剣
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Translingual edit
Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Traditional | 劍 |
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Shinjitai | 剣 |
Simplified | 剑 |
Glyph origin edit
Unorthodox variant of 劍.
Han character edit
剣 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人人中弓 (OOLN) or 難人人中弓 (XOOLN), composition ⿰㑒刂)
References edit
- Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 141, character 41
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2076
- Dae Jaweon: page 321, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 345, character 4
- Unihan data for U+5263
Chinese edit
For pronunciation and definitions of 剣 – see 劍 (“sword; sabre; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 劍). |
Japanese edit
剣 | |
劍 |
Kanji edit
(common “Jōyō” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 劍)
Readings edit
- Go-on: こん (kon)←こん (kon, historical)←こむ (komu, ancient)
- Kan-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)←けん (ken, historical)←けむ (kemu, ancient)
- Kun: つるぎ (tsurugi, 剣, Jōyō)←つるぎ (turugi, 剣, historical)←つるき (turuki, 剣, ancient)
- Nanori: あきら (akira); つとむ (tsutomu); はや (haya); まやか (mayaka)
Compounds edit
- 利剣 (riken)
- 剣橋 (Kenburijji)
Alternative forms edit
Kanji in this term |
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剣 |
けん Grade: S |
on’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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劍 (kyūjitai) |
Etymology 1 edit
/kem/ → /kemʉ/ → /keɴ/
From Middle Chinese 劍 (MC kjaemH).
Compare modern Mandarin 劍/剑 (jiàn).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
- a sword, especially one with a double-edged blade
- swordsmanship
- Synonym: 剣術 (kenjutsu)
- a bayonet
- Synonym: 銃剣 (jūken)
- (entomology) a stinger
- (entomology) an ovipositor
- a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”), with varying designs of double-edged blades
Usage notes edit
This term refers to swords in general.[2]
Derived terms edit
- 剣客 (kenkaku), 剣客 (kenkyaku, “swordsman, fencer”)
- 剣豪 (kengō, “master fencer, great swordsman”)
- 剣山 (kenzan)
- 剣士 (kenshi, “swordsman, fencer”)
- 剣術 (kenjutsu, “techniques of swordsmanship”)
- 剣槍, 剣鎗 (kensō)
- 剣道 (kendō): kendo, the Japanese martial art of the sword
- 剣難 (kennan)
- 剣舞 (kenbu)
- 懐剣 (kaiken)
- 撃剣 (gekiken), 撃剣 (gekken)
- 三尺の剣 (sanjaku no ken)
- 真剣 (shinken)
- 聖剣 (seiken, “holy or sanctified blade or sword”)
- 短剣 (tanken)
- 月の剣 (tsuki no ken)
- 刀剣 (tōken)
- 十束の剣 (totsuka no ken)
- 木剣 (bokken, “wooden sword”)
- 名剣 (meiken)
Idioms edit
Proverbs edit
Proper noun edit
- a male given name
Etymology 2 edit
Kanji in this term |
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剣 |
つるぎ Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
劍 (kyūjitai) |
⟨turuki1⟩ → */turukʲi/ → /t͡suruɡi/
Shift from Old Japanese turuki,[1][2] itself of unknown derivation.
A surface analysis suggests that this might be a compound of 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang, as at one's side”) + ki, but there is no clear etymon for the ki portion. One possibility would be 牙 (“fang”), read as kiba in modern Japanese but also appearing as ki in Old Japanese contexts. Such usage might parallel the combined tooth and blade meanings of the term ha, spelled more specifically as 歯 (“tooth”) and 刃 (“blade”), with these two senses listed as cognates in Japanese dictionaries.[1][2]
More tentative suggestions have been connections to Austronesian, such as Tagalog suligi (“dart, short spear”) (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?), but such possibilities seem only speculative at present.
Pronunciation edit
- (Tokyo) つるぎ [tsùrúgí] (Heiban – [0])[1]
- (Tokyo) つるぎ [tsùrúgíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[1]
- IPA(key): [t͡sɨᵝɾɯ̟ᵝɡʲi]
Noun edit
- a sword
Usage notes edit
This term usually refers more specifically to double-edged swords, as opposed to the single-edged 刀 (katana).[2]
Derived terms edit
- 剣山 (Tsurugisan)
- 剣岳 (Tsurugidake)
- 剣太刀 (tsurugi-tachi), 剣の太刀 (tsurugi no tachi)
- 剣の枝 (tsurugi no eda)
- 剣の頭 (tsurugi no takami)
- 剣の舞 (tsurugi no mai)
- 剣の山 (tsurugi no yama)
- 剣羽 (tsurugiba)
- 天叢雲剣 (Ame no Murakumo no Tsurugi)
- 草薙剣 (Kusanagi no Tsurugi)
- 氷の剣 (kōri no tsurugi)
- 高麗剣 (Koma-tsurugi), 狛剣 (komatsurugi)
- 三尺の剣 (sanjaku no tsurugi)
- ダモクレスの剣 (Damokuresu no Tsurugi)
- 月の剣 (tsuki no tsurugi)
- 十束の剣 (totsuka no tsurugi)
- 八剣 (Yatsurugi)
Idioms edit
- 剣の刃を渡る (tsurugi no wa o wataru)
- 奥歯に剣 (okuba ni tsurugi)
- 我慢の剣 (gaman no tsurugi)
- 心に剣を含む (kokoro ni tsurugi o fukumu)
- 霜の剣 (shimo no tsurugi)
- 諸刃の剣 (moroha no tsurugi, “double-edged sword”)
- 両刃の剣 (ryōba no tsurugi, “double-edged sword”)
Proverbs edit
Proper noun edit
- a female given name
- a surname
Etymology 3 edit
Kanji in this term |
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剣 |
まやか Grade: S |
irregular |
Alternative spelling |
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劍 (kyūjitai) |
Unknown. Japanese names often apply readings from other words to allude to different meanings.
Pronunciation edit
Proper noun edit
- a female given name
Etymology 4 edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
剣 |
つとむ Grade: S |
nanori |
Alternative spelling |
---|
劍 (kyūjitai) |
Proper noun edit
- a male given name
Coordinate terms edit
See also edit
References edit
Old Japanese edit
Etymology edit
The variation between turugi₁ or turuki₁ suggests a compound origin. Alternatively, it may possibly be a misspelling of turugi₁, as there was not a phonemic distinction of voiced and voiceless consonants in most Old Japanese texts. However, turuki₁ is attested in the Nihon Shoki.
A surface analysis suggests that this might be a compound of 釣る, 吊る (turu, “to hang, as at one's side”) + ki, but there is no clear etymon for the ki portion. One possibility would be 牙 (KI, “fang”), in spite that KI is not attested phonographically in Old Japanese. Such usage might parallel the combined tooth and blade meanings of the term ha, spelled more specifically as 歯 (“tooth”) and 刃 (“blade”), with these two senses listed as cognates in Japanese dictionaries.[1][2]
More tentative suggestions have been connections to Austronesian, such as Tagalog suligi (“dart, short spear”) (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?), but such possibilities seem only speculative at present.
Noun edit
剣 (turugi₁ or turuki₁) (kana つるぎ or つるき)
- sword
- 711–712, Kojiki:
- 袁登賣能登許能辨爾和賀淤岐斯都流岐能多知曾能多知波夜
- wotome₁ no₂ to₂ko₂ no₂ be₁ ni wa ga oki₁si turuki₁ no₂ tati so₂ no₂ tati pa ya
- On the girl's bed, I had put down a sword; the one that is a long sword!
- 波加勢流多知母登都流芸須恵布由
- pakaseru tati mo₂to₂ turugi₁ suwe puyu
- I put on a long sword; the stemed sword, and I swung the tip.
- 720, Nihon Shoki:
- 時、素戔鳴尊、乃拔所帶十握劒、寸斬其蛇。至尾劒刃少缺、故割裂其尾視之、中有一劒、此所謂草薙劒也。草薙劒、此云倶娑那伎能都留伎。
- When he came to the tail, the edge of his sword was slightly notched, and he therefore split open the tail and examined it. In the inside there was a sword. This is the sword which is called Kusa-nagi no tsurugi [sic].
- 時五瀬命矢瘡痛甚、乃撫劒而雄誥之曰(撫劒、此云都盧耆能多伽彌屠利辭魔屢)[...]
- Now Itsuse no Mikoto's arrow wound was extremely painful. He grasped his sword, and striking a martial attitude, said: (read 撫劒 as turugi₁ no₂ taka mi₁to₂ri) [...]
Derived terms edit
References edit
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN