See also: and
U+5916, 外
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5916

[U+5915]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5917]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 36, +2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈卜 (NIY), four-corner 23200, composition (GHTVHK))

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 246, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5750
  • Dae Jaweon: page 487, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 860, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5916

Chinese edit

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms 𡖄

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *ŋʷaːds): semantic + phonetic (OC *ŋod).

According to 学研漢和大字典 (Kenkyūsha Kanwa Dai Jiten), it is also an ideogrammic compound (會意会意); originally represents a crescent moon (i.e. the moon with part “missing” to the observer). The character is thus interpreted as representing divination based on the partial phase of the moon, implying the remaining visible part of the moon is the moon's ‘outside’. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation edit


Note: wei4 appears in some phrases.
Note:
  • nguôi - literary;
  • ngiê - colloquial.
  • Southern Min
  • Note:
    • gōa/giua - colloquial;
    • gōe/ngoǎi/goǎi - literary.
  • Wu
  • Note:
    • 6nga - colloquial;
    • 6we - literary.
  • Xiang
  • Note: uai4 - literary.

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /uai⁵¹/
    Harbin /uai⁵³/
    Tianjin /vai⁵³/
    Jinan /vɛ²¹/
    Qingdao /vɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /uai³¹²/
    Xi'an /uai⁴⁴/
    Xining /uɛ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /vɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou /vɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi /vai²¹³/
    Wuhan /uai³⁵/
    Chengdu /uai¹³/
    Guiyang /uai²¹³/
    Kunming /uæ²¹²/
    Nanjing /uae⁴⁴/
    Hefei /ue̞⁵³/
    /ue⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /vai⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /uæ³⁵/
    Hohhot /vɛ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ŋa²³/
    Suzhou /ŋɑ³¹/
    Hangzhou /ɦue̞¹³/
    Wenzhou /va²²/
    Hui Shexian /uɛ²²/
    /ŋa²²/
    Tunxi /ŋa¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /uai⁵⁵/
    /uai¹¹/
    Xiangtan /uai²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /uai²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /ŋoi⁵³/
    Taoyuan /ŋoi⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋɔi²²/
    Nanning /ŋɔi²²/
    Hong Kong /ŋɔi²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /gue²²/
    /gua²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋuɔi²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kuɛ⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /gua³¹/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ŋɔi³³/
    /hua²³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (31)
    Final () (26)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division () I
    Fanqie
    Baxter ngwajH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ŋuɑiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ŋʷɑiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ŋuɑiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ŋwajH/
    Li
    Rong
    /ŋuɑiH/
    Wang
    Li
    /ŋuɑiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ŋuɑiH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    wèi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    ngoi6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    wài
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ ngwajH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/
    English outside

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12606
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    1
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*ŋʷaːds/

    Definitions edit

    1. out; outside; external
      Antonyms: (),
        ―  chuāng wài  ―  outside a window
        ―  wàibiǎo  ―  outward appearance
    2. beyond; above; in addition to; other than; except
        ―  wài  ―  in addition (to this)
      公里  ―  shí gōnglǐ wài  ―  10 km beyond (a place)
    3. other; foreign; alien (not of one's own family, clan, locality, school, country, etc.)
        ―  wàiguó  ―  foreign country
        ―  wài xiào  ―  other schools
    4. foreign country
        ―  zhōngwài  ―  China and foreign countries; in and outside of China
      貿易贸易  ―  duì wài màoyì  ―  foreign trade
      詞典词典  ―  hàn-wài cídiǎn  ―  Chinese dictionary in a foreign language
    5. (literary) to alienate; to other; to exclude; to distance
        ―  jiànwài  ―  to make me feel like an outsider (literally, "to have me excluded [from the familiar circle]")
    6. relatives of one's mother, sister or daughter
        ―  wài  ―  maternal grandmother
        ―  wàisūn  ―  daughter's son
      祖父  ―  wàizǔfù  ―  maternal grandfather
    7. additional
        ―  wàijiā  ―  plus
        ―  wàidài  ―  to include (something) as well
    8. unofficial
        ―  wàishǐ  ―  unofficial history
        ―  wàihào  ―  nickname
    9. (Hokkien, Teochew, after an amount but before the classifier) as much as
      二十二十 [Hokkien]  ―  jī-cha̍p gōa hòe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  20-something years old

    Synonyms edit

    Compounds edit

    Descendants edit

    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Japanese: () (ge); (がい) (gai)
    • Korean: 외(外) (oe)
    • Vietnamese: ngoại ()

    Others:

    References edit

    Japanese edit

    Kanji edit

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. outside
    2. foreign
    3. other
    4. except

    Readings edit

    Etymology 1 edit

    Kanji in this term
    そと
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Appears from roughly the Muromachi period,[1] superseding earlier to reading (see below). Likely a compound of either (so, back, behind, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ (to, outside), or (so, back, behind, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ (to, place).[2]

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (そと) (soto

    1. (the) outside
      (はこ)(そと)
      hako no soto
      outside of the box
      (そと)(あめ)
      soto wa ame
      it is raining outside
      (literally, “outside is rain”)

    Etymology 2 edit

    Kanji in this term
    ほか
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *poka.

    Related to Baekje ホカ (*poka, outside),[4] compare Korean (bak, outside).

    Alternative forms edit

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (ほか) (hoka

    1. other (things); the rest

    Etymology 3 edit

    Kanji in this term
    よそ
    Grade: 2
    irregular
    For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
    余所よそ
    [noun] another place
    [noun] a place outside one's family or group
    [noun] an unrelated person, place, or thing
    Alternative spelling
    他所
    (This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 4 edit

    Kanji in this term

    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    () (to

    1. (the) outside
    2. toilet

    Etymology 5 edit

    Kanji in this term
    がい
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    Middle Chinese (ŋuɑiH)

    Pronunciation edit

    Suffix edit

    (がい) (-gaiぐわい (gwai)?

    1. outside; external
    2. except for
    Derived terms edit

    Etymology 6 edit

    Kanji in this term

    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese (MC ngwajH).

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    () (ge

    1. (Buddhism) non-Buddhist teachings or texts
    2. (in compounds) external
    Derived terms edit

    Usage notes edit

    The printed form of this character often differs from its handwritten form; in the latter, the last stroke often does not pass through, as in the printed Chinese form.

    References edit

    1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    3. 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
    4. ^ John Bentley (2000), “New Look at Paekche and Korean: Data from Nihon shoki”, in Language Research[1], volume 36, issue 2, Seoul National University, pages 417—443

    Korean edit

    Etymology edit

    From Middle Chinese (MC ngwajH).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅬᆼ〮 (Yale: ngwóy)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] (Yale: pàs) 외〯 (Yale: wǒy)

    Pronunciation edit

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [we̞(ː)] ~ [ø̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)/(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun 바깥 (bakkat oe))

    1. Hanja form? of (outside; surface). [affix]

    Compounds edit

    References edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    : Hán Nôm readings: ngoại, ngoái, ngoải, ngoài, nguậy

    • This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Readings edit

    • Nôm: ngoái, ngoài, ngoại, ngòi, ngồi

    Compounds edit

    References edit

    • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
    • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
    • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville