
    /si⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /t͡sap̚⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /tap̚³/
    /tɔp̚³/
    Rime
    Character 十
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 常 (25)
    Final (韻) 侵 (141)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 是執切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/d͡ʑiɪp̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/d͡ʑip̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/d͡ʑjep̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/d͡ʑip̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʑiəp̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/ʑĭĕp̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʑi̯əp̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		shí
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		sap6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 十
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		shí
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dzyip ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*t.[ɡ]əp/
    English ten

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 十
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 11452
    Phonetic
    component         		十
    Rime
    group         		緝
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		十
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡjub/

    DefinitionsEdit

    十

    1. ten
    2. (figurative) topmost; utmost
      十分  ―  shífēn  ―  very
      十全十美  ―  shíquánshíměi  ―  perfect

    See alsoEdit

    Chinese numbers
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 108 1012
    Normal
    (小寫／小写)     		〇, 零 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬／万
    十千 (Malaysia, Singapore)     		億／亿 兆 (Taiwan)
    萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
    Financial
    (大寫／大写)     		零 壹 貳／贰 參／叁 肆 伍 陸／陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 十

    DescendantsEdit

    Sino-Xenic (十):
    • → Japanese: 十(じゅう) (jū)
    • → Korean: 십(十) (sip)
    • → Vietnamese: thập (十)

    Others:

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    十

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1Edit

    Kanji in this term
    十
    じゅう
    Grade: 1
    goon
    Alternative spelling
    拾 (financial)
    Kanji in this term
    十
    じっ
    Grade: 1
    kan’yōon
    Japanese cardinal numbers
     <  9 10 11  > 
        Cardinal : 十

    /ʑipʉ/ → /ʑiɸu/ → /ʑɨu/ → /ʑuː//ʑiʔ/ → /ʑi~̚/

    From Middle Chinese 十 (MC d͡ʑiɪp̚).

    PronunciationEdit

    NumeralEdit

    十(じゅう) • (jū) ←じふ (zifu)?

    1. ten, 10
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms
    IdiomsEdit
    ProverbsEdit
    Coordinate termsEdit
    Japanese numbers
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    Regular 零(れい) (rei)
    零(ゼロ) (zero)     		一(いち) (ichi) 二(に) (ni) 三(さん) (san) 四(よん) (yon)
    四(し) (shi)     		五(ご) (go) 六(ろく) (roku) 七(なな) (nana)
    七(しち) (shichi)     		八(はち) (hachi) 九(きゅう) (kyū)
    九(く) (ku)     		十(じゅう) (jū)
    Formal 壱(いち) (ichi) 弐(に) (ni) 参(さん) (san) 拾(じゅう) (jū)
    90 100 300 600 800 1,000 3,000 8,000 10,000 100,000,000
    Regular 九(きゅう)十(じゅう) (kyūjū) 百(ひゃく) (hyaku)
    一(いっ)百(ぴゃく) (ippyaku)     		三(さん)百(びゃく) (sanbyaku) 六(ろっ)百(ぴゃく) (roppyaku) 八(はっ)百(ぴゃく) (happyaku) 千(せん) (sen)
    一(いっ)千(せん) (issen)     		三(さん)千(ぜん) (sanzen) 八(はっ)千(せん) (hassen) 一(いち)万(まん) (ichiman) 一(いち)億(おく) (ichioku)
    Formal 一(いち)萬(まん) (ichiman)
    1012 8×1012 1013 1016 6×1016 8×1016 1017 1018
    一(いっ)兆(ちょう) (itchō) 八(はっ)兆(ちょう) (hatchō) 十(じゅっ)兆(ちょう) (jutchō) 一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei) 六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei) 八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei) 十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei) 百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

    NounEdit

    十(じゅう) • (jū) ←じふ (zifu)?

    1. a ten-year-old

    AffixEdit

    十(じゅう) or 十(じっ) • (jū or ji') ←じふ (zifu)?

    1. ten, 10
    2. tenth
    3. tenfold
    4. all, completely, perfect
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2Edit

    Kanji in this term
    十
    とお
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    ⟨to2wo⟩ → */təwo/ → /towo/ → /toː/

    From Old Japanese.

    Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *təwo.

    PronunciationEdit

    NumeralEdit

    十(とお) • (tō) ←とを (towo)?

    1. ten, 10
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms
    IdiomsEdit
    ProverbsEdit

    Etymology 3Edit

    Kanji in this term
    十
    と
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    Shift from tō above.[2]

    PronunciationEdit

    NumeralEdit

    十(と) • (to) 

    1. ten, 10
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    Etymology 4Edit

    Kanji in this term
    十
    そ
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    ⟨so1⟩ → */sʷo/ → /so/

    From Old Japanese.

    Used in compounds.

    AffixEdit

    十(そ) • (so) 

    1. multiplied by ten: tenfold
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    Etymology 5Edit

    Kanji in this term
    十
    しい
    Grade: 1
    irregular

    From Mandarin 十 (shí).[3]

    NumeralEdit

    十(シー) • (shī) 

    1. ten, 10
    Derived termsEdit

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    3. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    KoreanEdit

    Korean numbers (edit)
    100
     ←  1  ←  9 10 11  →  20  → 
    1
        Native isol.: 열 (yeol)
        Native attr.: 열 (yeol)
        Sino-Korean: 십 (sip)
        Hanja: 十
        Ordinal: 열째 (yeoljjae)

    EtymologyEdit

    From Middle Chinese 十 (MC d͡ʑiɪp̚).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 씹〮 (Yale: ssíp)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] 열〮 (Yale: yél) 십〮 (Yale: síp)

    PronunciationEdit

    HanjaEdit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    十, eumhun 열 십 (yeol sip)

    1. Hanja form? of 십 (“ten”).
    2. Hanja form? of 십 (“whole; complete; perfect”).

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    ReferencesEdit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    十: Hán Việt readings: thập (寔(thực)入(nhập)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
    十: Nôm readings: thập[1][2][4]

    1. chữ Hán form of thập (“ten”).

    Derived termsEdit

    Compounds

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ^ Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Bonet (1899).
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