災
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Translingual
editHan character
editStroke order | |||
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災 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 女女火 (VVF), four-corner 22809, composition ⿱巛火)
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 666, character 18
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18879
- Dae Jaweon: page 1075, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2190, character 6
- Unihan data for U+707D
Chinese
edittrad. | 災/灾/烖/菑* | |
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simp. | 灾 | |
alternative forms |
Glyph origin
editIdeogrammic compound (會意/会意) : 巛 (“flowing water”) + 火 (“fire”) – two main types of disaster, fire (conflagration) and flowing water (flooding).
Etymology
editFrom Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa-t ~ dza-t (“hot, fever, hurt, ill, temper”); cognate with 菑 (OC *ʔsrɯ, *ʔsɯː, *ʔsɯː) "field cleared by slash and burn" (STEDT), which is its r-causative (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zai1
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): zai1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): zai1
- Northern Min (KCR): cuói
- Eastern Min (BUC): căi
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1tse
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zai1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄗㄞ
- Tongyong Pinyin: zai
- Wade–Giles: tsai1
- Yale: dzāi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzai
- Palladius: цзай (czaj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡saɪ̯⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: zai1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zai
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sai⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: zoi1
- Yale: jōi
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzoi1
- Guangdong Romanization: zoi1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɔːi̯⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: doi1
- Sinological IPA (key): /tᵘɔi³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: zai1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sai⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: châi
- Hakka Romanization System: zaiˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: zai1
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sai̯²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: zai1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sai¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cuói
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡suɛ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: căi
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sai⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- che/cher - vernacular;
- chai - literary.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 災 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡sai⁵⁵/ |
Harbin | /t͡sai⁴⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /t͡sai²¹/ | |
Jinan | /t͡sɛ²¹³/ | |
Qingdao | /t͡sɛ²¹³/ | |
Zhengzhou | /t͡sai²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /t͡sai²¹/ | |
Xining | /t͡sɛ⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /t͡sɛ⁴⁴/ | |
Lanzhou | /t͡sɛ³¹/ | |
Ürümqi | /t͡sai⁴⁴/ | |
Wuhan | /t͡sai⁵⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /t͡sai⁵⁵/ | |
Guiyang | /t͡sai⁵⁵/ | |
Kunming | /t͡sæ⁴⁴/ | |
Nanjing | /t͡sae³¹/ | |
Hefei | /t͡se̞²¹/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sai¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /t͡sæ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /t͡sɛ³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /t͡se⁵³/ |
Suzhou | /t͡se̞⁵⁵/ | |
Hangzhou | /t͡se̞³³/ | |
Wenzhou | /t͡se³³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /t͡sɛ³¹/ |
Tunxi | /t͡sə¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sai³³/ |
Xiangtan | /t͡sai³³/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sai⁴²/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sai⁴⁴/ |
Taoyuan | /t͡sɑi²⁴/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sɔi⁵³/ |
Nanning | /t͡sɔi⁵⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /t͡sɔi⁵⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sai⁵⁵/ /t͡se⁵⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sai⁴⁴/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡suɛ⁵⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sai³³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /t͡sai²³/ |
- Middle Chinese: tsoj
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤə/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ʔslɯː/
Definitions
edit災
- (literary, or in compounds) calamity; disaster; catastrophe
- (literary, or in compounds) personal misfortune
- (literary, or in compounds) stricken; disaster-affected; disaster-afflicted
Synonyms
edit- (calamity):
- 亂兒/乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
- 人禍/人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
- 劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
- 劫煞 (Hokkien)
- 劫難/劫难 (jiénàn)
- 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
- 大禍/大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
- 大難/大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
- 天災/天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
- 央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
- 奇禍/奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
- 巨禍/巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
- 患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
- 慘事/惨事 (cǎnshì)
- 慘劇/惨剧 (cǎnjù)
- 慘禍/惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
- 沙𧐔 (sua1 sab4) (Teochew)
- 浩劫 (hàojié)
- 災劫/灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
- 災厄/灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
- 災害/灾害 (zāihài)
- 災殃/灾殃 (zāiyāng)
- 災禍/灾祸 (zāihuò)
- 災變/灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
- 災難/灾难 (zāinàn)
- 癰疽/痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
- 眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
- 禍/祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
- 禍事/祸事 (huòshì)
- 禍害/祸害 (huòhài)
- 禍息/祸息 (ho5 si6) (Xiang)
- 禍患/祸患 (huòhuàn)
- 禍殃/祸殃 (huòyāng)
Compounds
edit- 三災八難/三灾八难
- 兵災/兵灾 (bīngzāi)
- 兵災保險/兵灾保险
- 凌災
- 回祿之災/回禄之灾
- 壓災/压灾
- 多災多難/多灾多难 (duōzāiduōnàn)
- 多病多災/多病多灾
- 大災/大灾
- 大災難/大灾难
- 天災/天灾 (tiānzāi)
- 天災人禍/天灾人祸 (tiānzāirénhuò)
- 天災地孽/天灾地孽
- 天災地變/天灾地变
- 天災物怪/天灾物怪
- 天然災害/天然灾害
- 妖災/妖灾
- 害天災/害天灾
- 幸災樂禍/幸灾乐祸 (xìngzāilèhuò)
- 惹災招禍/惹灾招祸
- 惹禍招災/惹祸招灾
- 抑災/抑灾
- 招災/招灾
- 招災攬禍/招灾揽祸
- 攘災/攘灾
- 放災/放灾
- 救災/救灾 (jiùzāi)
- 救災恤患/救灾恤患
- 旱災/旱灾 (hànzāi)
- 月值年災/月值年灾
- 樂禍幸災/乐祸幸灾
- 橫災飛禍/横灾飞祸
- 橫禍非災/横祸非灾
- 橫禍飛災/横祸飞灾
- 水災/水灾 (shuǐzāi)
- 氾濫成災/氾滥成灾 (fànlànchéngzāi)
- 求福禳災/求福禳灾
- 泛濫成災/泛滥成灾 (fànlànchéngzāi)
- 洪災/洪灾 (hóngzāi)
- 消災/消灾 (xiāozāi)
- 浮災/浮灾
- 消災解厄/消灾解厄
- 滅頂之災/灭顶之灾 (mièdǐngzhīzāi)
- 澇災/涝灾 (làozāi)
- 火災/火灾 (huǒzāi)
- 火災保險/火灾保险
- 火災損失/火灾损失
- 火災消防/火灾消防
- 災區/灾区 (zāiqū)
- 災厄/灾厄 (zāi'è)
- 災害/灾害 (zāihài)
- 災害救濟/灾害救济
- 災患/灾患
- 災情/灾情 (zāiqíng)
- 災戾/灾戾
- 災星/灾星 (zāixīng)
- 災梨禍棗/灾梨祸枣
- 災殃/灾殃 (zāiyāng)
- 災民/灾民 (zāimín)
- 災沴/灾沴
- 災異/灾异 (zāiyì)
- 災病/灾病
- 災眚/灾眚
- 災祥/灾祥
- 災禍/灾祸 (zāihuò)
- 災胞/灾胞
- 災荒/灾荒 (zāihuāng)
- 災變/灾变 (zāibiàn)
- 災迍/灾迍
- 災障/灾障
- 災難/灾难 (zāinàn)
- 災黎/灾黎 (zāilí)
- 無妄之災/无妄之灾 (wúwàngzhīzāi)
- 牢獄之災/牢狱之灾 (láoyùzhīzāi)
- 當災/当灾
- 眚災/眚灾
- 破財消災/破财消灾 (pòcáixiāozāi)
- 禍棗災梨/祸枣灾梨
- 福盡災生/福尽灾生
- 福過災生/福过灾生
- 股災/股灾 (gǔzāi)
- 自然災害/自然灾害 (zìrán zāihài)
- 舞馬之災/舞马之灾
- 蝗災/蝗灾 (huángzāi)
- 蟲災/虫灾 (chóngzāi)
- 血光之災/血光之灾
- 被災蒙禍/被灾蒙祸
- 賑災/赈灾 (zhènzāi)
- 輕災浮難/轻灾浮难
- 轉災為福/转灾为福
- 迍災/迍灾
- 逃災躲難/逃灾躲难
- 逃災避難/逃灾避难
- 避災/避灾
- 防災/防灾 (fángzāi)
- 阿災/阿灾 (āzāi)
- 降災/降灾
- 雨災/雨灾 (yǔzāi)
- 雪災/雪灾 (xuězāi)
- 非災/非灾
- 風災/风灾 (fēngzāi)
- 飛災/飞灾
- 飛災橫禍/飞灾横祸
- 馬舞之災/马舞之灾
- 鬧災/闹灾
- 鬼災/鬼灾
References
edit- “災”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
editKanji
editReadings
edit- Go-on: さい (sai, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: さい (sai, Jōyō)
- Kun: わざわい (wazawai, 災い, Jōyō)←わざはひ (wazafafi, 災ひ, historical)
Etymology 1
editKanji in this term |
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災 |
さい Grade: 5 |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 災 (MC tsoj, “calamity”).
Pronunciation
editNoun
edit- an act of God, a disaster, a calamity
Usage notes
edit- Seldom used on its own. Most often used in compounds.
Derived terms
edit- 災害 (saigai): disaster, calamity (emphasis on the damage therefrom)
- 災難 (sainan): misfortune, disaster, catastrophe
- 災厄 (saiyaku)
- 火災 (kasai): conflagration, fire
- 減災 (gensai)
- 三災 (sansai)
- 震災 (shinsai)
- 除災 (josai)
- 人災 (jinsai)
- 水災 (suisai)
- 戦災 (sensai)
- 息災 (sokusai)
- 天災 (tensai, “natural disaster”)
- 発災 (hassai)
- 被災 (hisai)
- 風災 (fūsai)
- 変災 (hensai)
- 厄災 (yakusai)
- 労災 (rōsai)
Etymology 2
editKanji in this term |
---|
災 |
わざわい Grade: 5 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spellings |
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災い 禍 殃 |
/wazapapi/ → /wazaɸaɸi/ → /wazawahi/ → /wazawai/
From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of 業 (waza, “deed, doings”), in reference to the doings of the 神 (kami, “gods, spirits”) + 這い (hai, “spreading widely”, literally “crawling”).[1] Compare the etymology of 幸 (sakiwai, “good fortune”). Compare also the connotations of the English term act of God in reference to disasters.
Often spelled 災い (wazawai) with the trailing okurigana い (i) to make the reading more explicit.
Pronunciation
editNoun
edit災 • (wazawai) ←わざはひ (wazafafi)?
- an act of God, a disaster, a calamity
Idioms
edit- 災を転じて福と為す (wazawai o tenjite fuku to nasu, “when life gives you lemons, make lemonade”, literally “to turn a calamity into good fortune”)
References
editKorean
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
edit- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕɛ] ~ [t͡ɕe̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [재/제]
Hanja
editCompounds
editVietnamese
editHan character
edit- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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