castigo

See also: castigó and castigò

Asturian

Verb

castigo

1. first-person singular present indicative of castigar

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Catalan

Verb

castigo

1. first-person singular present indicative form of castigar

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Italian

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin castīgō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kaˈsti.ɡo/
• Rhymes: -iɡo
• Hyphenation: ca‧stì‧go

Noun

castigo m (plural castighi)

1. punishment

   Synonym: punizione

Related terms

• castigare

Verb

castigo

1. first-person singular present indicative of castigare

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Latin

Etymology

From castus (“pure, virtuous”) +‎ -igō (“act, make”), the latter a suffixal form of agō. Related to careō (“I lack”), cassus (“hollow, lacking”). The long -ī- may be explained as the effect of an unattested i-stem noun *castis ("purity, virtue"), formed from the root cas- + -tis from Proto-Indo-European *-tis, cf. the long ī in vectīgal, fūstīgō, fatīgō, perīculum.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /kasˈtiː.ɡoː/, [käs̠ˈt̪iːɡoː]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /kasˈti.ɡo/, [käsˈt̪iːɡo]

Verb

castīgō (present infinitive castīgāre, perfect active castīgāvī, supine castīgātum); first conjugation

1. I castigate, chastise, reprove

   Synonyms: increpō, accūsō, corripiō, incūsō, obloquor, arripiō, pulsō, reprehendō, animadvertō

2. I punish

   Synonyms: multō, pūniō, expiō, obiūrgō, animadvertō, mulctō, moneō, plēctō, ulcīscor, exsequor

   Qui bene amat, bene castigat.

   He, who loves well, castigates well (lit. Spare the rod and spoil the child.)

   • c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 3.64:

     Pueros vero matres et magistri castigare etiam solent, nec verbis solum, sed etiam verberibus. Si quid in domestico luctu hilarius ab is factum est aut dictum, plorare cogunt. Quid?

     Mothers and teachers are used to chastise children not only with words, but also with hits of the rod. If the children do or say something rather "cheerful" in a small argument, they make them cry. Why?

3. I rebuke, reprimand

   Synonyms: obiūrgō, perstringō, arguō, corripiō, accūsō, incūsō, damnō, obloquor, increpō, acclāmō, inclāmō, compellō, reprehendō, animadvertō

   • c. 35 CE – 100 CE, Quintilian, Institutiones 2.2.5:

     Plurimus ei de honesto ac bono sermo sit: nam quo saepius monuerit, hoc rarius castigabit.

     May his [the ideal rhetoric teacher's] discussion be very often about what is honourable, good: the more he reminds the student, the less he will reprimand the student.

4. I correct, amend

Conjugation

Conjugation of castīgō (first conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	castīgō	castīgās	castīgat	castīgāmus	castīgātis	castīgant
	imperfect	castīgābam	castīgābās	castīgābat	castīgābāmus	castīgābātis	castīgābant
	future	castīgābō	castīgābis	castīgābit	castīgābimus	castīgābitis	castīgābunt
	perfect	castīgāvī	castīgāvistī	castīgāvit	castīgāvimus	castīgāvistis	castīgāvērunt, castīgāvēre
	pluperfect	castīgāveram	castīgāverās	castīgāverat	castīgāverāmus	castīgāverātis	castīgāverant
	future perfect	castīgāverō	castīgāveris	castīgāverit	castīgāverimus	castīgāveritis	castīgāverint
passive	present	castīgor	castīgāris, castīgāre	castīgātur	castīgāmur	castīgāminī	castīgantur
	imperfect	castīgābar	castīgābāris, castīgābāre	castīgābātur	castīgābāmur	castīgābāminī	castīgābantur
	future	castīgābor	castīgāberis, castīgābere	castīgābitur	castīgābimur	castīgābiminī	castīgābuntur
	perfect	castīgātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	castīgātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	castīgātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	castīgem	castīgēs	castīget	castīgēmus	castīgētis	castīgent
	imperfect	castīgārem	castīgārēs	castīgāret	castīgārēmus	castīgārētis	castīgārent
	perfect	castīgāverim	castīgāverīs	castīgāverit	castīgāverīmus	castīgāverītis	castīgāverint
	pluperfect	castīgāvissem	castīgāvissēs	castīgāvisset	castīgāvissēmus	castīgāvissētis	castīgāvissent
passive	present	castīger	castīgēris, castīgēre	castīgētur	castīgēmur	castīgēminī	castīgentur
	imperfect	castīgārer	castīgārēris, castīgārēre	castīgārētur	castīgārēmur	castīgārēminī	castīgārentur
	perfect	castīgātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	castīgātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	castīgā	—	—	castīgāte	—
	future	—	castīgātō	castīgātō	—	castīgātōte	castīgantō
passive	present	—	castīgāre	—	—	castīgāminī	—
	future	—	castīgātor	castīgātor	—	—	castīgantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		castīgāre	castīgāvisse	castīgātūrum esse	castīgārī	castīgātum esse	castīgātum īrī
participles		castīgāns	—	castīgātūrus	—	castīgātus	castīgandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		castīgandī	castīgandō	castīgandum	castīgandō	castīgātum	castīgātū

Derived terms

• castīgātiō
• castīgātor
• castīgātus

Descendants

• Aromanian: cãshtigã, cãshtigari
• Asturian: castigar
• Old French: chastier, chastoiier, castier
  • Middle French: chastier, chastoyer
    • French: châtier
  • → Middle Armenian: ջաստել (ǰastel)
  • → Middle English: chastien
    • English: chasten
• Old French: chastiser
  • → Middle English: chastisen
    • English: chastise
• Friulian: cjastiâ, čhastiâ
• Italian: castigare
• Old Occitan: castigar
  • Catalan: castigar
  • Occitan: castigar, castejar, castiar
• Piedmontese: castighé
• Old Portuguese: castigar
  • Galician: castigar
  • Portuguese: castigar
• Romanian: câștiga, câștigare
• Romansch: chastiar, castigiar, chastier
• Sardinian: casticare, castigae, castigai, castigare
• Sicilian: castigari, castijari, castiari
• Spanish: castigar
• Venetian: castigar
• → English: castigate
• → Middle High German: kestigāte, kestigete
• → Proto-West Germanic: *kastīgōn (see there for further descendants)

References

• “castigo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “castigo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• castigo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) a stern critic of morals: severus morum castigator
    

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Portuguese

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /kasˈt͡ʃi.ɡu/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /kasˈt͡ʃi.ɡu/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /kaʃˈt͡ʃi.ɡu/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /kasˈt͡ʃi.ɡo/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /kɐʃˈti.ɡu/ [kɐʃˈti.ɣu]

• Hyphenation: cas‧ti‧go

Etymology 1

Deverbal from castigar (“to punish”).

Noun

castigo m (plural castigos)

2. punishment (penalty to punish wrongdoing)

   crime e castigo ― crime and punishment

   Synonym: pena

4. (figuratively) something which causes suffering
6. grounding (state of being confined by one’s parents, as punishment)

Related terms

• castigado
• castigador
• castigamento
• castigante
• castigar
• castigável

 

Etymology 2

Verb

castigo

2. first-person singular present indicative of castigar

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Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kasˈtiɡo/ [kasˈt̪i.ɣ̞o]
• Rhymes: -iɡo
• Syllabification: cas‧ti‧go

Etymology 1

From castigar, from Latin castigāre.

Noun

castigo m (plural castigos)

1. punishment

Derived terms

• saque de castigo

Related terms

• castigar
• castigador

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

castigo

1. first-person singular present indicative of castigar

Further reading

• “castigo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014