統

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

統 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+5 in traditional Chinese (Taiwan), 糸+6 in Chinese (mainland China, Hong Kong), Japanese and Korean, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese (Taiwan), 12 strokes in mainland China and Japanese and Korean, cangjie input 女火卜戈山 (VFYIU), four-corner 2091₃, composition ⿰糹充)

Derived charactersEdit

𫫴, 𫌒, 𬔕, 𦼟, 𥴗, 𨭑

Related charactersEdit

统 (Simplified Chinese)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 924, character 2
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27447
Dae Jaweon: page 1358, character 15
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3398, character 5
Unihan data for U+7D71

ChineseEdit

trad.		統
simp.		统

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (充) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
統	*tʰuːŋs
充	*l̥ʰjuŋ
珫	*tʰjuŋ
茺	*tʰjuŋ
銃	*tʰjuŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *tʰuːŋs): semantic 糸 + phonetic 充 (OC *l̥ʰjuŋ).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): tǒng (tong³)

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥˇ

(Chengdu, SP): tong³
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tung²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): huung²
Gan (Wiktionary): tung³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): túng

(Meixian, Guangdong): tung³
Jin (Wiktionary): tung²
Min Bei (KCR): tǒ̤ng
Min Dong (BUC): tūng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): tháng / thóng

(Teochew, Peng'im): tong²
Wu (Wiktionary): ²thon
Xiang (Wiktionary): tong³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tǒng
  - Wade–Giles: tʻung³
  - Yale: tǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: toong
  - Palladius: тун (tun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: tong³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tung
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰoŋ⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: tung²
  - Yale: túng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tung²
  - Guangdong Romanization: tung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: huung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɵŋ⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: tung³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰuŋ²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: túng
  - Hakka Romanization System: dung`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: dung³
  - Sinological IPA: /tuŋ³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: tung³
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰʊŋ³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: tung²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰxũŋ⁵³/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tǒ̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɔŋ²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tūng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰuŋ³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tháng / thóng
  - Tâi-lô: tháng / thóng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tarng, torng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰaŋ⁵³/, /tʰɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰaŋ⁵⁵⁴/, /tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰaŋ⁵³/, /tʰɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰaŋ⁵³/, /tʰɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰaŋ⁴¹/, /tʰɔŋ⁴¹/

Note:

thóng - literary;
tháng - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: tong²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰoŋ⁵²/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: ²thon
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ³⁴/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: tong³
- Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /tʰʊŋ⁴¹/
- Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /tʰən⁴¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 統
Mandarin	Beijing	/tʰuŋ²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/tʰuŋ²¹³/
	Tianjin	/tʰuŋ¹³/
	Jinan	/tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/tʰəŋ⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/tʰuŋ⁴²/ /tʰuŋ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/tʰuŋ⁵³/
	Xining	/tʰuə̃⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/tʰuŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/tũn⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/tʰuŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/tʰoŋ⁴²/
	Chengdu	/tʰoŋ⁵³/
	Guiyang	/tʰoŋ⁴²/
	Kunming	/tʰoŋ⁵³/
	Nanjing	/tʰoŋ²¹²/
	Hefei	/tʰəŋ²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tʰuəŋ⁵³/
	Pingyao	/tʰuŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/tʰũŋ⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/tʰoŋ³⁵/
	Suzhou	/tʰoŋ⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/tʰoŋ⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/tʰoŋ³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/tʰʌ̃³⁵/
Hui	Tunxi	/tʰan³¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/tʰoŋ⁴¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/tʰən⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/tʰuŋ²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/tʰuŋ³¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/tʰuŋ³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tʰoŋ³⁵/
	Nanning	/tʰuŋ³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/tʰuŋ³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/tʰɔŋ⁵³/ /tʰaŋ⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/tʰuŋ³²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/tʰɔŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/tʰoŋ⁵³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/hɔŋ²¹³/ /haŋ²¹³/

Middle Chinese: /tʰuoŋH/

Rime
Character	統
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	冬 (5)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	他綜切
Baxter	thowngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰuoŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰuoŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰoŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰawŋ^H/
Li Rong	/tʰoŋ^H/
Wang Li	/tʰuoŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰuoŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tung³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*tʰuːŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	統
Reading #	1/1
No.	1490
Phonetic component	充
Rime group	終
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	統
Old Chinese	/*tʰuːŋs/

DefinitionsEdit

統

interconnected and continuous relationship
血統／血统 ― xuètǒng ― bloodline; ancestry

傳統／传统 ― chuántǒng ― tradition
to govern; to command; to control
統兵／统兵 ― tǒngbīng ― to lead troops

統率／统率 ― tǒngshuāi ― to command
to unite; to unify; to reunify
統戰／统战 ― tǒngzhàn ― united front

統派／统派 ― tǒngpài ― reunification camp (in Taiwan)

武統／武统 ― wǔtǒng ― to reunify (China) using force
all; together
統共／统共 ― tǒnggòng ― altogether; all in all

統籌／统筹 ― tǒngchóu ― to plan as a whole
- 二、澳門特別行政區政府在組建統一的警察部門之前，澳門原有各警察機構統歸澳門特別行政區政府保安司管轄，保安司司長兼任基本法所規定的「警察部門主要負責人」。 [MSC, trad.]
  二、澳门特别行政区政府在组建统一的警察部门之前，澳门原有各警察机构统归澳门特别行政区政府保安司管辖，保安司司长兼任基本法所规定的“警察部门主要负责人”。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: “澳门特区筹委会关于澳门特区第一届政府有关机构和主要官员职位设置的意见”, in People's Daily, 3 March 1999, page 4
  Èr, Àomén tèbié xíngzhèngqū zhèngfǔ zài zǔjiàn tǒngyī de jǐngchá bùmén zhīqián, Àomén yuányǒu gè jǐngchá jīgòu tǒng guī Àomén tèbié xíngzhèngqū zhèngfǔ bǎo'ān sī guǎnxiá, bǎo'ān sī sīcháng jiānrèn jīběnfǎ suǒ guīdìng de “jǐngchá bùmén zhǔyào fùzérén”. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)