Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷís
(Redirected from Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷi-)
Proto-Indo-European
editEtymology
editA PIE interrogative-indefinite paradigm built from the stems *kʷi- and *kʷe- (parallel to anaphoric *i-, *e-), the former on nominative and accusative cases of all genders, the latter elsewhere, with no distinction of feminine forms, mostly "human" – "non-human". A stem *kʷo-, an o-stem adjective, with its corresponding feminine *kʷeh₂-, was originally separate, but in most languages there was some conflation with the other two, as it is from this function that the relative pronoun evolves. Ultimately from *kʷ-.
Pronoun
edit*kʷís
Declension
editAndrew Sihler's reconstruction[1] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | *kʷís | *kʷís | *kʷíd | *kʷéyes | *kʷéyes | *kʷíh₂ |
accusative | *kʷím | *kʷím | *kʷíd | *kʷíms | *kʷíms | *kʷíh₂ |
genitive | *kʷésyo | *kʷésyo | *kʷésyo | *kʷéysom | *kʷéysom | *kʷéysom |
dative | *kʷésmey | *kʷésmey | *kʷésmey | *kʷeybʰ- | *kʷeybʰ- | *kʷeybʰ- |
locative | *kʷésmi | *kʷésmi | *kʷésmi | *kʷeysu | *kʷeysu | *kʷeysu |
Robert Beekes's reconstruction | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | *kʷé | *kʷé | *kʷíd | *kʷéy | *kʷéy | *kʷíh₂ |
accusative | *kʷím | *kʷím | *kʷíd | *? | *? | *kʷíh₂ |
genitive | *kʷéso | *kʷéso | *kʷéso | *? | *? | *? |
ablative | *kʷéd? | *kʷéd? | *kʷéd? | *? | *? | *? |
dative | *kʷésmey | *kʷésmey | *kʷésmey | *? | *? | *? |
locative | *kʷésmi | *kʷésmi | *kʷésmi | *? | *? | *? |
instrumental | *kʷéy | *kʷéy | *kʷéy | *? | *? | *? |
Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction[2] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | *kʷe / *kʷís | *kʷe / *kʷís | *kʷíd | *kʷéyes | *kʷéyes | *kʷíh₂ |
accusative | *kʷím | *kʷím | *kʷíd | *kʷíns | *kʷíns | *kʷíh₂ |
genitive | *kʷéso | *kʷéso | *kʷéso | *? | *? | *? |
dative | *kʷésm- | *kʷésm- | *kʷésm- | *? | *? | *? |
locative | *kʷésm- | *kʷésm- | *kʷésm- | *? | *? | *? |
instrumental | *kʷih₁ | *kʷih₁ | *kʷih₁ | *? | *? | *? |
Determiner
edit*kʷós
Declension
editAndrew Sihler's reconstruction | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | *kʷós | *kʷéh₂ | *kʷód | *kʷóy | *kʷeh₂(e)s | *kʷeh₂ |
accusative | *kʷóm | *kʷéh₂m | *kʷód | *kʷóms | *kʷeh₂ms | *kʷeh₂ |
genitive | *kʷósyo | *? | *kʷósyo | *? | *? | *? |
dative | *kʷósmey | *? | *kʷósmey | *? | *? | *? |
Robert Beekes's reconstruction | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | *kʷó | *kʷéh₂ | *kʷód | *kʷóy | *kʷéh₂es? | *kʷh₂? |
accusative | *kʷóm | *? | *kʷíd | *? | *? | *kʷíh₂ |
genitive | *kʷóso | *? | *kʷóso | *? | *? | *? |
ablative | *kʷósmōd? | *? | *kʷósmōd? | *? | *? | *? |
dative | *kʷósmōy | *? | *kʷósmōy | *? | *? | *? |
locative | *kʷósmi | *? | *kʷósmi | *? | *? | *? |
instrumental | *kʷóy | *? | *kʷóy | *? | *? | *? |
Derived terms
edit- *kʷi-h₂
- *kʷo-tero-
- *kʷo-s-yo-
- *kʷo-ti
- *kʷo-ty-o
- *kʷo-m
- Proto-Germanic: *hwan (“at what time, when”) (see there for further descendants)
- *kʷo-bʰí
- *kʷós-tos
Descendants
editThe following lists the descendants of both *kʷís and *kʷós, as they were usually confused and merged together to various degrees.
Category Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷís- not found
- Proto-Anatolian: *kʷís, *kʷo- (see there for further descendants)
- Armenian:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kas, *ki (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷēs (from *kʷís), *kʷid (from *kʷíd) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *hwaz (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: τίς (tís) - τις (tis), ποῦ (poû) - πού (poú) (< *kʷosyo), ποῖ (poî) - ποι (poi), πῇ (pêi) - πῃ (pēi), πῶς (pôs) - πως (pōs), πότε (póte) - ποτέ (poté), πόθεν (póthen), ὅστις (hóstis), ἄσσα (ássa), ἕκαστος (hékastos), ποδαπός (podapós), πηλίκος (pēlíkos), πηνίκα (pēníka), πῆμος (pêmos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kíš, *kás, *kím
- Proto-Italic: *kʷis, *kʷoi (see there for further descendants)
- Phrygian: κιν (kin)
- Proto-Tocharian: *kuse (from *kʷisó < *kʷís)
- From instrumental singular *kʷéy:
- From instrumental singular *kʷóy:
References
edit- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
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