virus
English edit
Etymology edit
From Middle English virus, from Latin vīrus (“poison, slime, venom”), via rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). First use in the computer context by David Gerrold in his 1972 book When HARLIE Was One.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus (countable and uncountable, plural viruses or (rare) virusses or (rare) vira or (proscribed) viri or (proscribed) virii)
- A submicroscopic, non-cellular structure consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, that requires a living host cell to replicate, and often causes disease in the host organism; such agents are often classed as nonliving infectious particles and less often as microorganisms.
- Synonyms: see Thesaurus:virus
- 2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 64:
- Viruses are the smallest and most simplified forms of life.
- 2013 May-June, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 193:
- Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola.
- (uncountable) A quantity of such infectious agents
- 2006, Norman E. Borlaug, Anthony Cunningham, Jane I. Guyer, Hans R. Herren, Calestous Juma, Akinlawon Mabogunje, Barbara Underwood, Montague Yudelman, chapter 1, in Lost Crops of Africa: Volume 2: Vegetables (U.S. National Research Council Consensus Study Report)[1] (non-fiction), Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, , →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, archived from the original on 2021-09-02, page xviii:
- Unless professionally inspected, they [plants] may also carry along unseen pests and diseases (particularly small insects and microbes such as virus or bacteria) whose populations might explode catastrophically in new locations.
- (informal, metonymically) A disease caused by such an infectious agent; a viral illness.
- He's got a virus and had to stay home from school.
- (archaic) Venom, as produced by a poisonous animal etc.
- 1890, Aluísio Azevedo, The Slum:
- Brazil, that inferno where every budding flower and every buzzing bluebottle fly bears a lascivious virus.
- (computing) A type of malware which can covertly transmit itself between computers via networks (especially the Internet) or removable storage such as disks, often causing damage to systems and data; also computer virus.
- 2004 November 15, Michael Chapman; Matthew Chapman, “Strong Bad Email #118: virus”, in Homestar Runner[2], spoken by Strong Bad (Matthew Chapman):
- Wait a minute! Is this one of those virus emails?!
- (computing, proscribed) Any type of malware.
- (figurative) Any malicious or dangerous entity that spreads from one place or person to another.
- 2011, Pat Mesiti, The $1 Million Reason to Change Your Mind:
- I am tired of the mind viruses that are crippling people living in the western world — especially in my own nation. Sadly, Australia is becoming known as a nation of whingers.
Hypernyms edit
- (computing): malware
Hyponyms edit
- adeno-associated virus
- African swine fever virus
- antiviral
- BK virus
- black queen cell virus
- Bourbon virus
- camelpox virus
- canine distemper virus
- CCP virus
- China virus
- Chinese virus
- chronic bee paralysis virus
- Chronic bee paralysis virus
- cloudy wing virus
- coronavirus
- corona virus
- corona-virus
- cowpox virus
- crown virus
- cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus
- deformed wing virus
- DNA virus
- Ebola virus
- Epstein-Barr virus
- GB virus C
- giant virus
- Grampus griseus endogenous virus
- helper virus
- hepatitis delta virus
- herpes simplex virus
- HIV virus
- Hosta virus X
- human immunodeficiency virus
- human immunodeficiency virus 1
- human immunodeficiency virus 2
- idea virus
- Jamestown Canyon virus
- JC virus
- Junin virus
- Kakugo virus
- Kunjin virus
- Lassa virus
- Machupo virus
- macro virus
- Marburg virus disease
- mosaic virus
- Neethling virus
- Nipah virus
- Norwalk virus
- passenger virus
- potato virus X
- Qalyub virus
- respiratory syncytial virus
- Reston virus
- rhinovirus
- RNA virus
- Ross River virus
- Rous sarcoma virus
- Schmallenberg virus
- Sendai virus
- simian immunodeficiency virus
- Tulane virus
- tulip-breaking virus
- varicella zoster virus
- walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus
- West Nile virus
- Wuhan virus
- Zika virus
Derived terms edit
- adenovirus
- AIDS virus
- bacteriovirus
- baculovirus
- badnavirus
- becurtovirus
- bidnavirus
- birnavirus
- carcinovirus
- cardiovirus
- countervirus
- curtovirus
- encephalovirus
- enterovirus
- entomovirus
- Four Corners virus
- frankenvirus
- girus
- halovirus
- hypovirus
- immunovirus
- influenzavirus
- intervirus
- leukaemiavirus
- lymphocryptovirus
- macrovirus
- megavirus
- microvirus
- mimivirus
- Muerto Canyon virus
- mycovirus
- myxovirus
- neurovirus
- nonvirus
- oncovirus
- palaeovirus
- paleovirus
- papillomavirus
- parainfluenzavirus
- paramyxovirus
- parvovirus
- phycovirus
- phytovirus
- poliovirus
- polyomavirus
- poxvirus
- protovirus
- provirus
- pseudovirus
- retrovirus
- ribodeoxyvirus
- ribovirus
- spiravirus
- subvirus
- supervirus
- tetravirus
- ultravirus
- viral
- viricide
- virion
- viroid
- virokine
- virosis
- viruscide
- virusemia
- virusless
- viruslike
- virusoid
- virusproof
- virus-proof
- virussy
Descendants edit
- → Amharic: ቫይረስ (vayräs)
- → Bengali: ভাইরাস (bhairaś)
- → Burmese: ဗိုင်းရပ်စ် (buing:rapc)
- → Dhivehi: ވައިރަސް (vairas)
- → Hindi: वायरस (vāyras)
- → Japanese: バイラス (bairasu)
- → Kannada: ವೈರಸ್ (vairas)
- → Korean: 바이러스 (baireoseu)
- → Lao: ໄວຣັສ (wai rat)
- → Malay: virus
- → Malayalam: വൈറസ് (vaiṟasŭ)
- → Maltese: vajrus
- → Sinhalese: වෛරස (wairasa)
- → Telugu: వైరస్ (vairas)
- → Thai: ไวรัส (wai-rát)
- → Urdu: وائرس
Translations edit
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Verb edit
virus (third-person singular simple present viruses, present participle virusing, simple past and past participle virused)
- (nonstandard, rare) To send or infect an electronic device with a computer virus.
- I'm just going to virus anyone who tries cheating on this game.
See also edit
Further reading edit
- Plural of virus on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- Virus on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- Computer virus on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- Virus on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
Asturian edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus m (plural virus)
Azerbaijani edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
virus (definite accusative virusu, plural viruslar)
Declension edit
Declension of virus | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||||||
nominative | virus |
viruslar | ||||||
definite accusative | virusu |
virusları | ||||||
dative | virusa |
viruslara | ||||||
locative | virusda |
viruslarda | ||||||
ablative | virusdan |
viruslardan | ||||||
definite genitive | virusun |
virusların |
Further reading edit
- “virus” in Obastan.com.
Catalan edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus m (invariable)
Related terms edit
Cornish edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus m (plural virusys)
References edit
- Cornish-English Dictionary from Maga's Online Dictionary
- Akademi Kernewek Gerlyver Kernewek (FSS) Cornish Dictionary (SWF) (in Cornish), 2018, published 2018, page 190
Crimean Tatar edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Russian вирус (virus).
Noun edit
virus
Declension edit
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | virus | viruslar |
genitive | virusnıñ | viruslarnıñ |
dative | virusqa | viruslarğa |
accusative | virusnı | viruslarnı |
locative | virusta | viruslarda |
ablative | virustan | viruslardan |
References edit
Czech edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus m inan
- (virology) virus (a submicroscopic, non-cellular structure)
- (computing) virus (a type of computer malware)
Declension edit
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
Danish edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
virus c or n (singular definite virussen or virusset, plural indefinite virus or virusser or vira, plural definite virussene or virusserne or viraene)
Dutch edit
Etymology edit
From Latin vīrus. Coined in the virological sense by Martinus Beijerinck; the word had been previously used for pathogens, although not for viruses in the modern sense. The computing sense derives from English virus.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus n (plural virussen, diminutive virusje n)
- (microbiology) virus
- (computer science) virus (computer virus)
Usage notes edit
Like most Latin borrowings, this word kept its original Latin gender (neuter); it is one of the few Dutch words ending in -us which is not masculine; cf. also corpus and opus. Marginally, use as a masculine noun is sometimes erroneously encountered, indeed based on the ending.
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Finnish edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): /ˈʋirus/, [ˈʋirus̠]
- IPA(key): /ˈʋiːrus/, [ˈʋiːrus̠] (proscribed)
- Rhymes: -irus
- Syllabification(key): vi‧rus
Noun edit
virus
- virus
- (computer security) virus (computer virus)
Declension edit
Inflection of virus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | virus | virukset | ||
genitive | viruksen | virusten viruksien | ||
partitive | virusta | viruksia | ||
illative | virukseen | viruksiin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | virus | virukset | ||
accusative | nom. | virus | virukset | |
gen. | viruksen | |||
genitive | viruksen | virusten viruksien | ||
partitive | virusta | viruksia | ||
inessive | viruksessa | viruksissa | ||
elative | viruksesta | viruksista | ||
illative | virukseen | viruksiin | ||
adessive | viruksella | viruksilla | ||
ablative | virukselta | viruksilta | ||
allative | virukselle | viruksille | ||
essive | viruksena | viruksina | ||
translative | virukseksi | viruksiksi | ||
abessive | viruksetta | viruksitta | ||
instructive | — | viruksin | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Derived terms edit
- antivirusohjelma
- bakulovirus
- ebolavirus
- flunssavirus
- hepatiittivirus
- herpesvirus
- HI-virus
- influenssavirus
- makrovirus
- papilloomavirus
- poliovirus
- rokkovirus
- syylävirus
- syöpävirus
- tietokonevirus
- tuhkarokkovirus
- vesirokkovirus
- vihurirokkovirus
- viruksentorjuntaohjelma
- virusinfektio
- viruslinko
- virusohjelma
- virusoppi
- virusperäinen
- virusripuli
- virussuojaus
- virustartunta
- virustauti
- virustentorjuntaohjelma
Further reading edit
- “virus”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-04
Anagrams edit
French edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus m (plural virus)
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- “virus”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Galician edit
Etymology edit
From Latin vīrus (“poison, slime, venom”).
Noun edit
virus m (invariable)
Indonesian edit
Etymology edit
From Dutch virus, from Latin vīrus, from rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). Doublet of bisa.
- The computing sense is a semantic loan from English virus.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus (plural virus-virus, first-person possessive virusku, second-person possessive virusmu, third-person possessive virusnya)
- virus:
- (biology, virology) A submicroscopic, non-cellular structure consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, that requires a living host cell to replicate, and often causes disease in the host organism; such agents are often classed as nonliving infectious particles and less often as microorganisms.
- (computing) computer virus: A type of malware which can covertly transmit itself between computers via networks (especially the Internet) or removable storage such as disks, often causing damage to systems and data.
Further reading edit
- “virus” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Interlingua edit
Noun edit
virus (plural viruses)
Related terms edit
Italian edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus m (invariable)
Further reading edit
- virus in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Ladino edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus m (Latin spelling)
Latin edit
Etymology edit
Via rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). Cognates include Sanskrit विष (viṣá), Ancient Greek ἰός (iós), Tocharian B wase, and Middle Irish fí. The neuter gender of this term despite its nominative singular ending in the masculine second-declension -us is possibly a relic of this term's inheritance from a neuter s-stem.[1]
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈu̯iː.rus/, [ˈu̯iːrʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈvi.rus/, [ˈviːrus]
Noun edit
vīrus n sg (genitive vīrī); second declension
- venom (a poisonous substance secreted by animals or plants)
- a plant- or animal-sourced substance with medicinal or magical properties
- a liquid element that makes something taste or smell bitter or acrid
- (transferred sense) bitterness, acrimony (of speech, manner or disposition)
- (New Latin) a virus (infectious organism)
Declension edit
Second-declension noun (neuter, nominative/accusative/vocative in -us), singular only.
Case | Singular |
---|---|
Nominative | vīrus |
Genitive | vīrī |
Dative | vīrō |
Accusative | vīrus |
Ablative | vīrō |
Vocative | vīrus |
- There is also the heteroclitic genitive singular vīrūs.
- When used in modern biology with the same meaning of English virus, a plural can be formed using the same suffixes of regular neuters of the 2nd declension (i.e., vīra, vīrōrum, vīrīs, vīra, vīrīs, vīra):[2]
Second-declension noun (neuter, nominative/accusative/vocative plural in -a).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | vīrus | vīra |
Genitive | vīrī | vīrōrum |
Dative | vīrō | vīrīs |
Accusative | vīrus | vīra |
Ablative | vīrō | vīrīs |
Vocative | vīrus | vīra |
Synonyms edit
- (poison): venēnum
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
- → Albanian: virus m
- → Arabic: فَيْرُوس m (fayrūs)
- Hijazi Arabic: ڤَيْرُوس m (vayrūs)
- → Armenian: վիրուս (virus)
- → Asturian: virus m
- → Belarusian: ві́рус m (vírus)
- → Catalan: virus m
- → Czech: virus m
- → Danish: virus c or n
- → Dutch: virus n
- → English: virus
- → Amharic: ቫይረስ (vayräs)
- → Bengali: ভাইরাস (bhairaś)
- → Burmese: ဗိုင်းရပ်စ် (buing:rapc)
- → Dhivehi: ވައިރަސް (vairas)
- → Hindi: वायरस (vāyras)
- → Japanese: バイラス (bairasu)
- → Kannada: ವೈರಸ್ (vairas)
- → Korean: 바이러스 (baireoseu)
- → Lao: ໄວຣັສ (wai rat)
- → Malay: virus
- → Malayalam: വൈറസ് (vaiṟasŭ)
- → Maltese: vajrus
- → Sinhalese: වෛරස (wairasa)
- → Telugu: వైరస్ (vairas)
- → Thai: ไวรัส (wai-rát)
- → Urdu: وائرس
- → Esperanto: viruso
- → Estonian: viirus
- → French: virus m
- → Finnish: virus
- → Galician: virus m
- → Georgian: ვირუსი (virusi)
- → German: Virus n or m
- → Hungarian: vírus
- → Ido: viruso
- → Italian: virus m
- → Japanese: ウイルス (uirusu), ウィルス (wirusu), ビールス (bīrusu)
- → Kannada: ವೈರಸ್ (vairas)
- → Khmer: វីរុស (viiruh)
- → Latvian: vīruss m
- → Macedonian: вирус m (virus)
- → Maltese: vajrus m
- → Norwegian Bokmål: virus n
- → Pashto: ويروس m
- → Persian: ویروس
- → Piedmontese: vìros, vìrus m
- → Polish: wirus m anim
- → Portuguese: vírus m
- → Romanian: virus n
- → Russian: ви́рус m anim or m inan (vírus)
- → Serbo-Croatian: ви́рус m (vírus)
- → Sinhalese: වෛරස (wairasa)
- → Spanish: virus m
- → Swahili: virusi
- → Swedish: virus n
- → Tagalog: birus
- → Telugu: వైరస్ (vairas)
- → Turkish: virüs
- → Ukrainian: ві́рус m (vírus)
- → Vietnamese: vi-rút
- → Volapük: virud
- → West Frisian: firus
- → Yiddish: ווירוס m (virus)
References edit
- “uīrus” on page 2286 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vīrus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 682-683
- ^ William T. Stearn, Botanical Latin. History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary, ed. 3a (David & Charles, 1983): "Virus: virus (s.n. II), gen. sing. viri, nom. pl. vira, gen. pl. vīrorum (to be distinguished from virorum, of men)."
Further reading edit
- "virus", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- "virus". in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- virus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- "virus", in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly
Anagrams edit
Malay edit
Etymology edit
From English virus, from Latin vīrus, from rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus (plural virus-virus, informal 1st possessive virusku, 2nd possessive virusmu, 3rd possessive virusnya)
- virus:
- (biology, virology) A submicroscopic, non-cellular structure consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, that requires a living host cell to replicate, and often causes disease in the host organism; such agents are often classed as nonliving infectious particles and less often as microorganisms.
Northern Sami edit
Etymology edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus
Inflection edit
Odd, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | virus | |||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | virusa | |||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | virus | virusat | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | virusa | virusiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | virusa | virusiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | virusii | virusiidda | ||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | virusis | virusiin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | virusiin | virusiiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | virusin | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
Norwegian Bokmål edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
virus n (definite singular viruset, indefinite plural virus, definite plural virusa or virusene)
References edit
- “virus” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
virus n (definite singular viruset, indefinite plural virus, definite plural virusa)
References edit
- “virus” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Romanian edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from French virus, Latin vīrus.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus n (plural virusuri)
Declension edit
singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite articulation | definite articulation | indefinite articulation | definite articulation | |
nominative/accusative | (un) virus | virusul | (niște) virusuri | virusurile |
genitive/dative | (unui) virus | virusului | (unor) virusuri | virusurilor |
vocative | virusule | virusurilor |
Serbo-Croatian edit
Noun edit
vírus m (Cyrillic spelling ви́рус)
- (medicine) virus (DNA/RNA causing disease)
- (computing) computer virus
Declension edit
Spanish edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus m (plural virus)
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- “virus”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Swedish edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus n
- (biology, virology) virus
- (computing) computer virus
- Synonyms: datavirus, datorvirus
Declension edit
Declension of virus | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | virus | viruset | virus | virusen |
Genitive | virus | virusets | virus | virusens |
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
See also edit
References edit
Tagalog edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Unadapted borrowing from English virus, from Latin vīrus. Doublet of bisa and birus.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
virus (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜌ᜔ᜇᜓᜐ᜔)
Further reading edit
- “virus”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018