外
|
Translingual edit
Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Han character edit
外 (Kangxi radical 36, 夕+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈卜 (NIY), four-corner 23200, composition ⿰夕卜(GHTVHK))
Derived characters edit
References edit
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 246, character 2
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5750
- Dae Jaweon: page 487, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 860, character 1
- Unihan data for U+5916
Chinese edit
trad. | 外 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 外 | |
alternative forms | 𡖄 |
Glyph origin edit
Historical forms of the character 外 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ŋʷaːds): semantic 卜 + phonetic 月 (OC *ŋod).
According to 学研漢和大字典 (Kenkyūsha Kanwa Dai Jiten), it is also an ideogrammic compound (會意/会意); 月 originally represents a crescent moon (i.e. the moon with part “missing” to the observer). The character is thus interpreted as representing divination based on the partial phase of the moon, implying the remaining visible part of the moon is the moon's ‘outside’. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
外
- out; outside; external
- beyond; above; in addition to; other than; except
- other; foreign; alien (not of one's own family, clan, locality, school, country, etc.)
- foreign country
- (literary) to alienate; to other; to exclude; to distance
- 見外/见外 ― jiànwài ― to make me feel like an outsider (literally, "to have me excluded [from the familiar circle]")
- 內其國而外諸夏,內諸夏而外夷狄。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Gongyang, c. 206 BCE– 9 CE
- Nèi qí guó ér wài Zhūxià, nèi Zhūxià ér wài Yídí. [Pinyin]
- to deem one's own state "the in" and treat the other Xias as "the other", while allying oneself with the Xias and distancing oneself from the Barbarians.
内其国而外诸夏,内诸夏而外夷狄。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- relatives of one's mother, sister or daughter
- additional
- unofficial
- (Hokkien, Teochew, after an amount but before the classifier) as much as
Synonyms edit
Compounds edit
- 丁外艱/丁外艰
- 不外 (bùwài)
- 不外乎 (bùwàihū)
- 不自外
- 中外 (zhōngwài)
- 之外 (zhīwài)
- 九霄雲外/九霄云外 (jiǔxiāoyúnwài)
- 以外 (yǐwài)
- 作外
- 例外 (lìwài)
- 內外/内外 (nèiwài)
- 其外 (qíwài)
- 出外 (chūwài)
- 出外景
- 出意外
- 分外 (fènwài)
- 劍外/剑外
- 務外/务外
- 化外 (huàwài)
- 口外 (kǒuwài)
- 另外 (lìngwài)
- 向外
- 吐外特 (Tǔwàitè)
- 味外味
- 員外/员外 (yuánwài)
- 員外郎/员外郎
- 國外/国外 (guówài)
- 圈外人
- 在外 (zàiwài)
- 城外 (Chéngwài)
- 域外 (yùwài)
- 塞外 (sàiwài)
- 外三關/外三关 (Wàisānguān)
- 外丹
- 外丹功
- 外事 (wàishì)
- 外交 (wàijiāo)
- 外交團/外交团 (wàijiāotuán)
- 外交官 (wàijiāoguān)
- 外交部 (wàijiāobù)
- 外人 (wàirén)
- 外來/外来 (wàilái)
- 外來語/外来语 (wàiláiyǔ)
- 外來錢/外来钱
- 外侮 (wàiwǔ)
- 外側/外侧 (wàicè)
- 外傅
- 外傷/外伤 (wàishāng)
- 外債/外债 (wàizhài)
- 外傳/外传
- 外像
- 外僑/外侨 (wàiqiáo)
- 外光派
- 外公 (wàigōng)
- 外典
- 外出 (wàichū)
- 外出服
- 外出血 (wàichūxuè)
- 外力 (wàilì)
- 外功 (wàigōng)
- 外加 (wàijiā)
- 外務/外务 (wàiwù)
- 外務員/外务员
- 外動詞/外动词 (wàidòngcí)
- 外勞/外劳 (wàiláo)
- 外勤 (wàiqín)
- 外包 (wàibāo)
- 外匯/外汇 (wàihuì)
- 外卡 (wàikǎ)
- 外口 (gōa-kháu) (Min Nan)
- 外史 (wàishǐ)
- 外向 (wàixiàng)
- 外名
- 外呈答
- 外呼吸
- 外商 (wàishāng)
- 外四路
- 外國/外国 (wàiguó)
- 外國人/外国人 (wàiguórén)
- 外國貨/外国货 (wàiguóhuò)
- 外圍/外围 (wàiwéi)
- 外在 (wàizài)
- 外地 (wàidì)
- 外在美 (wàizàiměi)
- 外城 (wàichéng)
- 外型 (wàixíng)
- 外埔 (Wàipǔ)
- 外埠 (wàibù)
- 外場/外场 (wàichǎng)
- 外場人/外场人
- 外外
- 外太空 (wàitàikōng)
- 外套 (wàitào)
- 外姓 (wàixìng)
- 外婆 (wàipó)
- 外婦/外妇
- 外子 (wàizǐ)
- 外孫/外孙 (wàisūn)
- 外孫女/外孙女 (wàisūnnǚ)
- 外宅
- 外官
- 外客
- 外家 (wàijiā)
- 外宿
- 外寇 (wàikòu)
- 外層/外层 (wàicéng)
- 外帶/外带 (wàidài)
- 外幣/外币 (wàibì)
- 外延 (wàiyán)
- 外引
- 外弟
- 外形 (wàixíng)
- 外後日/外后日
- 外心 (wàixīn)
- 外快 (wàikuài)
- 外快子
- 外患 (wàihuàn)
- 外感
- 外戚 (wàiqī)
- 外戶/外户
- 外手
- 外才
- 外技
- 外找
- 外掛/外挂 (wàiguà)
- 外接圓/外接圆 (wàijiēyuán)
- 外揚/外扬 (wàiyáng)
- 外援 (wàiyuán)
- 外放 (wàifàng)
- 外教 (wàijiào)
- 外敷
- 外敵/外敌 (wàidí)
- 外文 (wàiwén)
- 外方 (wàifāng)
- 外族 (wàizú)
- 外日
- 外星人 (wàixīngrén)
- 外景 (wàijǐng)
- 外末
- 外果皮 (wàiguǒpí)
- 外標/外标
- 外欠
- 外此
- 外殼/外壳 (wàiké)
- 外母 (wàimǔ)
- 外毒素 (wàidúsù)
- 外氏
- 外水
- 外江 (wàijiāng)
- 外泄 (wàixiè)
- 外流 (wàiliú)
- 外洩/外泄 (wàixiè)
- 外洋 (wàiyáng)
- 外流區/外流区
- 外流河
- 外海 (wàihǎi)
- 外淨/外净
- 外港
- 外焰
- 外煙/外烟
- 外燃機/外燃机
- 外父 (wàifù)
- 外王內帝/外王内帝 (wàiwángnèidì)
- 外生
- 外甥 (wàishēng)
- 外甥女
- 外用 (wàiyòng)
- 外用藥/外用药 (wàiyòng yào)
- 外界 (wàijiè)
- 外痔 (wàizhì)
- 外省 (wàishěng)
- 外相 (wàixiàng)
- 外磕腳/外磕脚 (Wàikējiǎo)
- 外祖母 (wàizǔmǔ)
- 外祖父 (wàizǔfù)
- 外科 (wàikē)
- 外秧兒/外秧儿
- 外稃
- 外篇
- 外籍 (wàijí)
- 外線/外线 (wàixiàn)
- 外緣/外缘 (wàiyuán)
- 外縣/外县
- 外罩 (wàizhào)
- 外耳 (wài'ěr)
- 外耳道 (wài'ěrdào)
- 外聽道/外听道
- 外胎 (wàitāi)
- 外胚層/外胚层 (wàipēicéng)
- 外膜
- 外舅
- 外舍
- 外艱/外艰
- 外蒙 (Wàiměng)
- 外蒙古
- 外藩
- 外號/外号 (wàihào)
- 外行 (wàiháng)
- 外行人 (wàihángrén)
- 外行星 (wàixíngxīng)
- 外行話/外行话
- 外衣 (wàiyī)
- 外表 (wàibiǎo)
- 外褂
- 外親/外亲
- 外觀/外观 (wàiguān)
- 外角 (wàijiǎo)
- 外角球
- 外話/外话
- 外語/外语 (wàiyǔ)
- 外調/外调 (wàidiào)
- 外貌 (wàimào)
- 外財/外财 (wàicái)
- 外貨/外货 (wàihuò)
- 外貿/外贸 (wàimào)
- 外資/外资 (wàizī)
- 外賓/外宾 (wàibīn)
- 外賣/外卖 (wàimài)
- 外路
- 外路人
- 外道
- 外遇 (wàiyù)
- 外道兒/外道儿
- 外道話/外道话
- 外邊/外边 (wàibiān)
- 外郎
- 外部 (wàibù)
- 外鄉/外乡 (wàixiāng)
- 外野 (wàiyě)
- 外野手 (wàiyěshǒu)
- 外鈔/外钞
- 外銷/外销 (wàixiāo)
- 外錯角/外错角
- 外長城/外长城
- 外間/外间 (wàijiān)
- 外附
- 外集
- 外電/外电 (wàidiàn)
- 外電路/外电路
- 外面
- 外面情
- 外項/外项
- 外頭/外头 (wàitou)
- 外館/外馆
- 天外
- 婚外 (hūnwài)
- 媚外 (mèiwài)
- 室外 (shìwài)
- 局外
- 局外人 (júwàirén)
- 屋外
- 山外
- 崇外
- 度外
- 庭外 (tíngwài)
- 徼外
- 心外膜 (xīnwàimó)
- 意外 (yìwài)
- 意外險/意外险
- 戶外/户外 (hùwài)
- 打外
- 打野外
- 拍外景
- 排外 (páiwài)
- 援外 (yuánwài)
- 攘外安內/攘外安内 (rángwài'ānnèi)
- 方外
- 方外人
- 望外
- 格外 (géwài)
- 此外 (cǐwài)
- 治外
- 法外 (fǎwài)
- 流外
- 海外 (hǎiwài)
- 涉外 (shèwài)
- 海外版
- 濱外/滨外
- 牆外漢/墙外汉
- 物外
- 界外
- 界外球 (jièwàiqiú)
- 窗外 (chuāngwài)
- 紅外線/红外线 (hóngwàixiàn)
- 紫外線/紫外线 (zǐwàixiàn)
- 老外 (lǎowài)
- 而外 (érwài)
- 膜外
- 自外
- 荒外
- 號外/号外 (hàowài)
- 裡外/里外 (lǐwài)
- 裡外裡/里外里 (lǐwàilǐ)
- 見外/见外 (jiànwài)
- 言外 (yánwài)
- 課外/课外 (kèwài)
- 象外
- 賺外快/赚外快
- 郊外 (jiāowài)
- 野外 (yěwài)
- 門外/门外 (ménwài)
- 門外漢/门外汉 (ménwàihàn)
- 開外/开外
- 關外/关外 (guānwài)
- 除外 (chúwài)
- 䫄外
- 額外/额外 (éwài)
- 題外話/题外话 (tíwàihuà)
- 餘外/余外
- 騖外/骛外
Descendants edit
Others:
References edit
- “外”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese edit
Kanji edit
Readings edit
- Go-on: げ (ge, Jōyō)←げ (ge, historical)←ぐゑ (gwe, ancient)
- Kan-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)←ぐわい (gwai, historical)
- Tō-on: うい (ui)
- Kun: そと (soto, 外, Jōyō); ほか (hoka, 外, Jōyō); はずす (hazusu, 外す, Jōyō); はずれる (hazureru, 外れる, Jōyō); と (to)
Etymology 1 edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
外 |
そと Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Appears from roughly the Muromachi period,[1] superseding earlier to reading (see below). Likely a compound of either 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) + 外 (to, “outside”), or 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) + 所 (to, “place”).[2]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
- (the) outside
Etymology 2 edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
外 |
ほか Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *poka.
Related to Baekje ホカ (*poka, “outside”),[4] compare Korean 밖 (bak, “outside”).
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
Etymology 3 edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
外 |
よそ Grade: 2 |
irregular |
For pronunciation and definitions of 外 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 外, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 4 edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
外 |
と Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
Etymology 5 edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
外 |
がい Grade: 2 |
on’yomi |
Middle Chinese 外 (ŋuɑiH)
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
Derived terms edit
- 外骨格 (gaikokkaku): an exoskeleton
- 外形 (gaikei): external shape/form
- 外祖母 (gaisobo): (rare) maternal grandmother, mother's mother
- 外交 (gaikō)
- 外人 (gaijin)
- 外傷 (gaishō)
- 外出 (gaishutsu)
- 外務省 (gaimushō)
- 外国 (gaikoku)
- 外国人 (gaikokujin)
- 外国語 (gaikokugo)
- 外来 (gairai)
- 外来語 (gairaigo)
- 外泊 (gaihaku)
- 外相 (gaishō)
- 外耳 (gaiji)
- 外苑 (gaien)
- 外資 (gaishi)
- 外貨 (gaika)
- 外装 (gaisō)
- 外部 (gaibu)
- 海外 (kaigai)
- 室外 (shitsugai): outside a room, outdoor
Etymology 6 edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
外 |
げ Grade: 2 |
on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ngwajH).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
Derived terms edit
- 外科 (geka): surgery (as a field of medicine)
- 外道 (gedō): any non-Buddhist religion
- 外法 (gehō): any non-Buddhist religion; any non-Buddhist teaching
Usage notes edit
The printed form of this character often differs from its handwritten form; in the latter, the last stroke often does not pass through, as in the printed Chinese form.
References edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- ^ John Bentley (2000), “New Look at Paekche and Korean: Data from Nihon shoki”, in Language Research[1], volume 36, issue 2, Seoul National University, pages 417—443
Korean edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ngwajH).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅌᅬᆼ〮 (Yale: ngwóy) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] | 밧 (Yale: pàs) | 외〯 (Yale: wǒy) |
Pronunciation edit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [we̞(ː)] ~ [ø̞(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [웨(ː)/외(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja edit
Compounds edit
References edit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]
Vietnamese edit
Han character edit
外: Hán Nôm readings: ngoại, ngoái, ngoải, ngoài, nguậy
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Readings edit
- Nôm: ngoái, ngoài, ngoại, ngòi, ngồi
Compounds edit
- ngoại quốc (外國)
References edit
- Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
- Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
- Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville